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HMS, BM EQ-Bank 59 MC

Which statement correctly describes the exchange of gases during exercise?

  1. Carbon dioxide diffuses from high concentration in the blood to low concentration in the alveoli
  2. Oxygen diffuses from low concentration in the alveoli to high concentration in the blood
  3. Carbon dioxide moves from low concentration in the blood to high concentration in the alveoli
  4. Oxygen and carbon dioxide exchange occurs primarily in the bronchioles
Show Answers Only

\(A\)

Show Worked Solution
  • A is correct: Carbon dioxide diffuses from high concentration in blood to low concentration in alveoli following concentration gradient

Other Options:

  • B is incorrect: Oxygen diffuses from high concentration in alveoli to low concentration in blood
  • C is incorrect: Reverses the concentration gradient for carbon dioxide
  • D is incorrect: Gas exchange occurs primarily in the alveoli, not bronchioles

HMS, BM EQ-Bank 56

Explain how the heart's structure supports blood flow during a 400 metre sprint.   (6 marks)

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Sample Answer

  • The heart’s four-chamber structure separates oxygenated and deoxygenated blood, which ensures muscles receive only oxygen-rich blood during sprinting.
  • The left ventricle’s thick muscular walls enable powerful contractions, therefore generating high pressure to pump blood throughout the body.
  • During a 400m sprint, these thick walls allow stroke volumes to double, resulting in increased oxygen delivery to working muscles.
  • Four one-way valves slam shut between beats, which prevents backflow despite rapid heart rates during sprinting.
  • This valve function is crucial because it maintains forward blood flow even when heart rate increases dramatically.
  • Coronary arteries branch immediately from the aorta, consequently prioritising oxygen delivery to the heart muscle during extreme demand.
  • The aorta’s elastic nature allows it to stretch with each contraction then recoil, which maintains blood pressure between beats.
  • Atrial chambers act as primer pumps, ensuring ventricles fill completely despite shortened filling time.
  • As a result, this coordinated structure enables cardiac output to increase five-fold during maximal sprinting.
Show Worked Solution

Sample Answer

  • The heart’s four-chamber structure separates oxygenated and deoxygenated blood, which ensures muscles receive only oxygen-rich blood during sprinting.
  • The left ventricle’s thick muscular walls enable powerful contractions, therefore generating high pressure to pump blood throughout the body.
  • During a 400m sprint, these thick walls allow stroke volumes to double, resulting in increased oxygen delivery to working muscles.
  • Four one-way valves slam shut between beats, which prevents backflow despite rapid heart rates during sprinting.
  • This valve function is crucial because it maintains forward blood flow even when heart rate increases dramatically.
  • Coronary arteries branch immediately from the aorta, consequently prioritising oxygen delivery to the heart muscle during extreme demand.
  • The aorta’s elastic nature allows it to stretch with each contraction then recoil, which maintains blood pressure between beats.
  • Atrial chambers act as primer pumps, ensuring ventricles fill completely despite shortened filling time.
  • As a result, this coordinated structure enables cardiac output to increase five-fold during maximal sprinting.

HMS, BM EQ-Bank 55

Explain how the diaphragm's structure supports efficient movement during a tennis serve.  (4 marks)

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Sample Answer

  • The diaphragm’s dome-shaped muscle structure enables rapid breathing adjustments during a tennis serve.
  • During forceful contractions, the muscle flattens downward, which expands chest cavity volume for increased air intake.
  • This increased volume allows more oxygen to enter the lungs, providing fuel for the explosive serve movement.
  • The diaphragm attaches firmly to the lower ribs and spine, creating stability during powerful upper body rotation.
  • These anchor points prevent breathing disruption while the torso twists during serving.
  • As a result, stable attachment maintains breathing efficiency throughout the complex serve motion.
  • The structural design therefore supports both rapid oxygen intake and core stability during the serve.
Show Worked Solution

Sample Answer

  • The diaphragm’s dome-shaped muscle structure enables rapid breathing adjustments during a tennis serve.
  • During forceful contractions, the muscle flattens downward, which expands chest cavity volume for increased air intake.
  • This increased volume allows more oxygen to enter the lungs, providing fuel for the explosive serve movement.
  • The diaphragm attaches firmly to the lower ribs and spine, creating stability during powerful upper body rotation.
  • These anchor points prevent breathing disruption while the torso twists during serving.
  • As a result, stable attachment maintains breathing efficiency throughout the complex serve motion.
  • The structural design therefore supports both rapid oxygen intake and core stability during the serve.

HMS, BM EQ-Bank 53 MC

During steady-state running, which statement correctly identifies how the respiratory and circulatory systems structure enables oxygen delivery to working leg muscles?

  1. Bronchioles constrict while capillaries dilate in muscles
  2. Alveoli and surrounding capillaries maximize gas exchange
  3. Airways narrow while blood vessels expand in lungs
  4. Bronchi expand while blood flow decreases to muscles
Show Answers Only

\(B\)

Show Worked Solution
  • B is correct: It correctly shows the structural relationship enabling efficient gas exchange

Incorrect Options:

  • A: Bronchioles don’t constrict during exercise
  • C: Airways don’t narrow during exercise
  • D: Blood flow increases not decreases to muscles

HMS, BM EQ-Bank 51 MC

A swimmer needs to reduce drag force during freestyle. Which combination of biomechanical applications would be MOST effective for safe and efficient movement through water?

  1. Streamlined body position and high elbow recovery
  2. High head position and wide arm recovery
  3. Crossed leg kick and streamlined body position
  4. Wide arm recovery and crossed leg kick
Show Answers Only

\(A\)

Show Worked Solution
  • A is correct: Streamlined body reduces frontal resistance while high elbow recovery minimises drag.

Other Options:

  • B is incorrect: High head position increases drag and disrupts body alignment.
  • C is incorrect: Crossed legs create turbulence that negates streamlining benefits.
  • D is incorrect: Both wide arm recovery and crossed legs increase water resistance.

HMS, BM EQ-Bank 50

Explain how the biomechanical principles of force and fluid mechanics interrelate with the musculoskeletal system to enable safe diving entry into water.   (5 marks)

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Sample Answer

  • The musculoskeletal system generates force through coordinated muscle contractions in legs and core during springboard compression. The reason for this is that muscles work in sequence from larger leg muscles to smaller stabilisers. Such sequencing creates optimal force transfer through aligned joints for maximum upward propulsion.
  • Joint angles at takeoff directly influence force direction and body trajectory. Consequently, properly flexed knees and extended ankles enable force to travel through the skeletal system efficiently. At a deeper level, correct alignment produces the parabolic flight path needed for safe entry angles.
  • During flight, core muscles maintain rigid body alignment to prepare for water entry. More specifically, muscular tension transforms the body into a streamlined projectile. In turn, streamlining reduces surface area contacting water and minimises impact forces through fluid dynamics principles.
  • Arms positioned overhead with biceps covering ears create a wedge shape for initial water penetration. It functions through allowing hands to break water surface tension first. Following this, the wedge generates a cavity for the body to follow, which significantly reduces deceleration forces on spine and joints.
  • The musculoskeletal system absorbs remaining impact forces through controlled muscle tension and joint positioning. Hence, slightly flexed joints and engaged muscles distribute forces throughout the body rather than concentrating them. To put it simply, force distribution prevents injury while maintaining the streamlined position essential for safe entry.
Show Worked Solution

Sample Answer

  • The musculoskeletal system generates force through coordinated muscle contractions in legs and core during springboard compression. The reason for this is that muscles work in sequence from larger leg muscles to smaller stabilisers. Such sequencing creates optimal force transfer through aligned joints for maximum upward propulsion.
  • Joint angles at takeoff directly influence force direction and body trajectory. Consequently, properly flexed knees and extended ankles enable force to travel through the skeletal system efficiently. At a deeper level, correct alignment produces the parabolic flight path needed for safe entry angles.
  • During flight, core muscles maintain rigid body alignment to prepare for water entry. More specifically, muscular tension transforms the body into a streamlined projectile. In turn, streamlining reduces surface area contacting water and minimises impact forces through fluid dynamics principles.
  • Arms positioned overhead with biceps covering ears create a wedge shape for initial water penetration. It functions through allowing hands to break water surface tension first. Following this, the wedge generates a cavity for the body to follow, which significantly reduces deceleration forces on spine and joints.
  • The musculoskeletal system absorbs remaining impact forces through controlled muscle tension and joint positioning. Hence, slightly flexed joints and engaged muscles distribute forces throughout the body rather than concentrating them. To put it simply, force distribution prevents injury while maintaining the streamlined position essential for safe entry.

HMS, BM EQ-Bank 49

Explain how TWO biomechanical principles can be applied to improve movement efficiency for a person using a prosthetic leg.   (4 marks)

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Sample Answer – ANY 2 of the following:

Centre of gravity positioning:

  • Prosthetic alignment adjusts centre of gravity to compensate for missing mass. This occurs because proper positioning balances weight.
  • As a result, less muscular effort maintains balance. Therefore, users walk longer distances without fatigue.

Lever principles:

  • The prosthetic foot acts as a lever during push-off phase.
  • This works by creating mechanical advantage through optimal positioning.
  • Consequently, force transfer efficiency increases through the prosthetic, enabling reduced energy for forward progression.

Force absorption:

  • Carbon fibre springs absorb impact forces during heel strike.
  • This happens when material compresses on ground contact.
  • Following this, energy storage and return minimises jarring so that comfortable movement continues over extended periods.

Momentum conservation:

  • Lightweight prosthetic components maintain momentum between steps more effectively than heavier designs.
  • The reason for this is reduced mass requires less acceleration muscle force.
  • Subsequently, the swing phase uses less muscle effort, resulting in significantly improved walking endurance.
Show Worked Solution

Sample Answer – ANY 2 of the following:

Centre of gravity positioning:

  • Prosthetic alignment adjusts centre of gravity to compensate for missing mass. This occurs because proper positioning balances weight.
  • As a result, less muscular effort maintains balance. Therefore, users walk longer distances without fatigue.

