Band 5 – Page 14

HMS, BM EQ-Bank 895

Explain how the digestive, endocrine and muscular systems work together to produce muscle growth during an 8-week strength training program. (5 marks)

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Sample Answer

Nutrient processing:

The digestive system breaks down dietary protein into amino acids.
These amino acids enter the bloodstream for transport to muscles.
As a result, building blocks for new muscle tissue become available.
Carbohydrates digest into glucose which provides energy for training sessions.

Hormonal control:

Weight training triggers the endocrine system to release growth hormone.
This hormone signals muscles to use amino acids for protein synthesis.
After meals, insulin release facilitates nutrient entry into muscle cells.
These hormonal actions enable muscles to repair and grow larger.

Muscle adaptation:

Training causes tiny tears in muscle fibres during each session.
This damage stimulates the need for repair using available amino acids.
Consequently, muscles rebuild stronger and larger over time.
The endocrine system controls this rebuilding through hormone release.

System coordination:

The interaction shows that muscle growth needs all three systems working together.
Digestive system provides materials while endocrine system controls their use.
Meanwhile, muscular system responds to training stress and hormonal signals.
Therefore, consistent nutrition and training over 8 weeks produces visible muscle growth.

Show Worked Solution

Sample Answer

Nutrient processing:

The digestive system breaks down dietary protein into amino acids.
These amino acids enter the bloodstream for transport to muscles.
As a result, building blocks for new muscle tissue become available.
Carbohydrates digest into glucose which provides energy for training sessions.

Hormonal control:

Weight training triggers the endocrine system to release growth hormone.
This hormone signals muscles to use amino acids for protein synthesis.
After meals, insulin release facilitates nutrient entry into muscle cells.
These hormonal actions enable muscles to repair and grow larger.

Muscle adaptation:

Training causes tiny tears in muscle fibres during each session.
This damage stimulates the need for repair using available amino acids.
Consequently, muscles rebuild stronger and larger over time.
The endocrine system controls this rebuilding through hormone release.

System coordination:

The interaction shows that muscle growth needs all three systems working together.
Digestive system provides materials while endocrine system controls their use.
Meanwhile, muscular system responds to training stress and hormonal signals.
Therefore, consistent nutrition and training over 8 weeks produces visible muscle growth.

HMS, BM EQ-Bank 893

A competitive swimmer has just consumed a pre-race meal two hours before an important race.

Describe how the digestive and endocrine systems work with the nervous and muscular systems to prepare the body for this high-intensity performance. (5 marks)

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Sample Answer

Meal digestion (first hour):

Stomach and intestines break down carbohydrates into glucose
Proteins digest into amino acids for muscle support
Fats are processed slowly for sustained energy

Nutrient absorption and storage:

Blood glucose levels rise as nutrients enter bloodstream
Insulin release facilitates glucose uptake into muscles
Muscle glycogen stores increase in preparation
Amino acids circulate for muscle repair needs

Pre-race nervous activation (approaching race):

Nervous system reduces digestive activity
Blood flow shifts from stomach to muscles
Alertness and focus increase
Stress hormones begin releasing

Hormonal preparation:

Adrenaline elevates heart rate and breathing
Cortisol mobilises additional energy stores
Blood glucose rises for immediate use
Muscles become more sensitive to nerve signals

System coordination features:

Digestive system provides fuel while nervous system times its use
Hormones link all systems together
Muscles receive nutrients through blood while preparing for action
All four systems synchronise for optimal race readiness

Show Worked Solution

Sample Answer

Meal digestion (first hour):

Stomach and intestines break down carbohydrates into glucose
Proteins digest into amino acids for muscle support
Fats are processed slowly for sustained energy

Nutrient absorption and storage:

Blood glucose levels rise as nutrients enter bloodstream
Insulin release facilitates glucose uptake into muscles
Muscle glycogen stores increase in preparation
Amino acids circulate for muscle repair needs

Pre-race nervous activation (approaching race):

Nervous system reduces digestive activity
Blood flow shifts from stomach to muscles
Alertness and focus increase
Stress hormones begin releasing

Hormonal preparation:

Adrenaline elevates heart rate and breathing
Cortisol mobilises additional energy stores
Blood glucose rises for immediate use
Muscles become more sensitive to nerve signals

System coordination features:

Digestive system provides fuel while nervous system times its use
Hormones link all systems together
Muscles receive nutrients through blood while preparing for action
All four systems synchronise for optimal race readiness

HMS, BM EQ-Bank 891 MC

A tennis player becomes dehydrated during a five-set match on a hot day. How do the digestive, endocrine, and circulatory systems interact in response to this physiological challenge?

The digestive system increases nutrient absorption, the endocrine system decreases water-conserving hormones, and the circulatory system redistributes blood to the skin
The digestive system reduces water absorption, the endocrine system increases water-conserving hormones, and the circulatory system reduces blood flow to working muscles
The digestive system slows peristalsis, the endocrine system increases cortisol production, and the circulatory system increases blood flow to the digestive tract
The digestive system reduces peristalsis, the endocrine system increases water-conserving hormones, and the circulatory system redirects blood flow to vital organs

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$D$

Show Worked Solution

D is correct: During dehydration, digestion slows to conserve water, hormones help retain water, and blood flow prioritises vital organs.

Other Options:

A is incorrect: Water-conserving hormones increase (not decrease) during dehydration, and blood flow is redirected away from the skin to vital organs.
B is incorrect: The digestive system would attempt to maximise (not reduce) water absorption during dehydration.
C is incorrect: Blood flow to the digestive tract is reduced (not increased) during dehydration as the body prioritises vital organs.

HMS, BM EQ-Bank 888

A sprinter is positioned in the starting blocks of a 100-metre race.

Explain how the nervous, muscular and circulatory systems work together from the "on your marks" command to the first few seconds of the race. (5 marks)

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Sample Answer

“On your marks” phase:

The nervous system heightens alertness and prepares motor pathways for action.
This causes heart rate to begin increasing through nerve signals to the heart.
As a result, the circulatory system prepares to deliver more oxygen to muscles.

“Set” position:

Nerve signals activate muscles to create tension in legs and arms.
This muscle tension enables explosive force production when the gun fires.
Meanwhile, blood flow increases to leg muscles through vasodilation.
This increased blood flow ensures muscles have oxygen for immediate use.

Gun fired – first seconds:

The nervous system sends rapid signals to leg muscles.
These signals trigger powerful muscle contractions in quadriceps and glutes.
Consequently, the sprinter drives forcefully off the blocks.
Heart rate increases rapidly because muscles demand more oxygen.
This coordination between all three systems produces maximum acceleration.

System integration:

The interaction shows how nerve signals control both muscle action and heart response.
While the nervous system coordinates movement, the circulatory system supports energy needs.
Therefore, successful sprint starts require all three systems working together instantly.

Show Worked Solution

Sample Answer

“On your marks” phase:

The nervous system heightens alertness and prepares motor pathways for action.
This causes heart rate to begin increasing through nerve signals to the heart.
As a result, the circulatory system prepares to deliver more oxygen to muscles.

“Set” position:

Nerve signals activate muscles to create tension in legs and arms.
This muscle tension enables explosive force production when the gun fires.
Meanwhile, blood flow increases to leg muscles through vasodilation.
This increased blood flow ensures muscles have oxygen for immediate use.

Gun fired – first seconds:

The nervous system sends rapid signals to leg muscles.
These signals trigger powerful muscle contractions in quadriceps and glutes.
Consequently, the sprinter drives forcefully off the blocks.
Heart rate increases rapidly because muscles demand more oxygen.
This coordination between all three systems produces maximum acceleration.

System integration:

The interaction shows how nerve signals control both muscle action and heart response.
While the nervous system coordinates movement, the circulatory system supports energy needs.
Therefore, successful sprint starts require all three systems working together instantly.

HMS, BM EQ-Bank 885

A long-distance cyclist has been competing in a 100 kilometre race for 2.5 hours.

Explain how the digestive, endocrine, and circulatory systems interact to sustain energy supply to the muscular system during this prolonged activity. (5 marks)

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Sample Answer

Digestive system:

After 2.5 hours, glycogen stores are depleting and the body relies more on consumed nutrients.
As a result, glucose from race nutrition absorbs into the bloodstream to maintain energy levels.

Endocrine system:

Hormones regulate energy metabolism through insulin and glucagon balance.
When blood glucose drops, the pancreas reduces insulin secretion and increases glucagon.
This hormonal change triggers the liver to convert stored glycogen to glucose.

Endocrine-Circulatory Interaction:

During prolonged cycling, cortisol and adrenaline are released into the bloodstream.
These hormones cause fatty acids to mobilise from fat stores as additional energy.
Consequently, muscles can spare limited glycogen stores.

Circulatory System Delivery:

Blood vessels transport nutrients (glucose, fatty acids) and oxygen to working muscles.
This continuous delivery enables sustained energy production throughout the race.
Blood flow increases to active muscles through vasodilation while non-essential areas receive less blood.

System Integration:

The interaction between these systems ensures optimal nutrient delivery to maintain performance.
The digestive system provides fuel while the endocrine system controls its release.
Meanwhile, the circulatory system delivers nutrients precisely where needed for sustained muscular work.

Show Worked Solution

Sample Answer

Digestive system:

After 2.5 hours, glycogen stores are depleting and the body relies more on consumed nutrients.
As a result, glucose from race nutrition absorbs into the bloodstream to maintain energy levels.

Endocrine system:

Hormones regulate energy metabolism through insulin and glucagon balance.
When blood glucose drops, the pancreas reduces insulin secretion and increases glucagon.
This hormonal change triggers the liver to convert stored glycogen to glucose.

Endocrine-Circulatory Interaction:

During prolonged cycling, cortisol and adrenaline are released into the bloodstream.
These hormones cause fatty acids to mobilise from fat stores as additional energy.
Consequently, muscles can spare limited glycogen stores.

Circulatory System Delivery:

Blood vessels transport nutrients (glucose, fatty acids) and oxygen to working muscles.
This continuous delivery enables sustained energy production throughout the race.
Blood flow increases to active muscles through vasodilation while non-essential areas receive less blood.

System Integration:

The interaction between these systems ensures optimal nutrient delivery to maintain performance.
The digestive system provides fuel while the endocrine system controls its release.
Meanwhile, the circulatory system delivers nutrients precisely where needed for sustained muscular work.

Analyse how altitude training and vascular disease affect cardiovascular efficiency, and explain strategies an endurance athlete might implement to optimise cardiovascular function despite these influences. (12 marks)

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Sample Answer

Overview Statement

Altitude training and vascular disease both affect cardiovascular efficiency but through opposing mechanisms.
Key components include oxygen delivery, blood vessel function, and adaptation capacity.
Athletes must understand these relationships to optimise their cardiovascular function.

Altitude Training Impact

Initial altitude exposure reduces cardiovascular efficiency through hypoxic stress.
Low oxygen availability triggers the body to produce more red blood cells and haemoglobin.
These adaptations enhance oxygen-carrying capacity over several weeks.
Once developed, improvements benefit performance when returning to sea level.
However, these effects are temporary and reversible.

Vascular Disease Impact

Atherosclerotic plaque buildup permanently narrows arteries, reducing blood flow.
Narrowed vessels force the heart to work harder, decreasing efficiency.
Unlike altitude adaptations, vascular disease creates irreversible tissue damage.
Progressive arterial dysfunction leads to uneven blood flow distribution.
Such changes prevent optimal oxygen delivery regardless of other adaptations.

Contrasting Relationships

Altitude creates systemic hypoxia that stimulates positive adaptations.
Vascular disease causes localised hypoxia that prevents normal function.
While altitude effects are temporary and beneficial, vascular disease requires ongoing management.
The key difference lies in reversibility and adaptive potential.

Optimisation Strategies – Altitude Training

Implement gradual altitude exposure to maximise adaptations safely.
Use “live high, train low” protocols to maintain training quality.
Time altitude camps appropriately before competitions.
Consider altitude tents when natural altitude is unavailable.

Optimisation Strategies – Vascular Disease Management

Maintain regular moderate-intensity aerobic exercise to promote arterial health.
Follow anti-inflammatory nutrition to reduce vascular damage.
Implement stress management protocols.
Monitor cardiovascular responses objectively during training.
Collaborate with medical specialists for appropriate interventions.

Show Worked Solution

Sample Answer

Overview Statement

Altitude training and vascular disease both affect cardiovascular efficiency but through opposing mechanisms.
Key components include oxygen delivery, blood vessel function, and adaptation capacity.
Athletes must understand these relationships to optimise their cardiovascular function.

Altitude Training Impact

Initial altitude exposure reduces cardiovascular efficiency through hypoxic stress.
Low oxygen availability triggers the body to produce more red blood cells and haemoglobin.
These adaptations enhance oxygen-carrying capacity over several weeks.
Once developed, improvements benefit performance when returning to sea level.
However, these effects are temporary and reversible.