Lever principles:

  • The prosthetic foot acts as a lever during push-off phase.
  • This works by creating mechanical advantage through optimal positioning.
  • Consequently, force transfer efficiency increases through the prosthetic, enabling reduced energy for forward progression.

Force absorption:

  • Carbon fibre springs absorb impact forces during heel strike.
  • This happens when material compresses on ground contact.
  • Following this, energy storage and return minimises jarring so that comfortable movement continues over extended periods.

Momentum conservation:

  • Lightweight prosthetic components maintain momentum between steps more effectively than heavier designs.
  • The reason for this is reduced mass requires less acceleration muscle force.
  • Subsequently, the swing phase uses less muscle effort, resulting in significantly improved walking endurance.

HMS, BM EQ-Bank 48 MC

Which adaptation would BEST improve movement efficiency for a person with limited lower limb mobility using a wheelchair?

  1. Increased arm length
  2. Higher seat position
  3. Forward tilted seat
  4. Lower center of gravity
Show Answers Only

\(D\)

Show Worked Solution
  • D is correct: Lower center of gravity improves stability and reduces energy needed for movement control.

Other Options:

  • A is incorrect: Longer reach doesn’t improve wheelchair propulsion efficiency.
  • B is incorrect: Higher seat position decreases stability and increases effort required.
  • C is incorrect: Forward tilt shifts weight forward, requiring more energy to maintain balance.

HMS, BM EQ-Bank 47 MC

For a person using crutches, which biomechanical principle is MOST important for energy efficient movement?

  1. Angular momentum
  2. Base of support
  3. Projectile motion
  4. Fluid resistance
Show Answers Only

\(B\)

Show Worked Solution
  • B is correct: A stable and appropriate base of support enables efficient force transfer and reduces energy expenditure

Other Options:

  • A is incorrect: Not primary principle in crutch gait efficiency
  • C is incorrect: No projectiles involved in crutch walking
  • D is incorrect: Not relevant to crutch-assisted movement

HMS, BM EQ-Bank 47

Explain how balance and stability principles contribute to safe lifting technique.   (4 marks)

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Sample Answer

  • A wide base of support with feet shoulder-width apart increases lateral stability during lifting.
  • Greater stability prevents sideways tipping when handling uneven loads, reducing the risk of dropping objects or falling.
  • Keeping the centre of gravity low by bending the knees maintains balance throughout the lift.
  • Low positioning allows controlled movement without sudden shifts that could cause back strain or loss of control.
  • Even weight distribution across both feet ensures balanced force transmission through the legs and spine.
  • Balanced distribution prevents asymmetrical loading that leads to muscle strain and joint stress on one side.
  • Engaging core muscles throughout the lift stabilises the spine and pelvis.
  • Strong muscular support creates a rigid trunk that prevents dangerous spinal flexion and maintains safe alignment during load transfer.
Show Worked Solution

Sample Answer

  • A wide base of support with feet shoulder-width apart increases lateral stability during lifting.
  • Greater stability prevents sideways tipping when handling uneven loads, reducing the risk of dropping objects or falling.
  • Keeping the centre of gravity low by bending the knees maintains balance throughout the lift.
  • Low positioning allows controlled movement without sudden shifts that could cause back strain or loss of control.
  • Even weight distribution across both feet ensures balanced force transmission through the legs and spine.
  • Balanced distribution prevents asymmetrical loading that leads to muscle strain and joint stress on one side.
  • Engaging core muscles throughout the lift stabilises the spine and pelvis.
  • Strong muscular support creates a rigid trunk that prevents dangerous spinal flexion and maintains safe alignment during load transfer.

HMS, BM EQ-Bank 45

Compare the biomechanical principles involved in safe pushing versus pulling movements.   (5 marks)

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Sample Answer

Force Direction and Body Position

Similarities

  • Both movements require staggered stances to create stable base of support

Differences

  • Pushing directs force away from body requiring forward lean, while pulling brings force toward body needing backward lean.
  • Foot positioning varies
    • pushing uses rear leg drive with forward stance
    • pulling anchors through front leg in backward stance.

Muscle Activation Patterns

Similarities

  • Both require core muscle engagement for spinal stability and protection.

Differences

  • Pushing engages anterior muscles (pectorals, anterior deltoids, triceps) while pulling activates posterior muscles (latissimus dorsi, rhomboids, biceps).
  • Joint stress varies
    • pushing loads anterior shoulder structures
    • pulling stresses posterior shoulder and elbow differently

Centre of Gravity and Balance Requirements

Similarities

  • Pushing shifts centre of gravity forward beyond base of support, while pulling positions it behind force application point.
  • Fall risks differ
    • pushing risks forward falls if force releases suddenly
    • pulling risks backward falls
  • Spinal protection varies
    • pushing prevents hyperextension
    • pulling guards against excessive flexion
Show Worked Solution

Sample Answer

Force Direction and Body Position

Similarities

  • Both movements require staggered stances to create stable base of support

Differences

  • Pushing directs force away from body requiring forward lean, while pulling brings force toward body needing backward lean.
  • Foot positioning varies
    • pushing uses rear leg drive with forward stance
    • pulling anchors through front leg in backward stance.

Muscle Activation Patterns

Similarities

  • Both require core muscle engagement for spinal stability and protection.

Differences

  • Pushing engages anterior muscles (pectorals, anterior deltoids, triceps) while pulling activates posterior muscles (latissimus dorsi, rhomboids, biceps).
  • Joint stress varies
    • pushing loads anterior shoulder structures
    • pulling stresses posterior shoulder and elbow differently

Centre of Gravity and Balance Requirements

Similarities

  • Pushing shifts centre of gravity forward beyond base of support, while pulling positions it behind force application point.
  • Fall risks differ
    • pushing risks forward falls if force releases suddenly
    • pulling risks backward falls
  • Spinal protection varies
    • pushing prevents hyperextension
    • pulling guards against excessive flexion

HMS, BM EQ-Bank 44

Describe TWO ways muscle pairs work together to produce safe movement.   (3 marks)

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Sample Answer – ANY 2 of the following

Agonist/antagonist relationship controls movement speed 

  • When the agonist muscle contracts to create movement, the antagonist muscle relaxes in a controlled manner.
  • Coordinated action as described prevents jerky movements and allows precise control of speed, protecting joints from sudden impacts.

Co-contraction provides joint stability –

  • Both muscles in a pair contract simultaneously to stabilise a joint during movement.
  • Such co-activation creates muscular tension around the joint, preventing excessive movement that could damage ligaments, and maintaining safe joint alignment.

Balanced strength prevents muscle imbalances

  • Equal strength development in muscle pairs ensures forces are distributed evenly across joints.
  • This balance prevents one muscle from overpowering its partner, reducing strain on connective tissues and maintaining proper joint mechanics during movement.

Coordinated action produces smooth movement

  • Muscle pairs work in precise timing sequences, with one gradually activating as the other deactivates.
  • Transitioning smoothly between muscle contractions eliminates abrupt force changes that could tear muscle fibres or strain tendons.
Show Worked Solution

Agonist/antagonist relationship controls movement speed 

  • When the agonist muscle contracts to create movement, the antagonist muscle relaxes in a controlled manner.
  • Coordinated action as described prevents jerky movements and allows precise control of speed, protecting joints from sudden impacts.

Co-contraction provides joint stability –

  • Both muscles in a pair contract simultaneously to stabilise a joint during movement.
  • Such co-activation creates muscular tension around the joint, preventing excessive movement that could damage ligaments, and maintaining safe joint alignment.

Balanced strength prevents muscle imbalances

  • Equal strength development in muscle pairs ensures forces are distributed evenly across joints.
  • This balance prevents one muscle from overpowering its partner, reducing strain on connective tissues and maintaining proper joint mechanics during movement.

Coordinated action produces smooth movement

  • Muscle pairs work in precise timing sequences, with one gradually activating as the other deactivates.
  • Transitioning smoothly between muscle contractions eliminates abrupt force changes that could tear muscle fibres or strain tendons.

HMS, BM EQ-Bank 42

Explain the relationship between force and safe movement when performing a pushing action.   (4 marks)

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Sample Answer

  • Applying force in line with the intended movement direction prevents twisting forces on the spine and joints.
  • This alignment reduces shear stress on vertebral discs and ligaments, preventing acute injuries during pushing.
  • A wide, staggered stance creates a stable base of support that allows force to transfer efficiently through the body.
  • Such stability prevents loss of balance and falling, which could cause impact injuries
  • Engaging large muscle groups like pectorals, deltoids and triceps distributes the pushing load across multiple areas.
  • Force distribution prevents any single muscle from overloading, reducing strain injuries.
  • Maintaining neutral spine position while pushing ensures forces travel through the strongest part of the vertebral column.
  • Proper posture prevents disc compression and muscle spasms common with poor technique.
Show Worked Solution

Sample Answer

  • Applying force in line with the intended movement direction prevents twisting forces on the spine and joints.
  • This alignment reduces shear stress on vertebral discs and ligaments, preventing acute injuries during pushing.
  • A wide, staggered stance creates a stable base of support that allows force to transfer efficiently through the body.
  • Such stability prevents loss of balance and falling, which could cause impact injuries
  • Engaging large muscle groups like pectorals, deltoids and triceps distributes the pushing load across multiple areas.
  • Force distribution prevents any single muscle from overloading, reducing strain injuries.
  • Maintaining neutral spine position while pushing ensures forces travel through the strongest part of the vertebral column.
  • Proper posture prevents disc compression and muscle spasms common with poor technique.

HMS, BM EQ-Bank 40 MC

When lifting a heavy box, which force application ensures safest movement?

  1. Unilateral force through spine
  2. Rapid jerking motion
  3. Force directed through legs
  4. Twisted lifting position
Show Answers Only

\(C\)

Show Worked Solution
  • C is correct: Using leg muscles with straight back distributes force safely

Other Options:

  • A is incorrect: Dangerous spinal loading
  • B is incorrect: Unsafe rapid movement
  • D is incorrect: Unsafe spinal position

HMS, BM EQ-Bank 37

Describe TWO characteristics and functions of fast twitch muscle fibres.   (3 marks)

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Sample Answer – ANY 2 of the following

  • Fewer mitochondria: Contains limited mitochondria compared to slow-twitch fibres. Relies on anaerobic energy production rather than oxygen-dependent pathways.
  • Rapid contraction: Contracts quickly to generate explosive force. Enables powerful movements but for short durations only.
  • Quick fatigue: Depletes energy rapidly due to anaerobic metabolism. Limits sustained activity to approximately 10 seconds of maximum effort.
  • Larger diameter: Fast-twitch fibres are larger than slow-twitch fibres. Greater size enables more forceful contractions for explosive movements like jumping and sprinting.
Show Worked Solution

Sample Answer

  • Fewer mitochondria: Contains limited mitochondria compared to slow-twitch fibres. Relies on anaerobic energy production rather than oxygen-dependent pathways.
  • Rapid contraction: Contracts quickly to generate explosive force. Enables powerful movements but for short durations only.
  • Quick fatigue: Depletes energy rapidly due to anaerobic metabolism. Limits sustained activity to approximately 10 seconds of maximum effort.
  • Larger diameter: Fast-twitch fibres are larger than slow-twitch fibres. Greater size enables more forceful contractions for explosive movements like jumping and sprinting.

HMS, BM EQ-Bank 36

Explain the relationship between muscle fibre types and the production of movement.   (4 marks)

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Sample Answer

  • Muscle fibres have different structural characteristics that determine their function in movement production.
  • Type I fibres contain abundant mitochondria and myoglobin, which enable them to use oxygen efficiently for sustained contractions. As a result, these fibres are recruited for endurance movements like distance running.
  • Type II fibres are larger with fewer mitochondria. Due to their structure, they rely on anaerobic energy systems. Consequently, they produce powerful, explosive movements but fatigue quickly.
  • The reason for selective recruitment is that the nervous system activates specific fibre types based on movement demands. Therefore, slow movements primarily use Type I fibres, while explosive movements recruit Type II fibres. Such coordination ensures the body produces appropriate movements efficiently.
Show Worked Solution

Sample Answer

  • Muscle fibres have different structural characteristics that determine their function in movement production.
  • Type I fibres contain abundant mitochondria and myoglobin, which enable them to use oxygen efficiently for sustained contractions. As a result, these fibres are recruited for endurance movements like distance running.
  • Type II fibres are larger with fewer mitochondria. Due to their structure, they rely on anaerobic energy systems. Consequently, they produce powerful, explosive movements but fatigue quickly.
  • The reason for selective recruitment is that the nervous system activates specific fibre types based on movement demands. Therefore, slow movements primarily use Type I fibres, while explosive movements recruit Type II fibres. Such coordination ensures the body produces appropriate movements efficiently.

HMS, BM EQ-Bank 35

Compare the basic characteristics of fast and slow twitch muscle fibres.   (4 marks)

Sample Answer

Similarities

  • Both fibre types exist in all skeletal muscles and contract through the sliding action of actin and myosin filaments.

Differences

  • Contraction speed differs: Fast-twitch fibres contract quickly for explosive movements, whereas slow-twitch fibres contract slowly for sustained activities.
  • Energy systems vary: Fast-twitch fibres rely on anaerobic metabolism, while slow-twitch fibres use aerobic metabolism efficiently.
  • Structural differences exist: Fast-twitch fibres are larger with fewer mitochondria, in contrast to slow-twitch fibres which are smaller with abundant mitochondria.
  • Fatigue resistance contrasts: Fast-twitch fibres fatigue rapidly, however slow-twitch fibres resist fatigue during prolonged exercise.
[/mr_a][/su_spoiler]
Show Worked Solution

Sample Answer

Similarities

  • Both fibre types exist in all skeletal muscles and contract through the sliding action of actin and myosin filaments.

Differences

  • Contraction speed differs: Fast-twitch fibres contract quickly for explosive movements, whereas slow-twitch fibres contract slowly for sustained activities.
  • Energy systems vary: Fast-twitch fibres rely on anaerobic metabolism, while slow-twitch fibres use aerobic metabolism efficiently.
  • Structural differences exist: Fast-twitch fibres are larger with fewer mitochondria, in contrast to slow-twitch fibres which are smaller with abundant mitochondria.
  • Fatigue resistance contrasts: Fast-twitch fibres fatigue rapidly, however slow-twitch fibres resist fatigue during prolonged exercise.

HMS, BM EQ-Bank 33 MC

Which statement about Type I (slow twitch) muscle fibres' physiological adaptations is INCORRECT?

  1. They have high oxidative capacity
  2. They produce rapid, powerful contractions
  3. They have high fatigue resistance
  4. They support endurance activities
Show Answers Only

\(B\)

Show Worked Solution
  • B is correct: Type I (slow twitch) muscle fibres do not produce rapid, powerful contractions – this is a characteristic of Type II (fast twitch) muscle fibres.

Other Options:

  • All other options are correct statements about Type I (slow twitch) muscle fibres.

HMS, BM EQ-Bank 30

Explain how the hamstring muscle group and quadriceps work together during a running stride. In your answer, refer to types of muscle contractions.   (4 marks)

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Sample Answer

  • During the running stride, the hamstrings and quadriceps demonstrate the antagonistic relationship between muscle groups.
  • As the leg drives forward, the quadriceps contract concentrically to extend the knee. This causes the hamstrings to undergo eccentric contraction to control the movement, preventing hyperextension.
  • During the recovery phase, the hamstrings contract concentrically to flex the knee. As a result, the quadriceps must lengthen eccentrically to control this flexion.
  • This alternating pattern occurs because when one muscle group acts as the agonist (contracting), the opposing muscle must act as the antagonist (lengthening). Therefore, this coordinated action enables controlled movement and efficient force production throughout the running stride.
Show Worked Solution

Sample Answer

  • During the running stride, the hamstrings and quadriceps demonstrate the antagonistic relationship between muscle groups.
  • As the leg drives forward, the quadriceps contract concentrically to extend the knee. This causes the hamstrings to undergo eccentric contraction to control the movement, preventing hyperextension.
  • During the recovery phase, the hamstrings contract concentrically to flex the knee. As a result, the quadriceps must lengthen eccentrically to control this flexion.
  • This alternating pattern occurs because when one muscle group acts as the agonist (contracting), the opposing muscle must act as the antagonist (lengthening). Therefore, this coordinated action enables controlled movement and efficient force production throughout the running stride.

HMS, BM EQ-Bank 28 MC

During a push-up, the pectoralis major:

  1. Contracts eccentrically during the downward phase and concentrically during the upward phase.
  2. Contracts concentrically during the downward phase and eccentrically during the upward phase.
  3. Acts as a stabiliser throughout the entire movement.
  4. Works as an antagonist to the deltoid muscle.
Show Answers Only

\(A\)

Show Worked Solution
  • A is correct: Pectoralis major contracts eccentrically lowering, concentrically pushing up.

Other Options:

  • B is incorrect: Reverses the contraction types
  • C is incorrect: Pectoralis major is a prime mover, not stabiliser
  • D is incorrect: Both muscles work together as agonists

HMS, BM EQ-Bank 25

A volleyball player performs a spike at the net. Describe the sequence of joint actions that occur at the shoulder and elbow during this movement.  (3 marks)

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Sample answer

  • The volleyball spike begins with the shoulder joint in extension as the arm is drawn back behind the body.
  • As the arm moves forward to contact the ball, the shoulder undergoes flexion while simultaneously the elbow joint moves from flexion to extension.
  • The power generated through this coordinated sequence of joint actions enables the player to strike the ball with force while maintaining control through the movement.
Show Worked Solution

Sample answer

  • The volleyball spike begins with the shoulder joint in extension as the arm is drawn back behind the body.
  • As the arm moves forward to contact the ball, the shoulder undergoes flexion while simultaneously the elbow joint moves from flexion to extension.
  • The power generated through this coordinated sequence of joint actions enables the player to strike the ball with force while maintaining control through the movement.

HMS, BM EQ-Bank 24

Outline how the structure of ball and socket joints enables a greater range of movement than hinge joints. Support your response with examples.  (3 marks)

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Sample answer

Ball-and-socket joints

  • Feature a spherical head fitting into a cup-shaped socket, enabling multi-directional movement.
  • This structure permits flexion, extension, abduction, adduction and rotation.

Hinge joints

  • Have cylindrical surfaces allowing movement in only one plane – flexion and extension.

Examples:

  • The shoulder (ball-and-socket) allows arm movement in all directions for throwing.
  • The elbow (hinge) only bends and straightens, providing stability for lifting.
Show Worked Solution

Sample answer

Ball-and-socket joints

  • Feature a spherical head fitting into a cup-shaped socket, enabling multi-directional movement.
  • This structure permits flexion, extension, abduction, adduction and rotation.

Hinge joints

  • Have cylindrical surfaces allowing movement in only one plane – flexion and extension.

Examples:

  • The shoulder (ball-and-socket) allows arm movement in all directions for throwing.
  • The elbow (hinge) only bends and straightens, providing stability for lifting.

HMS, BM EQ-Bank 20 MC

The diagram below shows bones labelled 1, 2, 3 and 4, of the upper limb.