Vascular Disease Impact

Atherosclerotic plaque buildup permanently narrows arteries, reducing blood flow.
Narrowed vessels force the heart to work harder, decreasing efficiency.
Unlike altitude adaptations, vascular disease creates irreversible tissue damage.
Progressive arterial dysfunction leads to uneven blood flow distribution.
Such changes prevent optimal oxygen delivery regardless of other adaptations.

Contrasting Relationships

Altitude creates systemic hypoxia that stimulates positive adaptations.
Vascular disease causes localised hypoxia that prevents normal function.
While altitude effects are temporary and beneficial, vascular disease requires ongoing management.
The key difference lies in reversibility and adaptive potential.

Optimisation Strategies – Altitude Training

Implement gradual altitude exposure to maximise adaptations safely.
Use “live high, train low” protocols to maintain training quality.
Time altitude camps appropriately before competitions.
Consider altitude tents when natural altitude is unavailable.

Optimisation Strategies – Vascular Disease Management

Maintain regular moderate-intensity aerobic exercise to promote arterial health.
Follow anti-inflammatory nutrition to reduce vascular damage.
Implement stress management protocols.
Monitor cardiovascular responses objectively during training.
Collaborate with medical specialists for appropriate interventions.

HMS, BM EQ-Bank 879

Analyse how THREE different factors that impact the cardiovascular system affect an endurance athlete's performance. (8 marks)

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Sample Answer

Overview Statement

Three key factors impact cardiovascular efficiency in endurance athletes: altitude, haemoglobin levels, and vascular disease.
Each factor influences oxygen delivery to working muscles differently.
Performance outcomes depend on the interaction between these factors.

Altitude and Cardiovascular Adaptation

Altitude exposure reduces atmospheric oxygen pressure, triggering physiological adaptations.
The body responds by increasing red blood cell and haemoglobin production.
Gradual acclimatisation enhances oxygen-carrying capacity over several weeks.
Such adaptations benefit endurance athletes when returning to sea level.

Haemoglobin Levels and Oxygen Transport

Haemoglobin directly determines the blood’s oxygen-carrying capacity.
Higher levels enable greater oxygen delivery to muscles during exercise.
Iron deficiency reduces haemoglobin production, limiting endurance capacity.
Optimal haemoglobin levels therefore support sustained aerobic performance.

Vascular Disease Impact

Atherosclerosis progressively narrows arteries through plaque buildup, restricting blood flow.
Reduced arterial diameter limits oxygen delivery regardless of haemoglobin levels.
Even mild narrowing affects exercise capacity and cardiovascular efficiency.
Vascular health consequently determines the effectiveness of other adaptations.

Implications and Synthesis

All three factors interact to determine overall cardiovascular efficiency.
Altitude training benefits may be negated by poor vascular health or low haemoglobin.
Regular screening helps identify vascular issues early.
Maintaining adequate iron intake ensures optimal haemoglobin production.
An integrated approach maximises endurance performance potential.

Show Worked Solution

Sample Answer

Overview Statement

Three key factors impact cardiovascular efficiency in endurance athletes: altitude, haemoglobin levels, and vascular disease.
Each factor influences oxygen delivery to working muscles differently.
Performance outcomes depend on the interaction between these factors.

Altitude and Cardiovascular Adaptation

Altitude exposure reduces atmospheric oxygen pressure, triggering physiological adaptations.
The body responds by increasing red blood cell and haemoglobin production.
Gradual acclimatisation enhances oxygen-carrying capacity over several weeks.
Such adaptations benefit endurance athletes when returning to sea level.

Haemoglobin Levels and Oxygen Transport

Haemoglobin directly determines the blood’s oxygen-carrying capacity.
Higher levels enable greater oxygen delivery to muscles during exercise.
Iron deficiency reduces haemoglobin production, limiting endurance capacity.
Optimal haemoglobin levels therefore support sustained aerobic performance.

Vascular Disease Impact

Atherosclerosis progressively narrows arteries through plaque buildup, restricting blood flow.
Reduced arterial diameter limits oxygen delivery regardless of haemoglobin levels.
Even mild narrowing affects exercise capacity and cardiovascular efficiency.
Vascular health consequently determines the effectiveness of other adaptations.

Implications and Synthesis

All three factors interact to determine overall cardiovascular efficiency.
Altitude training benefits may be negated by poor vascular health or low haemoglobin.
Regular screening helps identify vascular issues early.
Maintaining adequate iron intake ensures optimal haemoglobin production.
An integrated approach maximises endurance performance potential.

PHYSICS, M2 EQ-Bank 13

An 80 kilogram astronaut in deep space (far from any significant gravitational field) throws a 2.0 kg toolbox away from their spacecraft with a force of 10 N applied for 2.0 seconds.

Explain what happens to the astronaut as a result of this action. (2 marks)

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Explain why the accelerations of the astronaut and the toolbox are different in terms of their inertia, despite experiencing forces of equal magnitude. (3 marks)

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a. Due to Newton’s Third Law:

The toolbox exerts an equal and opposite force (10 N) on the astronaut.
This causes the astronaut to accelerate in the opposite direction of the throw with an acceleration of $0.125\ \text{ms}^{-2}$.
After the 2 seconds, the astronaut will continue moving at constant velocity in opposite directions as there is no longer any force acting back on the astronaut (Newton’s First Law).

b. Reasons accelerations differ:

Although the astronaut and the toolbox experience equal and opposite forces (10 N), as required by Newton’s Third Law, their accelerations differ because of their different inertia.
Inertia is an object’s resistance to changes in its motion, and it depends directly on mass. The astronaut has much greater mass (80 kg) than the toolbox (2.0 kg), meaning the astronaut has greater inertia. Therefore the astronaut will be more resistant to a change in motion and will experience a smaller acceleration.
By applying Newton’s second law $F=ma$, the acceleration of the astronaut is $0.125\ \text{ms}^{-2}$ whereas the acceleration of the tool box is $5\ \text{ms}^{-2}$.

Show Worked Solution

a. Due to Newton’s Third Law:

The toolbox exerts an equal and opposite force (10 N) on the astronaut.
This causes the astronaut to accelerate in the opposite direction of the throw with an acceleration of $0.125\ \text{ms}^{-2}$.
After the 2 seconds, the astronaut will continue moving at constant velocity in opposite directions as there is no longer any force acting back on the astronaut (Newton’s First Law).

b. Reasons accelerations differ:

Although the astronaut and the toolbox experience equal and opposite forces (10 N), as required by Newton’s Third Law, their accelerations differ because of their different inertia.
Inertia is an object’s resistance to changes in its motion, and it depends directly on mass. The astronaut has much greater mass (80 kg) than the toolbox (2.0 kg), meaning the astronaut has greater inertia. Therefore the astronaut will be more resistant to a change in motion and will experience a smaller acceleration.
By applying Newton’s second law $F=ma$, the acceleration of the astronaut is $0.125\ \text{ms}^{-2}$ whereas the acceleration of the tool box is $5\ \text{ms}^{-2}$.

PHYSICS, M2 EQ-Bank 10

A 20 kg crate is suspended in equilibrium by two cables as seen in the diagram below:

Determine the tension force $(T_2)$ in Cable 2. (3 marks)

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$17.2\ \text{N}$

Show Worked Solution

The weight force of the crate, $F_w=20 \times 9.8 = 19.6\ \text{N}$ and so the following vector diagram can be set up below.

Using the $\sin$ rule for finding the side length of a triangle, $\dfrac{a}{\sin A}=\dfrac{b}{\sin B}$

$\dfrac{T_2}{\sin 60}$	$=\dfrac{F_w}{\sin 80}$
$T_2$	$=\dfrac{19.6}{\sin 80} \times \sin 60$
	$=17.2\ \text{N}$

v1 Financial Maths, STD2 F1 2019 HSC 29

Part of a supermarket receipt is shown.

Determine the missing values, `A` and `B`, to complete the receipt. (2 marks)

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`$2.85`

Show Worked Solution

`text(Chocolate is the only item where GST applies.)`

♦♦ Mean mark 25%.

`text(GST on chocolate = 0.70`

`=> text(C)text(ost of chocolate) = $7.00`

`:. A = 7.00 + 0.70 = $7.70`

`:. B`	`= 35.25 – (7.70 + 5.00 + 8.00+ 8.50 + 3.20)`
	`= $2.85`

PHYSICS, M2 EQ-Bank 7 MC

A 400 g block rests on a smooth inclined plane angled at 30° to the horizontal. In addition to the gravitational force, one other force acts on the block:

A tension force $(T)$ from a string pulling parallel to the incline and up the slope.

The block remains at rest. What must the tension force $(T)$ in the string be in order to maintain equilibrium?

$T=0.4 \times 9.8 \times \sin 30^{\circ}$
$T=0.4 \times 9.8 \times \cos 30^{\circ}$
$T=400 \times 9.8 \times \sin 30^{\circ}$
$T=400 \times 9.8 \times \cos 30^{\circ}$

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$A$

Show Worked Solution

For the block to be in equilibrium the force acting down the slope must be equal to the tension force $(T)$ acting up the slope.
Convert grams to kg: $400\ \text{g}\ = \dfrac{400}{1000}\ \text{kg} = 0.4\ \text{kg} $

$T=mg\ \sin\theta=0.4 \times 9.8 \times \sin 30^{\circ}$ (mass must be in kilograms)

$\Rightarrow A$

STRATEGY: It is crucial that $F=mg$ force is the hypotenuse in the force diagram.

HMS, HIC EQ-Bank 051

Explain how developmental stages have remained similar for young people across generations, despite differences in their life experiences. (5 marks)

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*Language highlighting the cause-effect relationship is bolded in the answer below.

Physically, both modern and past generations experience puberty. This occurs because biological maturation follows genetic programming. As a result, height spurts and hormonal changes remain universal experiences.
Emotionally, young people across generations develop self-identity. This happens when adolescents explore values and beliefs. This process ensures identity formation occurs consistently, though contexts differ.
Brain development remains consistent. The reason for this is the prefrontal cortex develops until mid-20s in all humans. This leads to similar decision-making and impulse control challenges. This demonstrates why risky behaviours peak universally.
Adolescents experience similar relationship developments. This is due to hormonal changes triggering romantic interests. These elements work together to create predictable attraction patterns.
To put it simply, while technology creates different environments, fundamental processes persist. This shows a clear connection between biological programming and consistent adolescent experiences. In other words, bodies and brains develop similarly despite changing contexts.

Show Worked Solution

*Language highlighting the cause-effect relationship is bolded in the answer below.

Physically, both modern and past generations experience puberty. This occurs because biological maturation follows genetic programming. As a result, height spurts and hormonal changes remain universal experiences.
Emotionally, young people across generations develop self-identity. This happens when adolescents explore values and beliefs. This process ensures identity formation occurs consistently, though contexts differ.
Brain development remains consistent. The reason for this is the prefrontal cortex develops until mid-20s in all humans. This leads to similar decision-making and impulse control challenges. This demonstrates why risky behaviours peak universally.
Adolescents experience similar relationship developments. This is due to hormonal changes triggering romantic interests. These elements work together to create predictable attraction patterns.
To put it simply, while technology creates different environments, fundamental processes persist. This shows a clear connection between biological programming and consistent adolescent experiences. In other words, bodies and brains develop similarly despite changing contexts.

v1 Financial Maths, STD2 F1 SM-Bank 1

Samantha buys a luxury boat with a market value of $78 000.

Stamp duty is calculated on the boat as follows:

4% of market value up to $50 000
6% of market value over $50 000

Calculate the amount of stamp duty payable by Samantha. (2 marks)

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`$3680`

Show Worked Solution

`text(Stamp Duty)`	`= 4text(%) xx 50\ 000+6text(%) xx (78\ 000-50\ 000)`
	`= 4text(%) xx 50\ 000+6text(%) xx 28\ 000`
	`=$3680`

HMS, BM EQ-Bank 874 MC

Anaemia can impact cardiovascular system efficiency. Which of the following best explains why?

Decreased haemoglobin levels reduce oxygen-carrying capacity of blood
Increased blood viscosity restricts blood flow through vessels
Decreased heart rate reduces cardiac output
Increased blood pressure creates resistance in the circulatory system

Show Answers Only

$A$

Show Worked Solution

A is correct. Anaemia is characterised by reduced haemoglobin levels or red blood cell count, which decreases the blood’s capacity to transport oxygen.

Other Options:

B is incorrect: Anaemia typically decreases blood viscosity, not increases it.
C is incorrect: Anaemia often leads to increased heart rate as a compensatory mechanism.
D is incorrect: Anaemia doesn’t directly cause increased blood pressure.

HMS, BM EQ-Bank 872

Evaluate the efficiency of the pulmonary and systemic circulation in facilitating gaseous exchange during rest and exercise. (12 marks)

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Sample Answer

Evaluation Statement

Both pulmonary and systemic circulation demonstrate highly efficient gaseous exchange at rest and exercise.
Evaluation based on reserve capacity, adaptability to demand, and exchange effectiveness.

Reserve Capacity at Rest

Both circulations maintain substantial reserves during resting conditions.
Pulmonary circulation uses only a portion of available alveolar capillaries at rest.
Systemic circulation extracts a small percentage of delivered oxygen from blood.
Cardiac output remains well below maximum capacity during rest.
Evidence strongly indicates optimal efficiency through conservation.
Maintaining reserves ensures immediate response capability when needed.
Both systems strongly meet efficiency criteria by avoiding unnecessary energy expenditure.