 

Which row correctly lists the bones for 1, 2, 3 and 4?

\begin{align*}
\begin{array}{l}
\rule{0pt}{2.5ex} \ \rule[-1ex]{0pt}{0pt}& \\
\rule{0pt}{2.5ex}\textbf{A.}\rule[-1ex]{0pt}{0pt}\\
\rule{0pt}{2.5ex}\textbf{B.}\rule[-1ex]{0pt}{0pt}\\
\rule{0pt}{2.5ex}\textbf{C.}\rule[-1ex]{0pt}{0pt}\\
\rule{0pt}{2.5ex}\textbf{D.}\rule[-1ex]{0pt}{0pt}\\
\end{array}
\begin{array}{|c|c|c|c|}
\hline
\rule{0pt}{2.5ex}\textbf{1}\rule[-1ex]{0pt}{0pt}& \textbf{2}& \textbf{3}& \textbf{4} \\
\hline
\rule{0pt}{2.5ex}\text{Scapula}\rule[-1ex]{0pt}{0pt}&\ \ \text{Humerus}\ \ &\text{Ulna}&\text{Phalanges}\\
\hline
\rule{0pt}{2.5ex}\text{Clavicle}\rule[-1ex]{0pt}{0pt}& \text{Ulna}&\quad \text{Radius}\quad &\text{Phalanges}\\
\hline
\rule{0pt}{2.5ex}\ \ \text{Humerus}\rule[-1ex]{0pt}{0pt}\ \ & \text{Radius} &\text{Ulna}&\text{Metacarpals} \\
\hline
\rule{0pt}{2.5ex}\text{Clavicle}\rule[-1ex]{0pt}{0pt}& \text{Humerus}&\text{Ulna}&\text{Metacarpals} \\
\hline
\end{array}
\end{align*}

Show Answers Only

\(D\)

Show Worked Solution

D is correct: 

1. Clavicle – long bone that attaches the shoulder girdle and the vertebral column.

2. Humerus – long bone in upper arm joining the elbow to the shoulder.

3. Ulna – longest bone in the forearm on the little finger side.

4. Metacarpals – long bones in hand between the carpals and phalanges

\(\Rightarrow D\)

HMS, BM EQ-Bank 18

Using an example from the shoulder girdle, explain how the arrangement of bones and joints allows for effective throwing movements.   (3 marks)

Show Answers Only
  • The shoulder girdle’s ball-and-socket joint connects the rounded head of the humerus to the shallow glenoid cavity of the scapula. This arrangement creates extensive mobility through multi-directional movement.
  • During the wind-up, the shoulder extends and externally rotates, which allows the arm to move behind the body. This backward positioning stores elastic energy in anterior muscles.
  • In the forward phase, the shallow socket permits rapid shoulder flexion and internal rotation. Combined with the scapula’s mobility on the ribcage, this generates maximum throwing velocity through an extended range of motion.
Show Worked Solution
  • The shoulder girdle’s ball-and-socket joint connects the rounded head of the humerus to the shallow glenoid cavity of the scapula. This arrangement creates extensive mobility through multi-directional movement.
  • During the wind-up, the shoulder extends and externally rotates, which allows the arm to move behind the body. This backward positioning stores elastic energy in anterior muscles.
  • In the forward phase, the shallow socket permits rapid shoulder flexion and internal rotation. Combined with the scapula’s mobility on the ribcage, this generates maximum throwing velocity through an extended range of motion.

HMS, BM EQ-Bank 17

Outline THREE types of synovial joints in the human body and provide an example of where each is located.  (3 marks)

Show Answers Only

Sample Answer – ANY 3 of the following

  • Hinge joint: Allows flexion and extension in one plane only. Located at the elbow and knee.
  • Ball-and-socket joint: Permits movement in all planes including rotation. Found at the shoulder and hip.
  • Pivot joint: Enables rotational movement around a single axis. Located between the atlas and axis vertebrae in the neck.
  • Gliding joint: Permits movement in two planes (flexion/extension and abduction/adduction). Located at the wrist between radius and carpals.
  • Condyloid joint: Allows flexion and extension in one plane only. Located at the elbow and knee.
  • Saddle joint: Allows movement in two planes but no rotation. Found at the base of the thumb.
Show Worked Solution

Sample Answer – ANY 3 of the following

  • Hinge joint: Allows flexion and extension in one plane only. Located at the elbow and knee.
  • Ball-and-socket joint: Permits movement in all planes including rotation. Found at the shoulder and hip.
  • Pivot joint: Enables rotational movement around a single axis. Located between the atlas and axis vertebrae in the neck.
  • Gliding joint: Permits movement in two planes (flexion/extension and abduction/adduction). Located at the wrist between radius and carpals.
  • Condyloid joint: Allows flexion and extension in one plane only. Located at the elbow and knee.
  • Saddle joint: Allows movement in two planes but no rotation. Found at the base of the thumb.

HMS, BM EQ-Bank 16 MC

Which sequence correctly describes the quadriceps muscle action and knee joint movement when performing a squat?

\begin{align*}
\begin{array}{l}
\rule{0pt}{2.5ex} \ \rule[-1ex]{0pt}{0pt}& \\
\rule{0pt}{2.5ex}\textbf{A.}\rule[-1ex]{0pt}{0pt}\\
\rule{0pt}{2.5ex}\textbf{B.}\rule[-1ex]{0pt}{0pt}\\
\rule{0pt}{2.5ex}\textbf{C.}\rule[-1ex]{0pt}{0pt}\\
\rule{0pt}{2.5ex}\textbf{D.}\rule[-1ex]{0pt}{0pt}\\
\end{array}
\begin{array}{|l|l|l|}
\hline
\rule{0pt}{2.5ex}\textbf{Descent Phase}\rule[-1ex]{0pt}{0pt}& \textbf{Bottom Position}& \textbf{Ascent Phase} \\
\hline
\rule{0pt}{2.5ex}\text{Eccentric}\rule[-1ex]{0pt}{0pt}&\text{Isometric }&\text{Concentric}\\
\hline
\rule{0pt}{2.5ex}\text{Concentric}\rule[-1ex]{0pt}{0pt}& \text{Isometric concentric}&\text{Eccentric}\\
\hline
\rule{0pt}{2.5ex}\text{Isometric}\rule[-1ex]{0pt}{0pt}& \text{Eccentric}&\text{Concentric} \\
\hline
\rule{0pt}{2.5ex}\text{Concentric}\rule[-1ex]{0pt}{0pt}& \text{Eccentric}&\text{Isometric} \\
\hline
\end{array}
\end{align*}

Show Answers Only

\(A\)

Show Worked Solution

A is correct: Quadriceps contract eccentrically (descent), isometrically (bottom), then concentrically (ascent).

\(\Rightarrow A\)

HMS, HIC EQ-Bank 503

Outline how TWO social justice principles are demonstrated through a rural health service's mobile dental clinic that visits remote communities.   (3 marks)

Show Answers Only

The social justice principles of equity and creating supportive environments are demonstrated in this mobile dental service.

Equity is shown through

  • bringing essential dental care directly to remote communities
  • reducing geographical barriers
  • ensuring rural residents have similar access to dental services as metropolitan areas

Creating supportive environments is demonstrated by

  • modifying health service delivery to suit the needs of remote communities
  • establishing temporary but fully equipped dental clinics within their local area rather than requiring long-distance travel
Show Worked Solution

The social justice principles of equity and creating supportive environments are demonstrated in this mobile dental service.

Equity is shown through

  • bringing essential dental care directly to remote communities
  • reducing geographical barriers
  • ensuring rural residents have similar access to dental services as metropolitan areas

Creating supportive environments is demonstrated by

  • modifying health service delivery to suit the needs of remote communities
  • establishing temporary but fully equipped dental clinics within their local area rather than requiring long-distance travel

HMS, HIC EQ-Bank 502

Outline how TWO social justice principles are demonstrated in a local council's initiative to provide free exercise classes for seniors in community centres.   (3 marks)

Show Answers Only
  • The social justice principles of equity and participation are demonstrated in this initiative.
  • Equity is shown through providing free exercise classes which removes financial barriers for seniors who may be on fixed incomes.
  • Ensures equal access to physical activity opportunities regardless of economic status.
  • Participation is demonstrated by actively engaging seniors in community-based physical activity programs.
  • Enables seniors to be involved in health-promoting activities while also fostering social connections within their local area.
Show Worked Solution
  • The social justice principles of equity and participation are demonstrated in this initiative.
  • Equity is shown through providing free exercise classes which removes financial barriers for seniors who may be on fixed incomes.
  • Ensures equal access to physical activity opportunities regardless of economic status.
  • Participation is demonstrated by actively engaging seniors in community-based physical activity programs.
  • Enables seniors to be involved in health-promoting activities while also fostering social connections within their local area.

HMS, HIC EQ-Bank 10 MC

A school implements a breakfast program and subsidised healthy lunch options for students from low socioeconomic backgrounds to support their learning and wellbeing.

Which TWO social justice principles are best reflected in this initiative?

  1. Equity and developing personal skills
  2. Participation and supportive environments
  3. Equity and supportive environments
  4. Diversity and strengthening community action
Show Answers Only

\(C\)

Show Worked Solution

Consider Option C: Equity and supportive environments

  • Equity – providing additional support to disadvantaged students to help achieve equal health outcomes
  • Creating supportive environments – modifying the school environment to promote healthy eating and wellbeing

\(\Rightarrow C\)

HMS, HIC EQ-Bank 501 MC

Which TWO social justice principles are best reflected in the provision of interpreter services and bilingual healthcare workers in public hospitals?

  1. Equity and participation
  2. Equity and diversity
  3. Participation and supportive environments
  4. Diversity and strengthening community action
Show Answers Only

\(B\)

Show Worked Solution

Consider Option B:

  • Equity – ensuring equal access to healthcare regardless of language barriers
  • Diversity – accommodating different cultural and linguistic needs

\(\Rightarrow B\)

HMS, HIC EQ-Bank 8 MC

A team member describes feeling supported by their teammates, having strong communication with their coach, and enjoying positive relationships within their sporting club.

Which dimension of health are they primarily describing?

  1. Spiritual health
  2. Mental health
  3. Emotional health
  4. Social health
Show Answers Only

\( D\)

Show Worked Solution

Consider Option D:

  • Social health involves the ability to form and maintain positive relationships with others
  • Demonstrated through the team members’ description of supportive connections with teammates, coach and club community.

\(\Rightarrow D\)

HMS, HIC EQ-Bank 7 MC

An athlete reports they can concentrate well during competition, cope effectively with stress, and maintain positive thought patterns during challenging situations.

Which dimension of health are they primarily describing?

  1. Physical health
  2. Mental health
  3. Emotional health
  4. Social health
Show Answers Only

\( B\)

Show Worked Solution

Consider Option B:  Mental health

  • Ability to concentrate and focus
  • Effective stress management
  • Clear thought processes
  • Positive cognitive patterns
  • Psychological coping skills

\(\Rightarrow B\)

HMS, BM EQ-Bank 6 MC

When performing a heavy deadlift, which biomechanical principle is MOST important for preventing lower back injury?

  1. Maintaining neutral spine alignment
  2. Increasing lifting speed
  3. Narrowing the base of support
  4. Rotating the trunk during lift
Show Answers Only

\(A\)

Show Worked Solution
  • A is correct: Neutral spine distributes forces evenly along vertebrae, preventing injury

Other Options:

  • B is incorrect: Rapid lifting increases injury risk through uncontrolled forces
  • C is incorrect: Narrow base reduces stability and increases fall risk
  • D is incorrect: Trunk rotation during lifting can cause disc herniation

HMS, BM EQ-Bank 5 MC

A marathon runner is competing in a 42.2 kilometre event.

What is the likely duration their body will predominantly use the aerobic energy system?

  1. 90 seconds
  2. 10 minutes
  3. 60 minutes
  4. 180 minutes
Show Answers Only

\(D\)

Show Worked Solution
  • D is correct: Marathon running (2-4 hours) requires sustained aerobic energy production

Other Options:

  • A is incorrect: 90 seconds is glycolytic system duration
  • B is incorrect: 10 minutes is too short for marathon distance
  • C is incorrect: 60 minutes would only cover partial marathon distance

HMS, HAG EQ-Bank 3 MC

A pensioner visits their local pharmacy to collect their regular blood pressure medication. They are able to purchase their prescription medications at a significantly reduced cost compared to the general public.

Which of the following enables this person to access cheaper prescription medications?

  1. Medicare Safety Net
  2. Hospital cover
  3. Health care concession card
  4. Private health insurance
Show Answers Only

\(C\)

Show Worked Solution
  • C is correct: Health care concession cards provide reduced PBS medication costs for pensioners.

Other Options:

  • A is incorrect: Medicare Safety Net operates on annual thresholds not individual prescriptions.
  • B is incorrect: Hospital cover relates to private hospital treatment not medications.
  • D is incorrect: Private health insurance doesn’t reduce PBS prescription costs.

HMS, HAG EQ-Bank 2 MC

A 19-year-old person with a permanent physical disability received funding for mobility equipment, home modifications, and regular physiotherapy sessions. They were able to choose their own service providers and had control over how their support funding was managed.

Which of the following schemes provided this person-centred support?

  1. Medicare Benefits Schedule
  2. National Disability Insurance Scheme
  3. Private health insurance
  4. Community health services
Show Answers Only

\(B\)

Show Worked Solution
  • B is correct: NDIS provides person-centred disability support with participant choice and control.

Other Options:

  • A is incorrect: Medicare covers medical services not disability equipment/modifications.
  • C is incorrect: Private insurance doesn’t provide comprehensive disability support funding.
  • D is incorrect: Community services don’t provide individual funding control mechanisms.

HMS, HAG EQ-Bank 1 MC

A low-income family had multiple medical appointments with specialists over a three-month period, resulting in high out-of-pocket expenses. After reaching a certain threshold, their out-of-pocket medical costs were significantly reduced for the remainder of the calendar year.

Which of the following enabled this reduction in medical costs?

  1. Medicare Safety Net
  2. Private health insurance
  3. Health care concession card
  4. Bulk billing incentive
Show Answers Only

\(A\)

Show Worked Solution
  • A is correct: Medicare Safety Net reduces costs after reaching annual threshold.

Other Options:

  • B is incorrect: Private insurance doesn’t use annual threshold system.
  • C is incorrect: Concession cards provide discounts not threshold-based reductions.
  • D is incorrect: Bulk billing eliminates gaps not threshold-based cost reduction.

HMS, BM 2022 HSC 1 MC

An athlete's body is using the lactic acid energy system.

What is the likely duration of their performance while using this system?

  1. 6 seconds
  2. 60 seconds
  3. 6 minutes
  4. 60 minutes
Show Answers Only

\(B\)

Show Worked Solution
  • B is correct: 60 seconds falls within the glycolytic/lactic acid system’s typical duration (10 seconds to 2 minutes)

Other Options:

  • A is incorrect: 6 seconds – Too short, this would be ATP-PCr system
  • C is incorrect: 6 minutes – Too long, would have shifted to primarily aerobic system
  • D is incorrect: 60 minutes – Far too long, this is deeply into aerobic system

HMS, BM 2022 HSC 7 MC

Which of the following is an example of an athlete using negative, intrinsic motivation?

  1. Receiving criticism from their coach to help them improve
  2. Ignoring social media comments from club supporters after a loss
  3. Seeking to avoid repeating the feeling of despair following a defeat
  4. Training harder to enhance their chances of selection in a representative team
Show Answers Only

\(C\)

Show Worked Solution
  • C is correct: Avoiding despair feeling is internally driven negative motivation

Other Options:

  • A is incorrect: Coach criticism is external feedback, not intrinsic.
  • B is incorrect: Ignoring comments is coping strategy, not motivation.
  • D is incorrect: Selection goal is positive motivation, not negative.

PHYSICS, M6 2016 HSC 23b

The diagram shows electrons travelling in a vacuum at `5.2 × 10^(4) \ text{m s}^(-1)` entering an electric field of `10 \ text {V m}^(-1)`.

 

A magnetic field is applied so that the electrons continue undeflected.

What is the magnitude and direction of the magnetic field?   (3 marks)

Show Answers Only

`0.0002  text{T Up the page.}`

Show Worked Solution

For the electrons to continue undeflected the force on the electrons due to the electric field must be equal in magnitude (but opposite in direction) to the force on them due to the magnetic field.

`F_(E)` `=F_(b)`
`qE` `=qvB`
`B` `=(E)/(v)`
  `=(10)/(5.2 xx10^(4))`
  `=0.0002  text{T (up the page)}`

PHYSICS, M5 2016 HSC 21a

Why does orbital decay occur more rapidly for satellites in a low-Earth orbit than for satellites in other orbits?   (2 marks)

Show Answers Only

Satellites in a low-Earth orbit:

  • Encounter more atmospheric drag than satellites in higher orbits due to their lower altitude.
  • This reduces their orbital velocity which decreases orbital radius which in turn causes orbital decay.
Show Worked Solution

Satellites in a low-Earth orbit:

  • Encounter more atmospheric drag than satellites in higher orbits due to their lower altitude.
  • This reduces their orbital velocity which decreases orbital radius which in turn causes orbital decay.

Mean mark 59%.

BIOLOGY, M8 EQ-Bank 2

  1. Provide an example of a genetic non-infectious disease and how develops at the genetic level.   (1 mark)

  2. Describe TWO major effects of the disease on the human body and why these occur.   (2 marks)

Show Answers Only

a.   Answers could include one of the following:

Cystic Fibrosis

  • Cystic fibrosis develops when a person inherits two faulty copies of the CFTR gene (one from each parent), resulting in defective chloride channels in cell membranes.

Huntington’s Disease

  • Huntington’s disease is caused by inheriting a dominant mutated copy of the HTT gene, resulting in the production of abnormal huntingtin protein.

b.  Answers could include one of the following:

Cystic Fibrosis

  • The defective chloride channels cause mucus to build up in the lungs, leading to frequent chest infections and breathing difficulties because bacteria become trapped in the airways.
  • The same mucus also blocks pancreatic ducts, preventing digestive enzymes from reaching the intestines, which results in poor nutrient absorption and growth problems.

Huntington’s Disease

  • The abnormal protein accumulates in brain cells, causing progressive death of neurons that control movement, leading to uncontrolled jerking and twitching movements.
  • The protein buildup also affects regions of the brain controlling cognitive function, resulting in progressive memory loss and personality changes as these neural networks deteriorate
Show Worked Solution

a.   Answers could include one of the following:

Cystic Fibrosis

  • Cystic fibrosis develops when a person inherits two faulty copies of the CFTR gene (one from each parent), resulting in defective chloride channels in cell membranes.

Huntington’s Disease

  • Huntington’s disease is caused by inheriting a dominant mutated copy of the HTT gene, resulting in the production of abnormal huntingtin protein.

b.  Answers could include one of the following:

Cystic Fibrosis

  • The defective chloride channels cause mucus to build up in the lungs, leading to frequent chest infections and breathing difficulties because bacteria become trapped in the airways.
  • The same mucus also blocks pancreatic ducts, preventing digestive enzymes from reaching the intestines, which results in poor nutrient absorption and growth problems.

Huntington’s Disease

  • The abnormal protein accumulates in brain cells, causing progressive death of neurons that control movement, leading to uncontrolled jerking and twitching movements.
  • The protein buildup also affects regions of the brain controlling cognitive function, resulting in progressive memory loss and personality changes as these neural networks deteriorate

BIOLOGY, M8 EQ-Bank 1

Outline the cause of a non-infectious nutritional disease in humans. In your answer, describe any possible effects that may be experienced by the a person living with the disease.   (3 marks)

Show Answers Only

Example Solution 1

Iron deficiency anaemia:

  • Iron deficiency anaemia develops when there is insufficient dietary iron intake or absorption from food sources.
  • Without adequate iron, the body cannot produce enough haemoglobin, the protein in red blood cells responsible for carrying oxygen throughout the body.
  • This results in symptoms such as chronic fatigue, weakness, shortness of breath and pale skin due to reduced oxygen transport capacity in the blood.