Adaptability to Exercise Demands

Both circulations show exceptional responsiveness to increased requirements.
Pulmonary capillary recruitment dramatically increases gas exchange surface area.
Systemic circulation redistributes blood flow to prioritise active muscles.
Oxygen extraction increases significantly in working tissues.
Heart rate and stroke volume combine to multiply cardiac output.
Evidence indicates highly effective adaptation mechanisms.
Response speed and magnitude strongly fulfil exercise requirements.

Gas Exchange Effectiveness

Exchange efficiency remains high despite dramatic flow increases during exercise.
Pulmonary circulation maintains near-complete oxygen saturation at maximum output.
Diffusion time decreases yet remains adequate for gas exchange.
Systemic capillaries increase surface area through dilation and recruitment.
Temperature and pH changes enhance oxygen release where needed.
Evidence demonstrates superior exchange mechanisms throughout exercise intensities.

Final Evaluation

Weighing all criteria confirms both circulations operate with exceptional efficiency.
Reserve capacity prevents wasteful operation while ensuring response readiness.
Adaptability allows precise matching of delivery to demand.
Exchange mechanisms maintain effectiveness despite massive flow increases.
Minor inefficiencies occur only at extreme exercise intensities.
Overall design optimally balances resting economy with exercise capacity.

Show Worked Solution

Sample Answer

Evaluation Statement

Both pulmonary and systemic circulation demonstrate highly efficient gaseous exchange at rest and exercise.
Evaluation based on reserve capacity, adaptability to demand, and exchange effectiveness.

Reserve Capacity at Rest

Both circulations maintain substantial reserves during resting conditions.
Pulmonary circulation uses only a portion of available alveolar capillaries at rest.
Systemic circulation extracts a small percentage of delivered oxygen from blood.
Cardiac output remains well below maximum capacity during rest.
Evidence strongly indicates optimal efficiency through conservation.
Maintaining reserves ensures immediate response capability when needed.
Both systems strongly meet efficiency criteria by avoiding unnecessary energy expenditure.

Adaptability to Exercise Demands

Both circulations show exceptional responsiveness to increased requirements.
Pulmonary capillary recruitment dramatically increases gas exchange surface area.
Systemic circulation redistributes blood flow to prioritise active muscles.
Oxygen extraction increases significantly in working tissues.
Heart rate and stroke volume combine to multiply cardiac output.
Evidence indicates highly effective adaptation mechanisms.
Response speed and magnitude strongly fulfil exercise requirements.

Gas Exchange Effectiveness

Exchange efficiency remains high despite dramatic flow increases during exercise.
Pulmonary circulation maintains near-complete oxygen saturation at maximum output.
Diffusion time decreases yet remains adequate for gas exchange.
Systemic capillaries increase surface area through dilation and recruitment.
Temperature and pH changes enhance oxygen release where needed.
Evidence demonstrates superior exchange mechanisms throughout exercise intensities.

Final Evaluation

Weighing all criteria confirms both circulations operate with exceptional efficiency.
Reserve capacity prevents wasteful operation while ensuring response readiness.
Adaptability allows precise matching of delivery to demand.
Exchange mechanisms maintain effectiveness despite massive flow increases.
Minor inefficiencies occur only at extreme exercise intensities.
Overall design optimally balances resting economy with exercise capacity.

HMS, BM EQ-Bank 871

Analyse how the pulmonary and systemic circulations respond to increased oxygen demands during physical activity. (8 marks)

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Sample Answer

Overview Statement

Pulmonary and systemic circulations demonstrate coordinated responses to increased oxygen demands during exercise.
Key components include cardiac output, blood flow redistribution, and gas exchange efficiency.
Both systems interact to maintain oxygen delivery while removing metabolic waste.

Metabolic Demand and Detection

Increased muscle metabolism creates higher oxygen demand and CO₂ production.
Chemoreceptors detect changed blood gas levels, triggering immediate cardiovascular responses.
Neural signals initiate adjustments in both circulatory pathways simultaneously.
Such detection mechanisms ensure rapid adaptation to exercise demands.

Pulmonary Circulation Adaptations

Cardiac output to the lungs increases through elevated heart rate and stroke volume.
More alveolar capillaries open, expanding the gas exchange surface area.
Blood flow through lungs rises significantly while maintaining efficient oxygen uptake.
Enhanced pulmonary flow directly influences oxygen availability for systemic distribution.

Systemic Circulation Redistribution

Blood flow redistributes through selective vasoconstriction and vasodilation.
Working muscles receive the majority of cardiac output during intense exercise.
Non-essential organs experience reduced blood flow to prioritise active tissues.
Redistribution mechanisms optimise oxygen delivery to areas of greatest need.

Venous Return Enhancement

Muscle pump and respiratory pump work together to propel blood back to the heart.
Deep breathing creates thoracic pressure changes that assist venous flow.
Skeletal muscle contractions compress veins, pushing blood upward against gravity.
Enhanced venous return maintains the increased cardiac output required during exercise.

Show Worked Solution

Sample Answer

Overview Statement

Pulmonary and systemic circulations demonstrate coordinated responses to increased oxygen demands during exercise.
Key components include cardiac output, blood flow redistribution, and gas exchange efficiency.
Both systems interact to maintain oxygen delivery while removing metabolic waste.

Metabolic Demand and Detection

Increased muscle metabolism creates higher oxygen demand and CO₂ production.
Chemoreceptors detect changed blood gas levels, triggering immediate cardiovascular responses.
Neural signals initiate adjustments in both circulatory pathways simultaneously.
Such detection mechanisms ensure rapid adaptation to exercise demands.

Pulmonary Circulation Adaptations

Cardiac output to the lungs increases through elevated heart rate and stroke volume.
More alveolar capillaries open, expanding the gas exchange surface area.
Blood flow through lungs rises significantly while maintaining efficient oxygen uptake.
Enhanced pulmonary flow directly influences oxygen availability for systemic distribution.

Systemic Circulation Redistribution

Blood flow redistributes through selective vasoconstriction and vasodilation.
Working muscles receive the majority of cardiac output during intense exercise.
Non-essential organs experience reduced blood flow to prioritise active tissues.
Redistribution mechanisms optimise oxygen delivery to areas of greatest need.

Venous Return Enhancement

Muscle pump and respiratory pump work together to propel blood back to the heart.
Deep breathing creates thoracic pressure changes that assist venous flow.
Skeletal muscle contractions compress veins, pushing blood upward against gravity.
Enhanced venous return maintains the increased cardiac output required during exercise.

Calculus, 2ADV C4 SM-Bank 8

Evaluate $\displaystyle \int_0^5\abs{x^2-4 x+3} dx$. (3 marks)

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$\dfrac{28}{3}$

Show Worked Solution

$\text{Shaded Area}$

$=\displaystyle \int_0^5\abs{x^2-4 x+3} dx$

$=\left[\dfrac{x^3}{3}-2 x^2+3 x\right]_0^1+\left|\left[\dfrac{x^3}{3}-2 x^2+3 x\right]_1^3\right|+\left[\dfrac{x^3}{3}-2 x^2+3 x\right]_3^5$

$=\left(\dfrac{1}{3}-2+3\right)+\left|(9-18+9)-\left(\dfrac{1}{3}-2+3\right)\right|+ …$

$\left[\left(\dfrac{125}{3}-50+15\right)-(9-18+9)\right]$

$=\dfrac{4}{3}+\left|-\dfrac{4}{3}\right|+\dfrac{20}{3}$

$=\dfrac{28}{3}$

Calculus, 2ADV C4 SM-Bank 2 MC

The value of $\displaystyle \int_0^6\abs{x-2} dx$ is

Show Answers Only

$\Rightarrow B$

Show Worked Solution

$\displaystyle \int_0^6\abs{x-2}dx$	$=\operatorname{Shaded \ Area}$
	$=\dfrac{1}{2}(2 \times 2)+\dfrac{1}{2}(4 \times 4)$
	$=10$

$\Rightarrow B$

Data Analysis, GEN1 2024 NHT 11-12 MC

The table below shows the birth rate, in number of births per 1000 people, and the average annual income, in dollars per person, for a sample of 12 countries.

A scatterplot displaying the data is also shown.

Question 11

A squared transformation applied to the variable birth rate can be used to linearise the scatterplot.

The equation of the least squares line is

$(\textit{birth rate})^2=953-0.0333 \times \textit{income}$

Using this equation, the predicted birth rate, in number of births per 1000 people, for a country with an average annual income of $18 500 is closest to

17.7
18.0
18.4
337
113 535

Question 12

Coefficients of determination were calculated for

birth rate vs income (coefficient 1)
(birth rate)$^2$ vs income (coefficient 2 )
birth rate vs (income)$^2$ (coefficient 3 )

These coefficients were ranked in order from largest to smallest.

The order would be

coefficient 1 , coefficient 2 , coefficient 3
coefficient 2 , coefficient 3 , coefficient 1
coefficient 2 , coefficient 1 , coefficient 3
coefficient 3, coefficient 1, coefficient 2
coefficient 3, coefficient 2, coefficient 1

Show Answers Only

$\text{Question 11:}\ C$

$\text{Question 12:}\ E$

Show Worked Solution

$\text{Question 11}$

$\textit{(birth rate)}^2 = 953-0.0333 \times 18\,500=336.95 $

$\textit{birth rate}\ = \sqrt{336.95} = 18.356 $

$\Rightarrow C $

$\text{Question 12}$

$\text{Calculate the coefficient of determination for each pair:}$

$\text{Coefficient 1 = 0.845, coefficient 2 = 0.915, coefficient 3 = 0.948}$

$\Rightarrow E$

Data Analysis, GEN1 2024 NHT 8 MC

A class investigation considered 20 countries and any association between the birth rate, per 1000 people, and the life expectancy, in years.

Students were given the following table of summary statistics.

Scatterplots A, B, C, D and E show attempts by five students to fit the calculated least squares line to a scatterplot of the original data.

Which one of these attempts has been completed correctly?

Show Answers Only

$A$

Show Worked Solution

$\text{Find the equation of the LSRL:}$

$b=r \times \dfrac{s_y}{s_x} = -0.752 \times \dfrac{4.70}{1.64} = -2.155…$

$a=\overline{y}-b\overline{x}=31.5-(-2.16) \times 61.7 = 164.772…$

$\text{Calculate key points using LSRL:}$

$ (59,37.6), (65, 24.6) $

$\Rightarrow A$

Data Analysis, GEN1 2024 NHT 7 MC

Data was collected to investigate the association between two variables:

age (in years)
uses public transport (yes, no).

Which one of the following is appropriate to use in the statistical display of this data?

a histogram
a least squares line
parallel boxplots
a segmented bar chart
a scatterplot

Show Answers Only

$C$

Show Worked Solution

$\text{Age is a numerical variable and uses public transport is categorical.}$

$\text{Parallel boxplots are the appropriate form of display.}$

$\Rightarrow C$

HMS, HIC EQ-Bank 039 MC

Which statement most accurately reflects how youth engagement with global events has evolved over generations?

Contemporary youth are less politically engaged than previous generations.
Global events historically affected youth through direct participation (like military service), while today's impact is primarily through media consumption.
Today's youth are the first generation to be significantly influenced by international events.
Social media has eliminated geographical boundaries but decreased young people's awareness of global issues.

Show Answers Only

$B$

Show Worked Solution

B is correct. Previous generations were affected by direct participation in global events (like military service in world wars), while today’s youth experience global events primarily through media and technology.

Other options:

A is incorrect as evidence suggests contemporary youth remain politically engaged but through different channels.
C is incorrect as it ignores the historical impact of global events on previous generations.
D is incorrect as it contradicts evidence showing social media has increased awareness of global issues.

$\Rightarrow B$

HMS, HIC EQ-Bank 038 MC

The developmental stage of adolescence in current and previous generations is best characterised by:

Identical physical changes but completely different social expectations.
Consistent physical maturation processes with varying sociocultural contexts affecting identity development.
Faster physical development in contemporary youth but slower emotional maturation.
Reduced importance of peer relationships with increased family influence.

Show Answers Only

$B$

Show Worked Solution

B is correct. While physical maturation processes (puberty, brain development) remain biologically consistent across generations, the sociocultural contexts in which young people develop their identities have changed significantly.

Other options:

A is incorrect because social expectations have evolved but aren’t “completely different.”
C is incorrect as it lacks evidence for faster physical development.
D is incorrect as it contradicts evidence showing peer relationships remain highly influential for young people.