Example Solution 2

Vitamin D deficiency:

  • Vitamin D deficiency develops primarily due to insufficient sunlight exposure to the skin and inadequate dietary intake from foods like fatty fish or fortified products.
  • Without adequate Vitamin D, the body cannot properly absorb and regulate calcium in the intestines and maintain calcium homeostasis in the blood.
  • This results in soft bones, muscle weakness, and increased risk of fractures due to compromised bone mineralization.
Show Worked Solution

Example Solution 1

Iron deficiency anaemia:

  • Iron deficiency anaemia develops when there is insufficient dietary iron intake or absorption from food sources.
  • Without adequate iron, the body cannot produce enough haemoglobin, the protein in red blood cells responsible for carrying oxygen throughout the body.
  • This results in symptoms such as chronic fatigue, weakness, shortness of breath and pale skin due to reduced oxygen transport capacity in the blood.

Example Solution 2

Vitamin D deficiency:

  • Vitamin D deficiency develops primarily due to insufficient sunlight exposure to the skin and inadequate dietary intake from foods like fatty fish or fortified products.
  • Without adequate Vitamin D, the body cannot properly absorb and regulate calcium in the intestines and maintain calcium homeostasis in the blood.
  • This results in soft bones, muscle weakness, and increased risk of fractures due to compromised bone mineralization.

ENGINEERING, AE 2024 HSC 26c

A drawing of a scale model aircraft flying at constant velocity in level flight is shown.
 

Assume that the lift acts as a point load only on each wing and is located as shown in the drawing.

  1. In the box below, draw the free body diagram of the forces acting on the aircraft.   (1 mark)

 

  1. Draw both a shear force diagram and a bending moment diagram of the aircraft as the forces act across the wingspan of the aircraft.   (5 marks)

     

 

 

Show Answers Only

i.    
         

ii.    
       

Show Worked Solution

i.    
       
♦ Mean mark (i) 48%.
ii.    
     
Mean mark (ii) 55%.

ENGINEERING, TE 2024 HSC 26b

To avoid overloading a cellular network, a logic gate is used to control the activation of a signal booster.

The signal booster will only activate when both of the following conditions are met:

  • the signal strength falls below an acceptable level
  • the network traffic flow falls below an acceptable level.

Complete a truth table for this scenario and identify a suitable logic gate.   (3 marks)

Truth table:

\begin{array} {|c|c|c|}
\hline
\rule{0pt}{2.5ex} \quad \textit{Acceptable signal} \quad & \quad \textit{Acceptable traffic} \quad & \quad \textit{Activate booster} \quad \\
\textit{strength} \rule[-2ex]{0pt}{0pt} & \textit{flow} & \\
\hline
\rule{0pt}{2.5ex} \rule[-2ex]{0pt}{0pt} & &  \\
\hline
\rule{0pt}{2.5ex} \rule[-2ex]{0pt}{0pt} & &  \\
\hline
\rule{0pt}{2.5ex} \rule[-2ex]{0pt}{0pt} & &  \\
\hline
\rule{0pt}{2.5ex} \rule[-2ex]{0pt}{0pt} & &  \\
\hline
\end{array}

Logic gate: ....................

Show Answers Only

Truth table:

\begin{array} {|c|c|c|}
\hline
\rule{0pt}{2.5ex} \quad \textit{Acceptable signal} \quad & \quad \textit{Acceptable traffic} \quad & \quad \textit{Activate booster} \quad \\
\textit{strength} \rule[-2ex]{0pt}{0pt} & \textit{flow} & \\
\hline
\rule{0pt}{2.5ex} \rule[-2ex]{0pt}{0pt} 1 & 1 & 0 \\
\hline
\rule{0pt}{2.5ex} \rule[-2ex]{0pt}{0pt} 1 & 0 & 0 \\
\hline
\rule{0pt}{2.5ex} \rule[-2ex]{0pt}{0pt} 0 & 1 & 0 \\
\hline
\rule{0pt}{2.5ex} \rule[-2ex]{0pt}{0pt} 0 & 0 & 1 \\
\hline
\end{array}
Logic gate: NOR
Show Worked Solution

Truth table:

\begin{array} {|c|c|c|}
\hline
\rule{0pt}{2.5ex} \quad \textit{Acceptable signal} \quad & \quad \textit{Acceptable traffic} \quad & \quad \textit{Activate booster} \quad \\
\textit{strength} \rule[-2ex]{0pt}{0pt} & \textit{flow} & \\
\hline
\rule{0pt}{2.5ex} \rule[-2ex]{0pt}{0pt} 1 & 1 & 0 \\
\hline
\rule{0pt}{2.5ex} \rule[-2ex]{0pt}{0pt} 1 & 0 & 0 \\
\hline
\rule{0pt}{2.5ex} \rule[-2ex]{0pt}{0pt} 0 & 1 & 0 \\
\hline
\rule{0pt}{2.5ex} \rule[-2ex]{0pt}{0pt} 0 & 0 & 1 \\
\hline
\end{array}
Logic gate: NOR

ENGINEERING, TE 2024 HSC 23d

A public telephone booth is assembled using a variety of parts.
 

Complete the table.   (4 marks)

\begin{array} {|l|l|l|}
\hline
\rule{0pt}{2.5ex} \textit{Part} & \textit{Material} & \textit{Justification of } & \textit{Manufacturing } \\
\textit{} \rule[-1ex]{0pt}{0pt} & \textit{} & \textit{material}  & \textit{method} \\
\hline
\\ \\ 
\text{}\text{} & &\text{Needs to be} & \\
\text{Screen} & \text{..................................} & \text{impact resistant} & \text{..................................}\\
\\ \\ 
\hline
\\ \\ 
\text{} &\text{} & \text{..................................} & \text{} \\
\text{Hand Receiver} \quad & \text{ABS} & \text{..................................} & \text{..................................}\\
\text{} & \text{} & \text{..................................} & \\
\\ \\ 
\hline
\\ \\ 
\text{} &\text{} & \text{..................................} & \text{Cold rolled and} \\
\text{Shelf} & \text{..................................} & \text{..................................} & \text{pressed}\\
\text{} & \text{} & \text{..................................} & \\
\\ \\ 
\hline
\end{array}

Show Answers Only

\begin{array} {|l|l|l|}
\hline
\rule{0pt}{2.5ex} \textit{Part} & \textit{Material} & \textit{Justification of } & \textit{Manufacturing } \\
\textit{} \rule[-1ex]{0pt}{0pt} & \textit{} & \textit{material}  & \textit{method} \\
\hline
\text{Screen} & \text{Acrylic} & \text{Needs to be impact} & \text{Cast}\\
\text{}\text{} & &\text{resistant} & \\
\hline
\text{Hand Receiver} \quad & \text{ABS} & \text{Complex shaped,} & \text{Injection moulded}\\
\text{} & \text{} & \text{easily moulded} & \\
\hline
\text{} &\text{} & \text{Corrosion} &  \\
\text{Shelf} & \text{Stainless steel} & \text{resistance,} & \text{Cold rolled and }\\
\text{} & \text{} & \text{hardness,} & \text{pressed}\\
\text{} & \text{} & \text{cleanability} & \\
\hline
\end{array}

Show Worked Solution

\begin{array} {|l|l|l|}
\hline
\rule{0pt}{2.5ex} \textit{Part} & \textit{Material} & \textit{Justification of } & \textit{Manufacturing } \\
\textit{} \rule[-1ex]{0pt}{0pt} & \textit{} & \textit{material}  & \textit{method} \\
\hline
\text{Screen} & \text{Acrylic} & \text{Needs to be impact} & \text{Cast}\\
\text{}\text{} & &\text{resistant} & \\
\hline
\text{Hand Receiver} \quad & \text{ABS} & \text{Complex shaped,} & \text{Injection moulded}\\
\text{} & \text{} & \text{easily moulded} & \\
\hline
\text{} &\text{} & \text{Corrosion} &  \\
\text{Shelf} & \text{Stainless steel} & \text{resistance,} & \text{Cold rolled and }\\
\text{} & \text{} & \text{hardness,} & \text{pressed}\\
\text{} & \text{} & \text{cleanability} & \\
\hline
\end{array}

ENGINEERING, PPT 2024 HSC 25b

A circuit diagram is shown.
 

Use Ohm's Law to determine the current in the circuit.   (3 marks)

Show Answers Only

\(I= 0.57\ \text{Amps}\)

Show Worked Solution

\(E=IR\ \ \Rightarrow\ \ I=\dfrac{E}{R}\)

\(R_{\text{total}} = 10\ \Omega + \dfrac{1}{\dfrac{1}{20\ \Omega} + \dfrac{1}{25\ \Omega}} = 21.11\ \Omega \)

\(I=\dfrac{E}{R} = \dfrac{12\ \text{V}}{21.11\ \Omega} = 0.57\ \text{Amps}\)

ENGINEERING, PPT 2024 HSC 24c

An escalator is used to move people from the first floor to the second floor. The second floor is located 5.2 metres above the first floor. The average person's mass is 64.8 kg .

Determine the power requirement of the escalator in order to move 10 people from the first floor to the second floor in one minute.   (3 marks)

Show Answers Only

\(561.6\ \text{W}\)

Show Worked Solution

\(W(\text{1 passenger)}\ = mgh = 64.8 \text{kg}\ \times 10 \text{m/s}^{2}\ \times 5.2\ \text{m}\ = 3369.6\ \text{J} \)

\(W(\text{10 passengers)}\ = 10 \times 3369.6 = 33\ 696\ \text{J}\)

\(P=\dfrac{W}{t} = \dfrac{33\ 696\ \text{J}}{60\ \text{s}} = 561.6\ \text{W}\)

ENGINEERING, TE 2024 HSC 23a

Outline a use of semiconductors in the telecommunications industry. Include an example in your response.   (3 marks)

Show Answers Only

  • Semiconductor amplifiers play a key role in wireless communications by enhancing signal processing.
  • In mobile phones, they boost and strengthen signals to ensure clear and reliable transmission.
  • When used in integrated circuits (ICs), these semiconductors handle signal modulation and demodulation, which is essential for efficient wireless communication.

Show Worked Solution

  • Semiconductor amplifiers play a key role in wireless communications by enhancing signal processing.
  • In mobile phones, they boost and strengthen signals to ensure clear and reliable transmission.
  • When used in integrated circuits (ICs), these semiconductors handle signal modulation and demodulation, which is essential for efficient wireless communication.

ENGINEERING, AE 2024 HSC 22d

How does fibre metal laminate (FML) contribute to enhanced structural performance in aircraft?   (3 marks)

Show Answers Only

  • FML offers several advantages over traditional aluminium alloys in aircraft construction.
  • Its key benefits include enhanced impact and fatigue resistance, better corrosion protection, and reduced weight.
  • The material’s strength comes from its directional layered construction, which can be customised for specific aircraft sections.
  • This ability to tailor FML’s properties during manufacturing makes it adaptable for various aircraft applications.

Show Worked Solution

  • FML offers several advantages over traditional aluminium alloys in aircraft construction.
  • Its key benefits include enhanced impact and fatigue resistance, better corrosion protection, and reduced weight.
  • The material’s strength comes from its directional layered construction, which can be customised for specific aircraft sections.
  • This ability to tailor FML’s properties during manufacturing makes it adaptable for various aircraft applications.
Mean mark 56%.

ENGINEERING, AE 2024 HSC 22b

The mass of a single-engine propeller aeroplane, without pilot or passengers, is 906 kg . It has a maximum lift to drag ratio of 10.5. When fully loaded, the plane needs to produce 1050 N of thrust to maintain cruising speed and altitude.

What is the maximum total allowable mass for the pilot and passengers in kilograms?   (3 marks)

Show Answers Only

\(\text{Max allowable mass (pilot and passengers)}\ =196.5\ \text{kg}\)

Show Worked Solution

\(mg\ \text{(empty plane)}\ = 906 \times 10=9060\ \text{N}\)

\(\text{When plane cruising}\ \ \Rightarrow \ \ \text{Thrust = Drag = 1050 N}\)

\(\text{Max Lift to Drag ratio = 10.5}\)

Mean mark 54%.
\(\dfrac{\text{Max Lift}}{\text{Drag}} \) \(=10.5\)  
\(\text{Max Lift}\) \(=1050\ \text{N}\ \times 10.5=11\ 025\ \text{N}\)  

 
\(\text{Max}\ mg\ \text{(pilot and passengers)}\ = 11\ 025-9060=1965\ \text{N}\)

\(\therefore\ \text{Max allowable mass (pilot and passengers)}\ =196.5\ \text{kg}\)

ENGINEERING, CS 2024 HSC 21d

An orthogonal drawing of a strap brace tensioner is shown.
 

With reference to the orthogonal drawing and modified title block, complete the table.   (3 marks)

\begin{array} {|l|l|}
\hline
\rule{0pt}{2.5ex} \text{What does 'M' stand for in} \quad \quad & \text{What is the allowable range for the} \quad \\
\text{M5 \(\times\) 0.8?}  & \text {R\(2.5 \pm 0.5\) dimension?} \\
\\
\\
\text{........................................................} & \text{........................................................}\rule[-1ex]{0pt}{0pt}\\
\hline
\rule{0pt}{2.5ex} \text{Which dimension is not to AS1100?} & \text{What does the 0.8 refer to in the} \quad \\
\text{}  & \text {expression M5 \(\times 0.8\) ?} \\
\\
\\
\text{........................................................} & \text{........................................................}\rule[-1ex]{0pt}{0pt}\\
\hline
\rule{0pt}{2.5ex} \text{Name the tensioner material} & \text{What is the unit of measurement} \quad \\
\text{}  & \text {used in this drawing} \\
\\
\\
\text{........................................................} & \text{........................................................}\rule[-1ex]{0pt}{0pt}\\
\hline
\rule{0pt}{2.5ex} \text{What is the name of the curve} & \text{State ONE radial dimension} \quad \\
\text{indicated by the letter 'A'?}  & \text {} \\
\\
\\
\text{........................................................} & \text{........................................................}\rule[-1ex]{0pt}{0pt}\\
\hline
\rule{0pt}{2.5ex} \text{What is the angle of projection?} & \text{Which line type is missing from the} \quad \\
\text{}  & \text {SIDE VIEW?} \\
\\
\\
\text{........................................................} & \text{........................................................}\rule[-1ex]{0pt}{0pt}\\
\hline
\end{array}

Show Answers Only

\begin{array} {|l|l|}
\hline
\rule{0pt}{2.5ex} \text{What does ‘M’ stand for in} \quad \quad & \text{What is the allowable range for the} \quad \\
\text{M5 \(\times\) 0.8?}  & \text {R\(2.5 \pm 0.5\) dimension?} \\
\\
\text{Metric} & \text{From 2 mm to 3 mm (or 1 mm)}\rule[-1ex]{0pt}{0pt}\\
\hline
\rule{0pt}{2.5ex} \text{Which dimension is not to AS1100?} & \text{What does the 0.8 refer to in the} \quad \\
\text{}  & \text {expression M5 \(\times 0.8\) ?} \\
\\
\text{2.5 mm} & \text{Pitch of thread}\rule[-1ex]{0pt}{0pt}\\
\hline
\rule{0pt}{2.5ex} \text{Name the tensioner material} & \text{What is the unit of measurement} \quad \\
\text{}  & \text {used in this drawing} \\
\\
\text{Galvanised Steel (GALZ275)} & \text{Millimetres (mm)}\rule[-1ex]{0pt}{0pt}\\
\hline
\rule{0pt}{2.5ex} \text{What is the name of the curve} & \text{State ONE radial dimension} \quad \\
\text{indicated by the letter ‘A’?}  & \text {} \\
\\
\text{Fillet} & \text{R18 or R2.5}\rule[-1ex]{0pt}{0pt}\\
\hline
\rule{0pt}{2.5ex} \text{What is the angle of projection?} & \text{Which line type is missing from the} \quad \\
\text{}  & \text {SIDE VIEW?} \\
\\
\text{3rd} & \text{Hidden detail}\rule[-1ex]{0pt}{0pt}\\
\hline
\end{array}

Show Worked Solution

\begin{array} {|l|l|}
\hline
\rule{0pt}{2.5ex} \text{What does ‘M’ stand for in} \quad \quad & \text{What is the allowable range for the} \quad \\
\text{M5 \(\times\) 0.8?}  & \text {R\(2.5 \pm 0.5\) dimension?} \\
\\
\text{Metric} & \text{From 2 mm to 3 mm (or 1 mm)}\rule[-1ex]{0pt}{0pt}\\
\hline
\rule{0pt}{2.5ex} \text{Which dimension is not to AS1100?} & \text{What does the 0.8 refer to in the} \quad \\
\text{}  & \text {expression M5 \(\times 0.8\) ?} \\
\\
\text{2.5 mm} & \text{Pitch of thread}\rule[-1ex]{0pt}{0pt}\\
\hline
\rule{0pt}{2.5ex} \text{Name the tensioner material} & \text{What is the unit of measurement} \quad \\
\text{}  & \text {used in this drawing} \\
\\
\text{Galvanised Steel (GALZ275)} & \text{Millimetres (mm)}\rule[-1ex]{0pt}{0pt}\\
\hline
\rule{0pt}{2.5ex} \text{What is the name of the curve} & \text{State ONE radial dimension} \quad \\
\text{indicated by the letter ‘A’?}  & \text {} \\
\\
\text{Fillet} & \text{R18 or R2.5}\rule[-1ex]{0pt}{0pt}\\
\hline
\rule{0pt}{2.5ex} \text{What is the angle of projection?} & \text{Which line type is missing from the} \quad \\
\text{}  & \text {SIDE VIEW?} \\
\\
\text{3rd} & \text{Hidden detail}\rule[-1ex]{0pt}{0pt}\\
\hline
\end{array}

ENGINEERING, CS 2024 HSC 21c

Strap bracing is used in the construction of many residential structures. It has holes punched along its length to allow tensioners to be applied as shown.
 

A 6 mm diameter hole is to be punched into mild steel strap bracing.

If the shear strength of the bracing is 380 MPa and the shear force required to punch the hole is 5.73 kN, what is the maximum allowable thickness of the strap bracing?   (3 marks)

Show Answers Only

\(0.8\ \text{mm}\)

Show Worked Solution

\(\text{Shear stress}\) \(= \dfrac{\text{Shear force}}{\text{Shear area}} \)  
\(380 \times 10^{6}\ \text{Pa}\) \(= \dfrac{5730}{\text{Shear area}}\)  
\(\text{Shear area}\) \(= \dfrac{5730}{380 \times 10^{6}}\)  
  \(=1.508 \times 10^{-5}\ \text{m}^2 \)  

 

\(\text{Shear area}\) \(= \pi \times\ \text{diameter}\ \times \ \text{thickness} \)  
\(\text{Thickness}\) \(= \dfrac{\text{Shear area}}{\pi \times\ \text{diameter}} \)  
  \(= \dfrac{1.508 \times 10^{-5}}{\pi \times 0.006}\)  
  \(=0.0008\ \text{m}\)  
  \(=0.8\ \text{mm}\)  

ENGINEERING, AE 2024 HSC 14 MC

Which propulsion system requires fuel and an oxidiser such as liquid oxygen to be carried on board?

  1. Ramjet
  2. Rocket
  3. Turbofan
  4. Turboprop
Show Answers Only

\(B\)

Show Worked Solution
  • A rocket is the only propulsion system option that carries both fuel and an oxidiser onboard, allowing it to operate in space where there is no atmospheric oxygen.
  • Air-breathing engines like ramjets, turbofans, and turboprops take in oxygen from the atmosphere and don’t need an oxidiser.