$\Rightarrow B$

HMS, HIC EQ-Bank 048

Discuss how family influence can both positively and negatively affect the mental health of young people. (5 marks)

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*PEEL – Solution is structured using separate PEEL methods for each side of the argument; [P] Identify the point, [E] expand on the point with a link to question asked, [Ev] apply evidence/examples, [L] linking sentence back to question.*

[P] Family influence can positively affect young people’s mental health through supportive relationships.
[E] Close family bonds provide a protective factor that enhances resilience during stressful periods.
[E] For example, families that openly communicate about mental health issues normalise help-seeking which makes young people more likely to access support when needed.
[L] In this way, young people who feel connected to their families report better mental health outcomes and reduced rates of depression and anxiety.
[P] However, family influence can also negatively impact young people’s mental health in various ways.
[E] Dysfunctional family dynamics involving abuse or neglect can become significant risk factors for developing mental health conditions.
[E] For instance, children who grow up in homes with domestic violence may experience trauma that is not addressed and affects their long-term psychological wellbeing.
[L] Through these unfortunate circumstances, young people can develop both mental health issues and an inability to seek appropriate help.

Show Worked Solution

[P] Family influence can positively affect young people’s mental health through supportive relationships.
[E] Close family bonds provide a protective factor that enhances resilience during stressful periods.
[E] For example, families that openly communicate about mental health issues normalise help-seeking which makes young people more likely to access support when needed.
[L] In this way, young people who feel connected to their families report better mental health outcomes and reduced rates of depression and anxiety.
[P] However, family influence can also negatively impact young people’s mental health in various ways.
[E] Dysfunctional family dynamics involving abuse or neglect can become significant risk factors for developing mental health conditions.
[E] For instance, children who grow up in homes with domestic violence may experience trauma that is not addressed and affects their long-term psychological wellbeing.
[L] Through these unfortunate circumstances, young people can develop both mental health issues and an inability to seek appropriate help.

HMS, BM EQ-Bank 866

Evaluate how the structure and function of the respiratory and circulatory systems work together to deliver oxygen to working muscles during exercise. (8 marks)

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Sample Answer

Evaluation Statement

The respiratory and circulatory systems work together highly effectively to deliver oxygen during exercise.
Evaluation based on structural efficiency and functional coordination.

Structural Efficiency

The systems demonstrate optimal structural design for oxygen delivery.
Alveoli provide extensive surface area with walls only one cell thick.
Capillary networks create minimal diffusion distances in muscles.
Heart chambers and valves maintain unidirectional flow despite rapid rates.
Evidence indicates these structures strongly meet oxygen delivery requirements.
The thin barriers and vast surface areas ensure rapid gas exchange.
This criterion shows superior structural adaptation for exercise demands.

Functional Coordination

Both systems synchronise responses to match oxygen supply with demand.
Breathing rate increases significantly during exercise to maximise oxygen intake.
Cardiac output rises dramatically through heart rate and stroke volume changes.
Blood flow redistribution prioritises active muscles over non-essential organs.
The evidence demonstrates highly effective functional integration.
Systems adjust proportionally to exercise intensity without lag time.
This coordination strongly fulfils oxygen delivery requirements.

Final Evaluation

Weighing both criteria confirms highly effective oxygen delivery during exercise.
Structural features enable maximum diffusion while functional coordination ensures precise matching.
Minor limitations exist only at extreme exercise intensities.
The systems’ integrated design optimally supports human movement performance.

Show Worked Solution

Sample Answer

Evaluation Statement

The respiratory and circulatory systems work together highly effectively to deliver oxygen during exercise.
Evaluation based on structural efficiency and functional coordination.

Structural Efficiency

The systems demonstrate optimal structural design for oxygen delivery.
Alveoli provide extensive surface area with walls only one cell thick.
Capillary networks create minimal diffusion distances in muscles.
Heart chambers and valves maintain unidirectional flow despite rapid rates.
Evidence indicates these structures strongly meet oxygen delivery requirements.
The thin barriers and vast surface areas ensure rapid gas exchange.
This criterion shows superior structural adaptation for exercise demands.

Functional Coordination

Both systems synchronise responses to match oxygen supply with demand.
Breathing rate increases significantly during exercise to maximise oxygen intake.
Cardiac output rises dramatically through heart rate and stroke volume changes.
Blood flow redistribution prioritises active muscles over non-essential organs.
The evidence demonstrates highly effective functional integration.
Systems adjust proportionally to exercise intensity without lag time.
This coordination strongly fulfils oxygen delivery requirements.

Final Evaluation

Weighing both criteria confirms highly effective oxygen delivery during exercise.
Structural features enable maximum diffusion while functional coordination ensures precise matching.
Minor limitations exist only at extreme exercise intensities.
The systems’ integrated design optimally supports human movement performance.

HMS, BM EQ-Bank 865

Analyse the interrelationship between the structure and function of the different types of blood vessels in the cardiovascular system. (8 marks)

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Sample Answer

Overview Statement

Blood vessels demonstrate perfect structure-function relationships throughout the cardiovascular system.
Components include arteries, arterioles, capillaries, and veins, each with unique structural adaptations.
These adaptations enable specific functions from high-pressure transport to efficient gas exchange.

Arteries and High-Pressure Transport

Arterial walls contain three thick layers with elastic tissue and smooth muscle, which enables high-pressure blood transport.
Elastic recoil maintains blood pressure between heartbeats, ensuring continuous flow to tissues.
Thick walls resist the force of blood pumped from the heart at high pressure.
Such structural strength prevents arterial damage while maintaining efficient circulation.

Arterioles and Flow Control

Arterioles possess pronounced smooth muscle layers, allowing precise blood flow control.
Constriction and dilation redirect blood based on tissue metabolic demands.
During exercise, arterioles to muscles dilate while others constrict, optimising oxygen delivery.
Flow regulation demonstrates how structure enables dynamic circulatory responses.

Capillaries and Exchange Efficiency

Single-cell endothelial walls maximise diffusion efficiency between blood and tissues.
Minimal thickness combined with slow blood flow creates optimal exchange conditions.
Extensive branching provides enormous surface area for gas and nutrient transfer.
Exchange effectiveness depends on the interplay between wall structure and flow rate.

Veins and Blood Return

Thinner walls with larger lumens accommodate low-pressure blood storage and return.
One-way valves compensate for reduced wall strength by preventing backflow.
Wall flexibility allows expansion to store blood when needed.
Valve placement ensures upward blood flow against gravity.

Show Worked Solution

Sample Answer

Overview Statement

Blood vessels demonstrate perfect structure-function relationships throughout the cardiovascular system.
Components include arteries, arterioles, capillaries, and veins, each with unique structural adaptations.
These adaptations enable specific functions from high-pressure transport to efficient gas exchange.

Arteries and High-Pressure Transport

Arterial walls contain three thick layers with elastic tissue and smooth muscle, which enables high-pressure blood transport.
Elastic recoil maintains blood pressure between heartbeats, ensuring continuous flow to tissues.
Thick walls resist the force of blood pumped from the heart at high pressure.
Such structural strength prevents arterial damage while maintaining efficient circulation.

Arterioles and Flow Control

Arterioles possess pronounced smooth muscle layers, allowing precise blood flow control.
Constriction and dilation redirect blood based on tissue metabolic demands.
During exercise, arterioles to muscles dilate while others constrict, optimising oxygen delivery.
Flow regulation demonstrates how structure enables dynamic circulatory responses.

Capillaries and Exchange Efficiency

Single-cell endothelial walls maximise diffusion efficiency between blood and tissues.
Minimal thickness combined with slow blood flow creates optimal exchange conditions.
Extensive branching provides enormous surface area for gas and nutrient transfer.
Exchange effectiveness depends on the interplay between wall structure and flow rate.

Veins and Blood Return

Thinner walls with larger lumens accommodate low-pressure blood storage and return.
One-way valves compensate for reduced wall strength by preventing backflow.
Wall flexibility allows expansion to store blood when needed.
Valve placement ensures upward blood flow against gravity.

HMS, BM EQ-Bank 859

Assess how an understanding of biomechanics can be applied to increase movement efficiency and performance in wheelchair racing. (8 marks)

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Sample Answer

Judgment Statement

Biomechanical understanding proves highly effective for enhancing wheelchair racing performance.
Assessment based on force application efficiency and equipment optimisation capabilities.

Force Application Efficiency

Assessment reveals significant improvements when athletes apply biomechanical principles to pushing technique.
Wheelchair racers using tangential rim contact achieve superior force transfer compared to downward pushing.
Proper elbow positioning at optimal extension angles demonstrates strong power generation capabilities.
Upper body alignment with shoulders over push rim shows excellent mechanical advantage.
Results indicate substantial gains in both speed maintenance and endurance capacity.
Shoulder and wrist strain reduces considerably with biomechanically correct technique patterns.
This demonstrates high effectiveness in maximising propulsion while minimising injury risk.

Equipment Optimisation

Considerable improvements occur through biomechanically-informed equipment modifications and adjustments.
Lightweight frame materials produce measurable reductions in energy expenditure per stroke.
Aerodynamic positioning of athlete and chair achieves substantial drag force reduction.
Custom seat angles show optimal force transfer from trunk through arms.
Wheel camber adjustments demonstrate excellent stability during high-speed cornering.
Glove design modifications indicate strong grip efficiency without compromising release.
Equipment adaptations prove highly valuable in maximising individual athletic potential

Overall Assessment

On balance, biomechanical principles prove exceptionally valuable for wheelchair racing enhancement.
Both force application and equipment criteria show major improvements in performance outcomes.
When all factors are considered, athletes gain significant competitive advantages through proper application.
Overall assessment confirms biomechanics as essential knowledge for wheelchair racing success.
The results indicate continued refinements will yield further performance gains.

Show Worked Solution

Sample Answer

Judgment Statement

Biomechanical understanding proves highly effective for enhancing wheelchair racing performance.
Assessment based on force application efficiency and equipment optimisation capabilities.

Force Application Efficiency

Assessment reveals significant improvements when athletes apply biomechanical principles to pushing technique.
Wheelchair racers using tangential rim contact achieve superior force transfer compared to downward pushing.
Proper elbow positioning at optimal extension angles demonstrates strong power generation capabilities.
Upper body alignment with shoulders over push rim shows excellent mechanical advantage.
Results indicate substantial gains in both speed maintenance and endurance capacity.
Shoulder and wrist strain reduces considerably with biomechanically correct technique patterns.
This demonstrates high effectiveness in maximising propulsion while minimising injury risk.

Equipment Optimisation

Considerable improvements occur through biomechanically-informed equipment modifications and adjustments.
Lightweight frame materials produce measurable reductions in energy expenditure per stroke.
Aerodynamic positioning of athlete and chair achieves substantial drag force reduction.
Custom seat angles show optimal force transfer from trunk through arms.
Wheel camber adjustments demonstrate excellent stability during high-speed cornering.
Glove design modifications indicate strong grip efficiency without compromising release.
Equipment adaptations prove highly valuable in maximising individual athletic potential

Overall Assessment

On balance, biomechanical principles prove exceptionally valuable for wheelchair racing enhancement.
Both force application and equipment criteria show major improvements in performance outcomes.
When all factors are considered, athletes gain significant competitive advantages through proper application.
Overall assessment confirms biomechanics as essential knowledge for wheelchair racing success.
The results indicate continued refinements will yield further performance gains.

HMS, BM EQ-Bank 858

Evaluate how biomechanical principles could be applied to improve movement efficiency for athletes with disabilities compared to able-bodied athletes. In your response, refer to specific adaptations and their effects. (8 marks)

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Sample Answer

Evaluation Statement

Biomechanical adaptations prove highly effective for athletes with disabilities, often matching able-bodied performance.
Assessment based on force transfer efficiency, movement adaptation success, and performance outcomes.

Force Transfer and Energy Efficiency

Modern prosthetics demonstrate excellent energy return capabilities through biomechanical design.
Carbon fibre blades store and return substantial impact energy during ground impact.
Athletes require minimal additional muscle work to compensate for mechanical differences.
Evaluation reveals strong efficiency gains nearly matching able-bodied athlete mechanics.
Prosthetic alignment adjustments successfully optimise individual force transfer patterns.
Results indicate biomechanical adaptations achieve substantial movement efficiency.

Alternative Movement Patterns

Wheelchair propulsion shows remarkable effectiveness despite using different muscle groups.
Elite wheelchair racers reach 25 km/h using upper body power versus 21 km/h for marathon runners.
Tangential push angles maximise propulsion efficiency per stroke.
Assessment confirms alternative patterns rival traditional performance levels.
Specialised training effectively develops unique biomechanical advantages.
Performance proves adapted techniques compete effectively with able-bodied methods.

Equipment and Technique Integration

Racing wheelchair design demonstrates superior aerodynamic efficiency.
Three-wheeled configuration provides excellent stability while minimising resistance.
Cambered wheels enable optimal force application angles.
Evaluation shows equipment adaptations significantly enhance efficiency.
Integration proves highly effective maximising athletic potential.

Final Evaluation

Overall assessment demonstrates biomechanical principles prove highly valuable for disability sport.
Adaptations successfully enable competitive performance across disabilities.
While differences exist, optimised techniques effectively minimise performance gaps.
Technology and training create efficiency approaching able-bodied standards.
Therefore biomechanical knowledge transforms limitations into opportunities.

Show Worked Solution

Sample Answer

Evaluation Statement

Biomechanical adaptations prove highly effective for athletes with disabilities, often matching able-bodied performance.
Assessment based on force transfer efficiency, movement adaptation success, and performance outcomes.

Force Transfer and Energy Efficiency

Modern prosthetics demonstrate excellent energy return capabilities through biomechanical design.
Carbon fibre blades store and return substantial impact energy during ground impact.
Athletes require minimal additional muscle work to compensate for mechanical differences.
Evaluation reveals strong efficiency gains nearly matching able-bodied athlete mechanics.
Prosthetic alignment adjustments successfully optimise individual force transfer patterns.
Results indicate biomechanical adaptations achieve substantial movement efficiency.

Alternative Movement Patterns

Wheelchair propulsion shows remarkable effectiveness despite using different muscle groups.
Elite wheelchair racers reach 25 km/h using upper body power versus 21 km/h for marathon runners.
Tangential push angles maximise propulsion efficiency per stroke.
Assessment confirms alternative patterns rival traditional performance levels.
Specialised training effectively develops unique biomechanical advantages.
Performance proves adapted techniques compete effectively with able-bodied methods.

Equipment and Technique Integration

Racing wheelchair design demonstrates superior aerodynamic efficiency.
Three-wheeled configuration provides excellent stability while minimising resistance.
Cambered wheels enable optimal force application angles.
Evaluation shows equipment adaptations significantly enhance efficiency.
Integration proves highly effective maximising athletic potential.

Final Evaluation

Overall assessment demonstrates biomechanical principles prove highly valuable for disability sport.
Adaptations successfully enable competitive performance across disabilities.
While differences exist, optimised techniques effectively minimise performance gaps.
Technology and training create efficiency approaching able-bodied standards.
Therefore biomechanical knowledge transforms limitations into opportunities.

HMS, HIC EQ-Bank 046

Compare and contrast how gender might influence perspectives on health, and explain why these differences exist. (5 marks)

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Different perspectives:

Gender significantly influences health perspectives, with research showing distinct patterns between genders.
Men often conceptualise health primarily through physical capability and absence of illness that would prevent work or physical activities. Symptoms are often addressed only when they interfere with daily functioning.
In contrast, women’s health perspectives, tend to be more multidimensional, encompassing physical, emotional, and relational aspects.
Women are more likely to include mental wellbeing, stress management, and prevention in their health definitions.

Why differences exist:

These different perspectives stem from societal pressures where men are less likely to show vulnerability while women are encouraged to be attuned to both their own and others’ wellbeing.
Additionally, women’s reproductive health necessitates earlier and more regular healthcare engagement.
The implications of these differing perspectives are significant, contributing to disparities in healthcare utilisation. Men are less likely to seek health treatment which contributes to higher mortality and morbidity rates compared to women.

Show Worked Solution

Different perspectives:

Gender significantly influences health perspectives, with research showing distinct patterns between genders.
Men often conceptualise health primarily through physical capability and absence of illness that would prevent work or physical activities. Symptoms are often addressed only when they interfere with daily functioning.
In contrast, women’s health perspectives, tend to be more multidimensional and are more likely to include mental wellbeing, stress management, and prevention in their health definitions.

Why differences exist:

These different perspectives stem from societal pressures where men are less likely to show vulnerability while women are encouraged to be attuned to both their own and others’ wellbeing.
Additionally, women’s reproductive health necessitates earlier and more regular healthcare engagement.
The implications of these differing perspectives are significant, contributing to disparities in healthcare utilisation. Men are less likely to seek health treatment which contributes to higher mortality and morbidity rates compared to women.

HMS, BM EQ-Bank 857

Analyse how biomechanical principles related to efficient force absorption can be applied to reduce injury risk in sport. Provide specific examples in your response. (8 marks)

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Sample Answer

Overview Statement

Force absorption efficiency depends on contact time, surface area and body positioning working together.
These components interact with equipment design and technique to create comprehensive injury prevention systems.

Component Relationship 1: Contact Time and Force Magnitude

Extended deceleration time directly reduces peak forces experienced during impact.
Basketball players who bend knees deeply when landing experience significantly lower joint forces.
Cricket fielders “giving” with catches transforms dangerous ball impacts into manageable forces.
The relationship reveals that time extension prevents acute ligament tears and cartilage damage.
Gymnasts rolling through landings demonstrates how gradual deceleration protects spine and ankles.
Gradual deceleration enables tissues to adapt rather than rupture under sudden loads.

Component Relationship 2: Surface Area and Protective Systems

Larger contact areas combine with protective equipment to distribute forces effectively across body.
Rugby players adopting wide tackle stances spread impact forces across multiple muscle groups.
Hockey shin guards amplify this effect by dramatically increasing the contact surface area.
This interaction shows how body positioning works with equipment design for protection.
Multiple contact points prevent concentrated stress that causes fractures and severe contusions.
Analysis reveals layered protection creates exponentially safer sporting environments than single methods.

Implications and Synthesis

Force absorption components form an integrated safety network throughout sporting activities.
The synthesis demonstrates combining extended time with increased area produces multiplicative safety benefits.
Therefore biomechanical education enables proactive injury prevention rather than reactive treatment.
The broader significance is knowledge transforms high-risk sports into controlled athletic performances.

Show Worked Solution

Sample Answer

Overview Statement

Force absorption efficiency depends on contact time, surface area and body positioning working together.
These components interact with equipment design and technique to create comprehensive injury prevention systems.

Component Relationship 1: Contact Time and Force Magnitude

Extended deceleration time directly reduces peak forces experienced during impact.
Basketball players who bend knees deeply when landing experience significantly lower joint forces.
Cricket fielders “giving” with catches transforms dangerous ball impacts into manageable forces.
The relationship reveals that time extension prevents acute ligament tears and cartilage damage.
Gymnasts rolling through landings demonstrates how gradual deceleration protects spine and ankles.
Gradual deceleration enables tissues to adapt rather than rupture under sudden loads.

Component Relationship 2: Surface Area and Protective Systems

Larger contact areas combine with protective equipment to distribute forces effectively across body.
Rugby players adopting wide tackle stances spread impact forces across multiple muscle groups.
Hockey shin guards amplify this effect by dramatically increasing the contact surface area.
This interaction shows how body positioning works with equipment design for protection.
Multiple contact points prevent concentrated stress that causes fractures and severe contusions.
Analysis reveals layered protection creates exponentially safer sporting environments than single methods.

Implications and Synthesis

Force absorption components form an integrated safety network throughout sporting activities.
The synthesis demonstrates combining extended time with increased area produces multiplicative safety benefits.
Therefore biomechanical education enables proactive injury prevention rather than reactive treatment.
The broader significance is knowledge transforms high-risk sports into controlled athletic performances.

HMS, BM EQ-Bank 854 MC

For a sprinter with a prosthetic lower limb, which biomechanical principle most directly contributes to movement efficiency?

Using upper leg muscles to apply force to the prosthetic limb
Generating rotational force through the prosthetic joint
Decreasing the weight of the prosthetic to reduce momentum
Widening the stance to create a more stable base of support

Show Answers Only

$A$

Show Worked Solution

A is correct: Upper leg muscles apply force to prosthetic device for forward propulsion.

Other Options:

B is incorrect: Prosthetic limbs prioritise linear force transfer, not rotational generation.
C is incorrect: Weight reduction alone doesn’t improve efficiency without proper force application.
D is incorrect: Wider stance reduces sprinting efficiency by limiting forward momentum.

HMS, HIC EQ-Bank 043

Discuss how the evolution of health definitions has affected our understanding of whether a person with a chronic condition can be considered "healthy". (5 marks)

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[P] On one hand, traditional definitions excluded chronic condition sufferers.
[E] This created a binary view of health status.
[Ev] Before 1948, anyone with diabetes or arthritis was automatically labelled “unhealthy”.
[L] This approach offered clear medical categories but limited understanding of wellbeing.
[P] From another angle, modern definitions enable inclusion.
[E] This allows people with chronic conditions to be considered healthy.
[Ev] WHO’s “resource for everyday life” approach means someone managing asthma can be healthy if they maintain quality of life.
[L] This creates opportunities for positive health identity despite ongoing conditions.
[P] Supporters argue this evolution promotes holistic care.
[E] It encourages focus on function over diagnosis.
[Ev] A person with controlled epilepsy who works, exercises and socialises demonstrates health across multiple dimensions.
[L] This broader view supports better treatment approaches.
[P] Critics contend it may minimise medical needs.
[E] This could reduce urgency for treatment.
[Ev] Emphasising coping abilities might overshadow the real challenges of chronic illness management.
[L] Despite benefits, this raises concerns about adequate healthcare provision.

Show Worked Solution

[P] On one hand, traditional definitions excluded chronic condition sufferers.
[E] This created a binary view of health status.
[Ev] Before 1948, anyone with diabetes or arthritis was automatically labelled “unhealthy”.
[L] This approach offered clear medical categories but limited understanding of wellbeing.
[P] From another angle, modern definitions enable inclusion.
[E] This allows people with chronic conditions to be considered healthy.
[Ev] WHO’s “resource for everyday life” approach means someone managing asthma can be healthy if they maintain quality of life.
[L] This creates opportunities for positive health identity despite ongoing conditions.
[P] Supporters argue this evolution promotes holistic care.
[E] It encourages focus on function over diagnosis.
[Ev] A person with controlled epilepsy who works, exercises and socialises demonstrates health across multiple dimensions.
[L] This broader view supports better treatment approaches.
[P] Critics contend it may minimise medical needs.
[E] This could reduce urgency for treatment.
[Ev] Emphasising coping abilities might overshadow the real challenges of chronic illness management.
[L] Despite benefits, this raises concerns about adequate healthcare provision.

HMS, BM EQ-Bank 852

Evaluate how knowledge of biomechanical principles could be applied to develop a safe squatting technique for an elderly individual with reduced mobility. In your answer, refer to balance, stability, force, and movement efficiency. (12 marks)

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Sample Answer

Evaluation Statement

Biomechanical principles prove highly effective for developing safe elderly squatting techniques.
Evaluation based on balance enhancement, stability control, force management and movement efficiency adaptations.

Balance Enhancement Through Support

Evidence strongly supports using assistive devices to expand base of support during squatting.
Chair arms or wall rails increase contact points from two to four, achieving excellent stability improvements.
Research shows significant fall reduction when elderly use support aids during squatting movements.
Balance modifications demonstrate superior effectiveness as they address the primary injury risk.
Support systems successfully compensate for age-related proprioceptive decline.
Assessment reveals this criterion fully meets safety requirements for elderly populations.

Force Distribution and Joint Protection

Neutral spine alignment proves moderately effective in protecting vulnerable structures.
Proper positioning distributes forces evenly along vertebrae rather than concentrating stress points.
Studies indicate substantial reduction in compression forces with correct technique.
Force management partially fulfils safety needs but shows limitations with severe arthritis.
Individual joint conditions affect the degree of protection achieved.
Evaluation indicates force principles adequately address most elderly joint concerns.

Movement Efficiency Adaptations

Reduced range of motion initially limits functional benefits but strongly enhances safety.
Starting with 45-degree knee flexion maintains control while building necessary strength.
Progressive depth increases over 8-12 weeks balance safety with functionality.
Efficiency modifications demonstrate good long-term outcomes despite slow initial progress.
Gradual adaptation satisfies both safety and independence goals.

Final Evaluation

Overall evaluation confirms biomechanical principles highly effective for elderly squatting safety.
Balance support emerges as the most critical factor, followed by force distribution.
While some limitations exist in severely compromised individuals, modifications successfully enable safe squatting for most elderly.
The comprehensive approach proves essential for maintaining functional independence with minimal injury risk.

Show Worked Solution

Sample Answer

Evaluation Statement

Biomechanical principles prove highly effective for developing safe elderly squatting techniques.
Evaluation based on balance enhancement, stability control, force management and movement efficiency adaptations.

Balance Enhancement Through Support

Evidence strongly supports using assistive devices to expand base of support during squatting.
Chair arms or wall rails increase contact points from two to four, achieving excellent stability improvements.
Research shows significant fall reduction when elderly use support aids during squatting movements.
Balance modifications demonstrate superior effectiveness as they address the primary injury risk.
Support systems successfully compensate for age-related proprioceptive decline.
Assessment reveals this criterion fully meets safety requirements for elderly populations.

Force Distribution and Joint Protection

Neutral spine alignment proves moderately effective in protecting vulnerable structures.
Proper positioning distributes forces evenly along vertebrae rather than concentrating stress points.
Studies indicate substantial reduction in compression forces with correct technique.
Force management partially fulfils safety needs but shows limitations with severe arthritis.
Individual joint conditions affect the degree of protection achieved.
Evaluation indicates force principles adequately address most elderly joint concerns.

Movement Efficiency Adaptations

Reduced range of motion initially limits functional benefits but strongly enhances safety.
Starting with 45-degree knee flexion maintains control while building necessary strength.
Progressive depth increases over 8-12 weeks balance safety with functionality.
Efficiency modifications demonstrate good long-term outcomes despite slow initial progress.
Gradual adaptation satisfies both safety and independence goals.