\(\Rightarrow B\)

ENGINEERING, AE 2024 HSC 12 MC

What is the effect of increasing the angle of attack on the lift and induced drag of an aircraft?

\begin{align*}
\begin{array}{c}
\rule{0pt}{2.5ex}  \ & \rule[-1ex]{0pt}{0pt} \\
\rule{0pt}{2.5ex}  \textbf{A.} \rule[-1ex]{0pt}{0pt} \\
\rule{0pt}{2.5ex}  \textbf{B.} \rule[-1ex]{0pt}{0pt} \\
\rule{0pt}{2.5ex}  \textbf{C.} \rule[-1ex]{0pt}{0pt} \\
\rule{0pt}{2.5ex}  \textbf{D.} \rule[-1ex]{0pt}{0pt} \\
\end{array}
\begin{array} {|c|c|}
\hline
\rule{0pt}{2.5ex} \text{Lift} \rule[-1ex]{0pt}{0pt} & \text{Induced drag} \\
\hline
\rule{0pt}{2.5ex} \ \ \ \ \ \text{Decreases} \ \ \ \ \ \rule[-1ex]{0pt}{0pt} & \ \ \ \ \ \text{Decreases} \ \ \ \ \ \\
\hline
\rule{0pt}{2.5ex} \text{Decreases} \rule[-1ex]{0pt}{0pt} & \text{Increases} \\
\hline
\rule{0pt}{2.5ex} \text{Increases} \rule[-1ex]{0pt}{0pt} & \text{Decreases} \\
\hline
\rule{0pt}{2.5ex} \text{Increases} \rule[-1ex]{0pt}{0pt} & \text{Increases} \\
\hline
\end{array}
\end{align*}

Show Answers Only

\(D\)

Show Worked Solution

As the angle of attack increases:

  • it creates greater lift due to increased airflow deflection under the wing
  • it creates greater induced drag due to stronger wingtip vortices and pressure differential effects.

\(\Rightarrow D\)

ENGINEERING, CS 2024 HSC 11 MC

Why are gap joints strategically placed in pedestrian footpaths?

  1. To improve visual appeal
  2. To improve wheelchair access
  3. To allow for contraction and movement
  4. To allow for movement of debris and water
Show Answers Only

\(C\)

Show Worked Solution
  • Expansion joints or gaps in footpaths are necessary to prevent cracking by accommodating the natural expansion and contraction of concrete due to temperature changes and ground movement.

\(\Rightarrow C\)

ENGINEERING, TE 2024 HSC 7 MC

Which row of the table correctly identifies the types of cables?

Show Answers Only

\(A\)

Show Worked Solution
  • 1st column is coaxial cable: cross-section has a central copper wire, surrounded by an insulating material, which is then encased in a aluminium braiding (Eliminate B and D).
  • 2nd column is fibre optic cable: cross-section has a central glass core (carrying light signals) surrounded by a glass cladding with a lower refractive index and an outer protective jacket (diagram shows multiple-fibre cable).

\(\Rightarrow A\)

PHYSICS, M5 2024 HSC 30

An object sits on the floor of a hollow cylinder rotating around an axis, as shown. The cylinder's rotation causes the object to undergo uniform circular motion.
 

Explain the effect on all of the forces acting on the object if the period of the cylinder's rotation is halved. Ignore the effects of friction.   (4 marks)

Show Answers Only

Forces acting on the object:

  • The gravitational force pulls the object straight down toward Earth
  • The floor provides an upward force that pushes back against gravity
  • A centripetal force acts inward from the cylinder’s wall, directing the object toward the centre of the cylinder

Consider the centripetal force:

   \(F_C = \dfrac{mv^{2}}{r}=\dfrac{m}{v} \Big( \dfrac{2\pi r}{T} \Big)^{2} = \dfrac{4m \pi^{2} r}{T^{2}}\)

  • When the period is cut in half \((T \rightarrow \frac{T}{2})\), the centripetal force becomes four times stronger.
  • The other forces, gravity pulling down and the floor pushing up, stay the same since they aren’t affected by how quickly the object moves in its circular path (i.e. its period).

Show Worked Solution

Forces acting on the object:

  • The gravitational force pulls the object straight down toward Earth
  • The floor provides an upward force that pushes back against gravity
  • A centripetal force acts inward from the cylinder’s wall, directing the object toward the centre of the cylinder

Consider the centripetal force:

   \(F_C = \dfrac{mv^{2}}{r}=\dfrac{m}{v} \Big( \dfrac{2\pi r}{T} \Big)^{2} = \dfrac{4m \pi^{2} r}{T^{2}}\)

  • When the period is cut in half \((T \rightarrow \frac{T}{2})\), the centripetal force becomes four times stronger.
  • The other forces, gravity pulling down and the floor pushing up, stay the same since they aren’t affected by how quickly the object moves in its circular path (i.e. its period).

PHYSICS, M6 2024 HSC 28

An electron gun fires a beam of electrons at 2.0 × 10\(^6\) m s\(^{-1}\) through a pair of parallel charged plates towards a screen that is 30 mm from the end of the plates as shown.

There is a uniform electric field between the plates of 1.5 × 10\(^4\) N C\(^{-1}\). The plates are 5.0 mm wide and 20 mm apart. The electron beam enters mid-way between the plates. \(X\) marks the spot on the screen where an undeflected beam would strike.

Ignore gravitational effects on the electron beam.
 

 

  1. Show that the acceleration of an electron between the parallel plates is 2.6 × 10\(^{15}\) m s\(^{-2}\).   (2 marks)

  2. Show that the vertical displacement of the electron beam at the end of the parallel plates is approximately 8.1 mm.   (2 marks)

  3. How far from point \(X\) will the electron beam strike the screen?   (3 marks)

Show Answers Only

a.   \(\text{Using}\ \ F=qE\ \ \text{and}\ \ F=ma:\)

  \(a=\dfrac{qE}{m} = \dfrac{1.5 \times 10^{4} \times 1.602 \times 10^{-19}}{9.109 \times 10^{-31}} = 2.6 \times 10^{15}\ \text{m s}^{-2} \)
 

b.  \(\text{Time of beam between the plates:}\)

\(\text{Horizontal velocity}\ (v)\ = 2 \times 10^{6}\ \text{m s}^{-1} \)

\(\text{Distance to screen}\ (s)\ = 5.0\ \text{mm}\ = \dfrac{5}{1000} = 0.005\ \text{m}\)

  \(t=\dfrac{s}{v} = \dfrac{0.005}{2 \times 10^{6}} = 2.5 \times 10^{-9}\ \text{s} \)
 

\(\text{Find vertical displacement at end of plates:}\)

  \(s=\dfrac{1}{2} at^{2} = 0.5 \times 2.6 \times 10^{15} \times (2.5 \times 10^{-9})^{2} = 0.008125\ \text{m}\ = 8.1\ \text{mm} \)
 

c.   \(\text{Find vertical velocity of beam when leaving the plates:}\)

  \(v=at=2.6 \times 10^{15} \times 2.5 \times 10^{-9} = 6.5 \times 10^{6}\ \text{m s}^{-1} \)
 

\(\text{Time for beam to hit screen:}\)

\(\text{Distance to screen}\ (s)\ = 30\ \text{mm}\ = \dfrac{30}{1000} = 0.03\ \text{m}\)

  \(t=\dfrac{s}{v} = \dfrac{0.03}{2 \times 10^{6}} = 1.5 \times 10^{-8}\ \text{s} \)
 

\(\text{Vertical displacement (from end of plates):}\)

  \(s=vt=6.5 \times 10^{6} \times 1.5 \times 10^{-8} = 0.0975\ \text{m} \)
 

\(\text{Distance from}\ X = 0.0081 + 0.0975 = 0.11\ \text{m} \)

Show Worked Solution

a.   \(\text{Using}\ \ F=qE\ \ \text{and}\ \ F=ma:\)

  \(a=\dfrac{qE}{m} = \dfrac{1.5 \times 10^{4} \times 1.602 \times 10^{-19}}{9.109 \times 10^{-31}} = 2.6 \times 10^{15}\ \text{m s}^{-2} \)
 

b.  \(\text{Time of beam between the plates:}\)

\(\text{Horizontal velocity}\ (v)\ = 2 \times 10^{6}\ \text{m s}^{-1} \)

\(\text{Distance to screen}\ (s)\ = 5.0\ \text{mm}\ = \dfrac{5}{1000} = 0.005\ \text{m}\)

  \(t=\dfrac{s}{v} = \dfrac{0.005}{2 \times 10^{6}} = 2.5 \times 10^{-9}\ \text{s} \)
 

\(\text{Find vertical displacement at end of plates:}\)

  \(s=\dfrac{1}{2} at^{2} = 0.5 \times 2.6 \times 10^{15} \times (2.5 \times 10^{-9})^{2} = 0.008125\ \text{m}\ = 8.1\ \text{mm} \)
 

c.   \(\text{Find vertical velocity of beam when leaving the plates:}\)

  \(v=at=2.6 \times 10^{15} \times 2.5 \times 10^{-9} = 6.5 \times 10^{6}\ \text{m s}^{-1} \)
 

\(\text{Time for beam to hit screen:}\)

\(\text{Distance to screen}\ (s)\ = 30\ \text{mm}\ = \dfrac{30}{1000} = 0.03\ \text{m}\)

  \(t=\dfrac{s}{v} = \dfrac{0.03}{2 \times 10^{6}} = 1.5 \times 10^{-8}\ \text{s} \)
 

\(\text{Vertical displacement (from end of plates):}\)

  \(s=vt=6.5 \times 10^{6} \times 1.5 \times 10^{-8} = 0.0975\ \text{m} \)
 

\(\text{Distance from}\ X = 0.0081 + 0.0975 = 0.11\ \text{m} \)

♦ Mean mark (c) 40%.