Final Evaluation

Overall evaluation confirms biomechanical principles highly effective for elderly squatting safety.
Balance support emerges as the most critical factor, followed by force distribution.
While some limitations exist in severely compromised individuals, modifications successfully enable safe squatting for most elderly.
The comprehensive approach proves essential for maintaining functional independence with minimal injury risk.

HMS, BM EQ-Bank 851

Analyse how an understanding of biomechanical principles related to force absorption can reduce injury risk during movement activities. Provide specific examples. (8 marks)

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Sample Answer

Overview Statement

Force absorption principles interact with movement techniques and equipment design to reduce injury risk.
Key components include impact time, force distribution, and protective materials that work together to enhance safety.

Component Relationship 1: Impact Time and Force Magnitude

Extended contact time directly influences the peak forces experienced by body tissues.
When athletes bend joints during landing, this results in gradual deceleration over longer periods.
Basketball players flexing knees during rebounds enables force absorption through multiple joint angles.
This pattern shows that controlled movements prevent sudden impact damage to cartilage.
Gymnasts rolling through landings demonstrates how extended ground contact reduces stress fractures.
The significance is that proper technique transforms dangerous impacts into manageable forces.

Component Relationship 2: Surface Area and Force Distribution

Wider contact areas connect to reduced pressure on specific body parts during impact.
Force distribution depends on both body positioning and protective equipment design working together.
Rugby players adopting wide stances spreads tackle forces across multiple joints and muscles.
Protective padding amplifies this effect by increasing contact area significantly
Shin guards in soccer reveal how equipment combines with technique to protect vulnerable areas.
This relationship indicates multiple safety layers work as an integrated system.

Implications and Synthesis

These components form a comprehensive injury prevention approach when applied together.
Understanding these relationships enables athletes to modify techniques before injuries occur.
Consequently, combining proper biomechanics with equipment creates exponential safety benefits.
The broader implication is that biomechanical knowledge transforms high-risk activities into controlled movements.
Therefore, education about force absorption leads to long-term athlete health and performance.

Show Worked Solution

Sample Answer

Overview Statement

Force absorption principles interact with movement techniques and equipment design to reduce injury risk.
Key components include impact time, force distribution, and protective materials that work together to enhance safety.

Component Relationship 1: Impact Time and Force Magnitude

Extended contact time directly influences the peak forces experienced by body tissues.
When athletes bend joints during landing, this results in gradual deceleration over longer periods.
Basketball players flexing knees during rebounds enables force absorption through multiple joint angles.
This pattern shows that controlled movements prevent sudden impact damage to cartilage.
Gymnasts rolling through landings demonstrates how extended ground contact reduces stress fractures.
The significance is that proper technique transforms dangerous impacts into manageable forces.

Component Relationship 2: Surface Area and Force Distribution

Wider contact areas connect to reduced pressure on specific body parts during impact.
Force distribution depends on both body positioning and protective equipment design working together.
Rugby players adopting wide stances spreads tackle forces across multiple joints and muscles.
Protective padding amplifies this effect by increasing contact area significantly
Shin guards in soccer reveal how equipment combines with technique to protect vulnerable areas.
This relationship indicates multiple safety layers work as an integrated system.

Implications and Synthesis

These components form a comprehensive injury prevention approach when applied together.
Understanding these relationships enables athletes to modify techniques before injuries occur.
Consequently, combining proper biomechanics with equipment creates exponential safety benefits.
The broader implication is that biomechanical knowledge transforms high-risk activities into controlled movements.
Therefore, education about force absorption leads to long-term athlete health and performance.

HMS, BM EQ-Bank 847 MC

When lifting a heavy box from the floor, which application of biomechanical principles would MOST effectively reduce the risk of lower back injury?

Keeping the knees straight and bending at the waist
Holding the box far from the body to distribute weight evenly
Positioning the feet close together for better balance
Keeping the weight close to the body and bending at the knees

Show Answers Only

$D$

Show Worked Solution

D is correct: Close weight reduces lever arm on spine while bent knees engage stronger leg muscles.

Other Options:

A is incorrect: Straight knees and bent waist places dangerous stress on lower back.
B is incorrect: Far weight position increases lever arm and spinal torque significantly.
C is incorrect: Close feet reduce stability and increase risk of falling while lifting.

HMS, BM EQ-Bank 844

Using your knowledge of fluid mechanics, evaluate how a competitive swimmer can apply biomechanical principles to enhance movement efficiency and performance.

In your answer, refer to drag, buoyancy, and the interrelationship between body systems. (8 marks)

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Sample Answer

Evaluation Statement

Biomechanical principles prove highly effective for enhancing swimming efficiency when properly applied.
Evaluation criteria include drag reduction effectiveness, buoyancy management success, and body system coordination.

Drag Reduction Effectiveness

Streamlined body position strongly meets the criteria for reducing resistance by aligning body segments horizontally.
Abdominal muscle engagement effectively maintains hip elevation, preventing legs from dropping and creating drag.
The interrelationship between deltoids, latissimus dorsi and core muscles optimally produces a rigid streamlined shape.
Sculling hand position with slight finger separation successfully generates lift forces while minimising drag.
Evidence shows technique refinement substantially reduces energy expenditure per stroke cycle.
However, maintaining optimal position proves challenging as fatigue affects muscular endurance and coordination.

Buoyancy Management and Body Systems

Centre of buoyancy control through diaphragm regulation adequately fulfils flotation requirements.
The respiratory system partially meets dual demands of oxygen supply and buoyancy control.
Coordination between breathing patterns and stroke mechanics effectively preserves body position.
Individual variations in muscle-to-fat ratio significantly impact natural buoyancy levels.
The skeletal system’s leverage points at shoulders and hips enable efficient rotation without compromising flotation.
While generally effective, swimmers with denser muscle mass face considerable buoyancy challenges.

Final Evaluation

Biomechanical principles prove highly effective when muscles, bones and joints work synergistically.
Drag reduction through body positioning shows strongest performance benefits.
Although individual body composition affects buoyancy, proper technique substantially compensates.
The interrelationship between body systems demonstrates superior efficiency gains.
Therefore, mastering fluid mechanics through coordinated body systems remains essential for competitive excellence.

Show Worked Solution

Sample Answer

Evaluation Statement

Biomechanical principles prove highly effective for enhancing swimming efficiency when properly applied.
Evaluation criteria include drag reduction effectiveness, buoyancy management success, and body system coordination.

Drag Reduction Effectiveness

Streamlined body position strongly meets the criteria for reducing resistance by aligning body segments horizontally.
Abdominal muscle engagement effectively maintains hip elevation, preventing legs from dropping and creating drag.
The interrelationship between deltoids, latissimus dorsi and core muscles optimally produces a rigid streamlined shape.
Sculling hand position with slight finger separation successfully generates lift forces while minimising drag.
Evidence shows technique refinement substantially reduces energy expenditure per stroke cycle.
However, maintaining optimal position proves challenging as fatigue affects muscular endurance and coordination.

Buoyancy Management and Body Systems

Centre of buoyancy control through diaphragm regulation adequately fulfils flotation requirements.
The respiratory system partially meets dual demands of oxygen supply and buoyancy control.
Coordination between breathing patterns and stroke mechanics effectively preserves body position.
Individual variations in muscle-to-fat ratio significantly impact natural buoyancy levels.
The skeletal system’s leverage points at shoulders and hips enable efficient rotation without compromising flotation.
While generally effective, swimmers with denser muscle mass face considerable buoyancy challenges.

Final Evaluation

Biomechanical principles prove highly effective when muscles, bones and joints work synergistically.
Drag reduction through body positioning shows strongest performance benefits.
Although individual body composition affects buoyancy, proper technique substantially compensates.
The interrelationship between body systems demonstrates superior efficiency gains.
Therefore, mastering fluid mechanics through coordinated body systems remains essential for competitive excellence.

HMS, BM EQ-Bank 843

How do biomechanical principles related to balance and stability enhance safety and movement efficiency in gymnastics floor routines? (5 marks)

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Sample Answer

Balance Control for Safety:

Gymnasts manipulate centre of gravity by shifting body weight relative to base of support. This process maintains balance during skill transitions.
By controlling centre position precisely, dangerous falls are prevented. This protection occurs through constant muscular adjustments and body awareness.
During handstands, vertical alignment is achieved by engaging shoulder and core muscles. This engagement creates rigid body positioning above hands.
Through proper alignment, stable positioning prevents sideways collapse. Improved stability results in reduced risk of wrist or shoulder injuries.

Stability for Movement Efficiency:

Gymnasts widen base of support by adjusting limb positions during transitions. Such adjustments create greater stability margins for movement.
Through increased stability, smoother connections between elements occur, reducing energy wasted on balance corrections.
Centre of gravity lowers by bending joints before difficult moves. This lowering enhances control during rotational elements.
Through better control, precise execution becomes possible. This precision minimises unnecessary compensatory movements throughout routine.

Force Absorption in Landings:

Joint flexion extends impact time by allowing gradual deceleration. This extension reduces peak forces on body tissues.
Through extended deceleration, cartilage remains protected from damage, enabling fluid routine flow without injury interruptions.

Show Worked Solution

Sample Answer

Balance Control for Safety:

Gymnasts manipulate centre of gravity by shifting body weight relative to base of support. This process maintains balance during skill transitions.
By controlling centre position precisely, dangerous falls are prevented. This protection occurs through constant muscular adjustments and body awareness.
During handstands, vertical alignment is achieved by engaging shoulder and core muscles. This engagement creates rigid body positioning above hands.
Through proper alignment, stable positioning prevents sideways collapse. Improved stability results in reduced risk of wrist or shoulder injuries.

Stability for Movement Efficiency:

Gymnasts widen base of support by adjusting limb positions during transitions. Such adjustments create greater stability margins for movement.
Through increased stability, smoother connections between elements occur, reducing energy wasted on balance corrections.
Centre of gravity lowers by bending joints before difficult moves. This lowering enhances control during rotational elements.
Through better control, precise execution becomes possible. This precision minimises unnecessary compensatory movements throughout routine.

Force Absorption in Landings:

Joint flexion extends impact time by allowing gradual deceleration. This extension reduces peak forces on body tissues.
Through extended deceleration, cartilage remains protected from damage, enabling fluid routine flow without injury interruptions.

HMS, BM EQ-Bank 841 MC

The image below shows a tennis player preparing to return a serve.

Which biomechanical principle is this player primarily using to optimise stability?

Lowering the centre of gravity and widening the base of support
Narrowing the base of support to increase agility
Raising the centre of gravity to improve reaction time
Increasing the line of gravity outside the base of support

Show Answers Only

$A$

Show Worked Solution

A is correct: Lowered centre of gravity and widened stance maximise stability for receiving serves.

Other Options:

B is incorrect: Narrowing base of support decreases stability needed for powerful returns.
C is incorrect: Raising centre of gravity reduces stability and balance.
D is incorrect: Line of gravity outside base of support causes instability and falling.

HMS, HIC EQ-Bank 040

How can the social justice principle of rights be ensured in healthcare settings. (4 marks)

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*Cause-and-effect language that directly addresses the “How” keyword is bolded in the answer below.

Rights in healthcare are ensured through legislation and policy. This occurs when laws create mandatory standards which leads to all health services following patient rights protocols.
Anti-discrimination policies protect patients from unfair treatment. This causes healthcare providers to treat all patients equally. As a result, people access services safely regardless of age, gender or disability.
Healthcare facilities uphold rights through informed consent and confidentiality. When patients control their care decisions, this leads to open communication with providers.
Complaint mechanisms protect rights. These enable patients to report violations which results in system improvements. Consequently, healthcare becomes more accountable to patient needs.

Show Worked Solution

*Cause-and-effect language that directly addresses the “How” keyword is bolded in the answer below.

Rights in healthcare are ensured through legislation and policy. This occurs when laws create mandatory standards which leads to all health services following patient rights protocols.
Anti-discrimination policies protect patients from unfair treatment. This causes healthcare providers to treat all patients equally. As a result, people access services safely regardless of age, gender or disability.
Healthcare facilities uphold rights through informed consent and confidentiality. When patients control their care decisions, this leads to open communication with providers.
Complaint mechanisms protect rights. These enable patients to report violations which results in system improvements. Consequently, healthcare becomes more accountable to patient needs.

HMS, HIC EQ-Bank 038

Analyse a specific project that applies social justice principles to address health inequities in rural communities. (8 marks)

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*PEEL – Solution is structured using an adjusted PEEL method; [P] Identify components and their relationship, [E] explain the interaction/influence between them, [Ev] provide evidence showing the relationship in action, [L] linking sentence back to question.

Sample Answer:

Project: Hear Our Heart Ear Bus Project

[P] This project combines mobile healthcare delivery with community participation.
[E] This interaction demonstrates how access and engagement work together to reach isolated children.
[Ev] The mobile bus travels to remote schools while local Aboriginal health workers help conduct screenings, and creating trust which has resulted in 90% participation rates.
[L] This relationship between mobility and cultural connection reveals effective health equity strategies.
[P] Resource allocation is directly related to educational outcomes.
[E] The dynamic between hearing health and learning shows that early detection helps prevent academic failure.
[Ev] Children receiving treatment show 40% improvement in literacy scores within one year, as hearing problems no longer impede classroom participation.
[L] This establishes a cause-effect pattern linking health intervention to educational success.
[P] Multiple stakeholder involvement operates on interconnected levels.
[E] Health specialists provide expertise while educators identify at-risk students and communities ensure cultural safety.
[Ev] These elements combine to produce comprehensive care. In this model, teachers refer students, specialists diagnose and local workers provide follow-up support .
[L] Together, these factors produce sustainable health improvements.
[P] The project’s impact extends beyond individual health.
[E] The broader impact shows community empowerment through local employment and skill development.
[Ev] Training Indigenous health workers creates ongoing capacity, meaning communities can maintain ear health programs independently.
[L] This shows a real world example of where social justice principles create lasting systemic change.

Show Worked Solution

Sample Answer:

Project: Hear Our Heart Ear Bus Project

[P] This project combines mobile healthcare delivery with community participation.
[E] This interaction demonstrates how access and engagement work together to reach isolated children.
[Ev] The mobile bus travels to remote schools while local Aboriginal health workers help conduct screenings, and creating trust which has resulted in 90% participation rates.
[L] This relationship between mobility and cultural connection reveals effective health equity strategies.
[P] Resource allocation is directly related to educational outcomes.
[E] The dynamic between hearing health and learning shows that early detection helps prevent academic failure.
[Ev] Children receiving treatment show 40% improvement in literacy scores within one year, as hearing problems no longer impede classroom participation.
[L] This establishes a cause-effect pattern linking health intervention to educational success.
[P] Multiple stakeholder involvement operates on interconnected levels.
[E] Health specialists provide expertise while educators identify at-risk students and communities ensure cultural safety.
[Ev] These elements combine to produce comprehensive care. In this model, teachers refer students, specialists diagnose and local workers provide follow-up support .
[L] Together, these factors produce sustainable health improvements.
[P] The project’s impact extends beyond individual health.
[E] The broader impact shows community empowerment through local employment and skill development.
[Ev] Training Indigenous health workers creates ongoing capacity, meaning communities can maintain ear health programs independently.
[L] This shows a real world example of where social justice principles create lasting systemic change.

v1 Financial Maths, STD2 F1 2024 HSC 8 MC

A bill for servicing a car is made up of:

- $275 for parts, which includes 10% GST
- $120 for labour, excluding GST.

The mechanic needs to add 10% GST onto the labour charge.

How much GST does the customer pay in total?

$27.50
$30.00
$35.50
$37.00

Show Answers Only

$D$

Show Worked Solution

$\text{Let } X = \text{ parts cost ex-GST}$

	$X + X \times 0.1$	$= 275$
	$1.1X$	$= 275$
	$X$	$= 250$

$\text{Total GST} = 0.1(250 + 120) = \$37.00$

$\Rightarrow D$

♦ Mean mark 43%.

HMS, HIC EQ-Bank 037

Explain how the Royal Flying Doctor Service (RFDS) addresses multiple social justice principles to improve health outcomes in rural and remote communities. (5 marks)

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*PEEL – Solution is structured using an adjusted PEEL method to show cause and effect: [P] State the cause/factor [E] Show how it causes the effect [Ev] Evidence demonstrating why/how [L] Reinforce the causal relationship.

[P] RFDS provides equal access to healthcare regardless of location.
[E] This leads to reduced mortality rates in remote areas.
[Ev] This occurs because flying doctors reach patients within hours for emergencies, preventing deaths that would happen waiting for road transport.
[L] This direct link between rapid access and survival demonstrates how access principles save lives.
[P] Community consultation ensures culturally appropriate services.
[E] This causes increased healthcare usage among Indigenous populations.
[Ev] As a result, RFDS employs local Aboriginal health workers who understand cultural needs, leading to better health engagement.
[L] This relationship results in improved health outcomes through participation.
[P] Resource allocation to remote areas creates equity.
[E] This enables comparable healthcare standards across Australia.
[Ev] The RFDS serves 330,000 patients annually in areas with 40% higher death rates, directly reducing this gap.
[L] These elements work together to equalise health opportunities between city and remote populations.

Show Worked Solution

[P] RFDS provides equal access to healthcare regardless of location.
[E] This leads to reduced mortality rates in remote areas.
[Ev] This occurs because flying doctors reach patients within hours for emergencies, preventing deaths that would happen waiting for road transport.
[L] This direct link between rapid access and survival demonstrates how access principles save lives.
[P] Community consultation ensures culturally appropriate services.
[E] This causes increased healthcare usage among Indigenous populations.
[Ev] As a result, RFDS employs local Aboriginal health workers who understand cultural needs, leading to better health engagement.
[L] This relationship results in improved health outcomes through participation.
[P] Resource allocation to remote areas creates equity.
[E] This enables comparable healthcare standards across Australia.
[Ev] The RFDS serves 330,000 patients annually in areas with 40% higher death rates, directly reducing this gap.
[L] These elements work together to equalise health opportunities between city and remote populations.

HMS, HIC EQ-Bank 036

Assess how the social justice principle of equity has been applied to improve the health outcomes of people with disabilities in Australia. (8 marks)

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Judgment Statement

The application of equity principles has been moderately effective in improving health outcomes for people with disabilities.
This assessment examines healthcare accessibility and support system effectiveness.

Healthcare Accessibility

Medicare and PBS subsidies demonstrate strong financial equity measures. These programs reduce medication costs and provide bulk-billing options for people with disabilities.
These and other similar programs have resulted in significant improvements in basic healthcare access.
However, specialist treatments still require high out-of-pocket expenses. Many wheelchair users report paying thousands for equipment not fully covered.
This shows limited effectiveness in addressing all healthcare costs. The results indicate strong foundations but incomplete coverage.

Support System Effectiveness

The NDIS achieves significant individualised support for participants. It provides funding for therapies, equipment and care based on personal needs.
This demonstrates high effectiveness in tailoring services.
Notwithstanding this success, implementation problems create major barriers. Long wait times and complex paperwork exclude many eligible people.
Rural participants face minimal service options compared to cities.
When all factors are considered, equity application remains inconsistent across locations.

Overall Assessment

On balance, equity initiatives prove moderately successful with substantial room for improvement. While programs like NDIS and Medicare produce measurable results, gaps persist in coverage and access. The 30% employment gap between people with and without disabilities indicates systemic inequities remain.
This assessment shows Australia needs more comprehensive equity strategies to ensure equal health outcomes for all people with disabilities.

Show Worked Solution

Judgment Statement

The application of equity principles has been moderately effective in improving health outcomes for people with disabilities.
This assessment examines healthcare accessibility and support system effectiveness.

Healthcare Accessibility

Medicare and PBS subsidies demonstrate strong financial equity measures. These programs reduce medication costs and provide bulk-billing options for people with disabilities.
These and other similar programs have resulted in significant improvements in basic healthcare access.
However, specialist treatments still require high out-of-pocket expenses. Many wheelchair users report paying thousands for equipment not fully covered.
This shows limited effectiveness in addressing all healthcare costs. The results indicate strong foundations but incomplete coverage.

Support System Effectiveness

The NDIS achieves significant individualised support for participants. It provides funding for therapies, equipment and care based on personal needs.
This demonstrates high effectiveness in tailoring services.
Notwithstanding this success, implementation problems create major barriers. Long wait times and complex paperwork exclude many eligible people.
Rural participants face minimal service options compared to cities.
When all factors are considered, equity application remains inconsistent across locations.

Overall Assessment

On balance, equity initiatives prove moderately successful with substantial room for improvement. While programs like NDIS and Medicare produce measurable results, gaps persist in coverage and access. The 30% employment gap between people with and without disabilities indicates systemic inequities remain.
This assessment shows Australia needs more comprehensive equity strategies to ensure equal health outcomes for all people with disabilities.

v1 Financial Maths, STD2 F1 2023 HSC 6 MC

An item was purchased for a price of $660, including 10% GST.

What is the amount of GST included in the price?

$6.00
$6.60
$60.00
$66.00

Show Answers Only

`=> C`

Show Worked Solution

`text{Let}\ C =\ text{Original cost}`

`C + 0.1 × C`	`= 660`
`1.1C`	`= 660`
`C`	`= 660 / 1.1`
	`= $600`

`:.\ \text{GST} = 660-600 = $60`

`=> C`

♦ Mean mark 4

v1 Financial Maths, STD2 F1 2018 HSC 14 MC

To determine the retail price of an item, a shop owner increases the cost price by 25%. In a sale, the retail price is reduced by 25% to give the sale price.

How does the sale price compare to the cost price?

The sale price is less than the cost price.
The sale price is the same as the cost price.
The sale price is more than the cost price.
It is impossible to compare without knowing the cost price.

Show Answers Only

`text(A)`

Show Worked Solution

`text{Assume the item costs $100:}`

`=>\ \text{Retail price} = 100 × 1.25 = $125`

`=>\ \text{Sale price} = 125 × 0.75 = $93.75`

`:.\ \text{Sale price < Cost price}`

`=>\ \text{A}`

Statistics, SPEC2 2024 VCAA 6

A machine fills bottles with olive oil. The volume of olive oil dispensed into each bottle may be assumed to be normally distributed with mean $\mu$ millilitres (mL) and standard deviation $\sigma=$4.2 mL. When the machine is working properly $\mu=1000$.

The volume dispensed is monitored regularly by taking a random sample of nine bottles and finding the mean volume dispensed.

The machine will be paused and adjusted if the mean volume of olive oil in the nine bottles is significantly less than 1000 mL at the 5% level of significance.

When checked, a random sample of nine bottles gave a mean volume of 997.5 mL .

A one-sided statistical test is to be performed.

Write down suitable null and alternative hypotheses $H_0$ and $H_1$ for the test. (1 mark)

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1. Find the $p$ value for this test correct to three decimal places. (1 mark)
  
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2. Using the $p$ value found in part b.i, state with a reason whether the machine should be paused. (1 mark)
  
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Assuming that the mean volume dispensed by the machine each time is in fact 997 mL and not 1000 mL, find the probability of a type $\text{II}$ error for the test using nine bottles at the 5% level of significance. Assume that the population standard deviation is 4.2 mL, and give your answer correct to two decimal places. (2 marks)

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Let $\overline{X}$ denote the sample mean of a random sample of nine bottles. As a quality-control measure, the machine will be paused if $\overline{X}<a$ or if $\overline{X}>b$, where $\operatorname{Pr}(\overline{X}<a)=0.01$ and $\operatorname{Pr}(\overline{X}>b)=0.01$.
Assume $\mu=1000$ mL and $\sigma=4.2$ mL.
Find the values of $a$ and $b$ correct to one decimal place. (1 mark)

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A new machine is purchased, and it is observed that the volume dispensed by the new machine in 50 randomly chosen bottles provided a sample mean of 1005 mL and a sample standard deviation of 4 mL .

Find a 95% confidence interval for the population mean volume dispensed by the new machine, giving values correct to one decimal place. You may assume a population standard deviation of 4 mL . (1 mark)

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Forty samples, each consisting of 50 randomly chosen bottles, are taken, and a 95% confidence interval is calculated for each sample.
In how many of these confidence intervals would the population mean volume dispensed by the machine be expected to lie? (1 mark)

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What minimum size sample should be used so that, with 95% confidence, the sample mean is within 1 mL of the population mean volume dispensed by the new machine? Assume a population standard deviation of 4 mL. (1 mark)

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a. $H_0: \mu=1000, \ H_1: \mu<1000$

b.i. $p \text{–value}=0.037$

b.ii. $p<0.05 \Rightarrow \text{Pause the machine}$

c. $0.31$

d. $a=996.7, b=1003.3$

e. $(1003.9,1006.1)$

f. $38$

g. $\text{Mean sample size}=62.$

Show Worked Solution

a. $H_0: \mu=1000$

$H_1: \mu<1000$

b.i. $\text {Sample mean:}\ \mu_{\overline{X}}=1000$

$\dfrac{\sigma_{\overline{X}}}{\sqrt{n}}=\dfrac{4.2}{3}=1.4$

$p \text{–value}=\operatorname{Pr}\left(z<\dfrac{997.5-1000}{1.4}\right)=0.037$

b.ii. $p<0.05 \Rightarrow \text{Pause the machine}$

c. $\text{Let \(\overline{X}$}=\text{sample mean}\)

$\text{Null hypothesis rejected when}\ \overline{X}<c$

$\operatorname{Pr}\left(z<\dfrac{c-1000}{1.4}\right)=0.05$

$\text{Solve for \(c$:}\)

$\dfrac{c-1000}{1.4}=-1.6449 \ \Rightarrow \ c=997.697$

$\text{Probability of a type II error:}$

$\operatorname{Pr}(\overline{X}>997.697 \mid \mu=997)=\operatorname{Pr}\left(z<\dfrac{0.697}{1.4}\right) \approx 0.31$

♦ Mean mark (c) 50%.

d. $\text{Sample mean has mean}=1000, \dfrac{\sigma}{\sqrt{n}}=\dfrac{4.2}{\sqrt{9}}=1.4$

$\text{Solve (by CAS):}$

$\operatorname{Pr}\left(z<\dfrac{a-1000}{1.4}\right)=0.01 \ \Rightarrow \ a=996.7$

$\operatorname{Pr}\left(z>\dfrac{b-1000}{1.4}\right)=0.01 \ \Rightarrow \ b=1003.3$

e. $\text{95% C.I.}\ (\overline{x}=1005):$

$\left(1005-1.96 \times \dfrac{4}{\sqrt{50}}, 1005+1.96 \times \dfrac{4}{\sqrt{50}}\right)=(1003.9,1006.1)$

f. $\text{Expect \(95 \%$ of C.I.’s to contain population mean}\)

$\text{Number of C.I.’s}=0.95 \times 40=38$

g. $\text{CI. extends \(1.96 \times \dfrac{4}{\sqrt{n}}$ each side of the mean.}\)

$\text{Solve for \(n$:}\ 1.96 \times \dfrac{4}{\sqrt{n}}<1\ \Rightarrow \ n \approx 61.5\)

$\therefore \text{Mean sample size}=62.$

♦ Mean mark (f) 51%.
♦ Mean mark (g) 46%.

HMS, BM EQ-Bank 839

Evaluate the importance of synergists and stabilisers in complex sporting movements, using specific examples to illustrate your answer. (8 marks)

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Sample Answer

Evaluation Statement

Synergists and stabilisers are highly effective in complex sporting movements.
They will be evaluated on injury prevention and performance enhancement criteria.

Injury Prevention

Stabilisers strongly meet this criterion through joint protection mechanisms.
During overhead throwing, shoulder stabiliser muscles maintain joint position while deltoids generate power.
Evidence supporting this includes the prevalence of shoulder injuries when stabiliser strength is inadequate.
In weightlifting, core stabilisers including rectus abdominis and erector spinae maintain spinal alignment during heavy lifts.
Without adequate stabilisation, prime movers cannot function safely.
Tennis players demonstrate how forearm stabilisers prevent injury during repeated racquet impacts.
The evidence indicates that stabiliser strength directly prevents injury during dynamic movements.

Performance Enhancement

Synergists adequately fulfil performance requirements by optimising force production.
During running, muscles work as synergists to assist the quadriceps through each stride, enabling sustained performance.
In swimming, latissimus dorsi works with pectorals as synergists during the pull phase, creating more powerful strokes.
Basketball players utilise the soleus as a synergist with gastrocnemius for explosive jumping.
While strong in power contribution, synergists show limitations in isolation – they cannot replace prime movers (agonists).
The overall evaluation demonstrates synergists significantly enhance complex movement patterns.

Final Evaluation

Weighing these factors shows synergists and stabilisers are indispensable for athletic performance.
The strengths outweigh the weaknesses because they provide both safety and performance benefits simultaneously.
Although effective for injury prevention, their greater value lies in enabling athletes to train harder and perform complex movements impossible without their contribution.
Overall evaluation: highly effective and essential for all complex sporting movements.

Show Worked Solution

Sample Answer

Evaluation Statement

Synergists and stabilisers are highly effective in complex sporting movements.
They will be evaluated on injury prevention and performance enhancement criteria.

Injury Prevention

Stabilisers strongly meet this criterion through joint protection mechanisms.
During overhead throwing, shoulder stabiliser muscles maintain joint position while deltoids generate power.
Evidence supporting this includes the prevalence of shoulder injuries when stabiliser strength is inadequate.
In weightlifting, core stabilisers including rectus abdominis and erector spinae maintain spinal alignment during heavy lifts.
Without adequate stabilisation, prime movers cannot function safely.
Tennis players demonstrate how forearm stabilisers prevent injury during repeated racquet impacts.
The evidence indicates that stabiliser strength directly prevents injury during dynamic movements.

Performance Enhancement

Synergists adequately fulfil performance requirements by optimising force production.
During running, muscles work as synergists to assist the quadriceps through each stride, enabling sustained performance.
In swimming, latissimus dorsi works with pectorals as synergists during the pull phase, creating more powerful strokes.
Basketball players utilise the soleus as a synergist with gastrocnemius for explosive jumping.
While strong in power contribution, synergists show limitations in isolation – they cannot replace prime movers (agonists).
The overall evaluation demonstrates synergists significantly enhance complex movement patterns.

Final Evaluation

Weighing these factors shows synergists and stabilisers are indispensable for athletic performance.
The strengths outweigh the weaknesses because they provide both safety and performance benefits simultaneously.
Although effective for injury prevention, their greater value lies in enabling athletes to train harder and perform complex movements impossible without their contribution.
Overall evaluation: highly effective and essential for all complex sporting movements.

HMS, BM EQ-Bank 838

Explain how the agonist/antagonist relationship facilitates efficient movement in sporting activities. (5 marks)

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The agonist/antagonist relationship creates smooth, controlled movement in sport. When the agonist muscle contracts to produce movement, the antagonist simultaneously relaxes. This coordination prevents muscles from working against each other, which would waste energy and reduce efficiency.
During a tennis forehand, the biceps (agonist) contracts to flex the elbow in preparation. Meanwhile, the triceps (antagonist) relaxes to allow this movement. For the follow-through, roles reverse – triceps becomes agonist while biceps becomes antagonist. Reciprocal action between these muscles enables fluid, continuous movement.
The relationship also allows precise force control. By varying the degree of antagonist relaxation, athletes can modulate movement speed and power. In weightlifting, controlled antagonist action prevents the weight from dropping too quickly during the lowering phase.
Furthermore, balanced agonist/antagonist development maintains joint stability. Equal strength prevents one muscle group from overpowering another, reducing injury risk. Therefore, this coordinated relationship facilitates both movement efficiency and safety across all sporting activities.

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Sample Answer

The agonist/antagonist relationship creates smooth, controlled movement in sport. When the agonist muscle contracts to produce movement, the antagonist simultaneously relaxes. This coordination prevents muscles from working against each other, which would waste energy and reduce efficiency.
During a tennis forehand, the biceps (agonist) contracts to flex the elbow in preparation. Meanwhile, the triceps (antagonist) relaxes to allow this movement. For the follow-through, roles reverse – triceps becomes agonist while biceps becomes antagonist. Reciprocal action between these muscles enables fluid, continuous movement.
The relationship also allows precise force control. By varying the degree of antagonist relaxation, athletes can modulate movement speed and power. In weightlifting, controlled antagonist action prevents the weight from dropping too quickly during the lowering phase.
Furthermore, balanced agonist/antagonist development maintains joint stability. Equal strength prevents one muscle group from overpowering another, reducing injury risk. Therefore, this coordinated relationship facilitates both movement efficiency and safety across all sporting activities.

HMS, BM EQ-Bank 834

Describe the role of different types of muscle contractions during a tennis serve. (5 marks)

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Preparation phase: Core muscles (rectus abdominis, transverse abdominis, erector spinae) maintain isometric contractions to stabilise the trunk. Lower body muscles also contract isometrically to maintain balance during the ball toss.
Ball toss:Shoulder muscles (deltoids, supraspinatus) perform concentric contractions to raise the tossing arm. Simultaneously, the serving arm begins moving into position through concentric contractions of posterior deltoid and latissimus dorsi.
Loading phase: Eccentric contractions occur in shoulder internal rotators and triceps as the racquet drops behind the head. These contractions control the backward movement while storing elastic energy for the forward swing.
Acceleration phase: Powerful concentric contractions drive the serve. Pectoralis major, anterior deltoid, and internal rotators accelerate the shoulder. Triceps extends the elbow explosively. Core muscles contract concentrically to rotate the trunk.
Follow through: Eccentric contractions in posterior shoulder muscles and biceps decelerate the arm after ball contact. These contractions prevent joint damage by controlling the rapid deceleration forces.

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Sample Answer

Preparation phase: Core muscles (rectus abdominis, transverse abdominis, erector spinae) maintain isometric contractions to stabilise the trunk. Lower body muscles also contract isometrically to maintain balance during the ball toss.
Ball toss:Shoulder muscles (deltoids, supraspinatus) perform concentric contractions to raise the tossing arm. Simultaneously, the serving arm begins moving into position through concentric contractions of posterior deltoid and latissimus dorsi.
Loading phase: Eccentric contractions occur in shoulder internal rotators and triceps as the racquet drops behind the head. These contractions control the backward movement while storing elastic energy for the forward swing.
Acceleration phase: Powerful concentric contractions drive the serve. Pectoralis major, anterior deltoid, and internal rotators accelerate the shoulder. Triceps extends the elbow explosively. Core muscles contract concentrically to rotate the trunk.
Follow through: Eccentric contractions in posterior shoulder muscles and biceps decelerate the arm after ball contact. These contractions prevent joint damage by controlling the rapid deceleration forces.

HMS, BM EQ-Bank 830

Compare and contrast the characteristics and functions of slow-twitch and fast-twitch muscle fibres in relation to different sporting activities. (5 marks)

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Similarities:

Both fibre types
- exist in all skeletal muscles, working together for varied movement demands.
- contract through the sliding action of actin and myosin filaments.
- can be trained to improve performance within their genetic limitations.
- contribute to overall muscle function, with most activities requiring some combination of each type.

Differences:

Structure:
- Slow-twitch fibres contain abundant mitochondria and capillaries, appearing red from high myoglobin content.
- Fast-twitch fibres have fewer mitochondria and limited blood supply, appearing white.
Energy systems:
- Slow-twitch fibres use aerobic metabolism efficiently for sustained energy.
- Fast-twitch fibres rely on anaerobic pathways for rapid ATP production.
Contraction characteristics:
- Slow-twitch fibres contract slowly but resist fatigue for hours.
- Fast-twitch fibres generate explosive force but fatigue within seconds.
Sporting applications:
- Marathon runners and cyclists benefit from predominant slow-twitch fibres for endurance events.
- Sprinters and weightlifters require fast-twitch dominance for power and speed.
- Team sports like soccer utilise both – slow-twitch for continuous running, fast-twitch for sprinting and jumping.
Training adaptations:
- Endurance training enhances slow-twitch oxidative capacity.
- Power training increases fast-twitch force production, though fibre type proportions remain largely genetic.

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Sample Answer

Similarities:

Both fibre types
- exist in all skeletal muscles, working together for varied movement demands.
- contract through the sliding action of actin and myosin filaments.
- can be trained to improve performance within their genetic limitations.
- contribute to overall muscle function, with most activities requiring some combination of each type.

Differences:

Structure:
- Slow-twitch fibres contain abundant mitochondria and capillaries, appearing red from high myoglobin content.
- Fast-twitch fibres have fewer mitochondria and limited blood supply, appearing white.
Energy systems:
- Slow-twitch fibres use aerobic metabolism efficiently for sustained energy.
- Fast-twitch fibres rely on anaerobic pathways for rapid ATP production.
Contraction characteristics:
- Slow-twitch fibres contract slowly but resist fatigue for hours.
- Fast-twitch fibres generate explosive force but fatigue within seconds.
Sporting applications:
- Marathon runners and cyclists benefit from predominant slow-twitch fibres for endurance events.
- Sprinters and weightlifters require fast-twitch dominance for power and speed.
- Team sports like soccer utilise both – slow-twitch for continuous running, fast-twitch for sprinting and jumping.
Training adaptations:
- Endurance training enhances slow-twitch oxidative capacity.
- Power training increases fast-twitch force production, though fibre type proportions remain largely genetic.

HMS, BM EQ-Bank 828 MC

A marathon runner is more likely to have a higher percentage of which type of muscle fibres in their leg muscles?

Fast-twitch fibres
Slow-twitch fibres
Intermediate fibres
Explosive fibres

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$B$

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B is correct: Slow-twitch fibres have greater endurance for marathon running.

Other Options:

A is incorrect: Fast-twitch fibres suit short, explosive activities
C is incorrect: Not a standard muscle fibre classification
D is incorrect: Not a standard muscle fibre classification

HMS, BM EQ-Bank 827

Explain how major muscles in the upper body work together to perform an overhead throw. (5 marks)

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During the wind-up phase, latissimus dorsi and posterior deltoids contract to pull the arm backward into extension. This action stretches the anterior muscles (pectorals, anterior deltoid), creating stored elastic energy. Meanwhile, the external rotators position the shoulder in external rotation. As a result, the throwing arm is optimally positioned for force generation.
Core muscles initiate the forward phase through trunk rotation. Obliques and rectus abdominis contract to rotate the trunk toward the target. This rotation generates the initial force that will transfer up the kinetic chain.
Subsequently, pectoralis major and anterior deltoid contract powerfully. These muscles accelerate the arm forward through horizontal adduction and flexion. At the same time, rotator cuff muscles (supraspinatus, infraspinatus) stabilise the shoulder joint, preventing injury during rapid movement.
Finally, the triceps contracts explosively to extend the elbow at release. This final extension adds velocity to the ball. Therefore, coordinated muscle activation from core to fingertips enables powerful, accurate throwing.

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Sample Answer

During the wind-up phase, latissimus dorsi and posterior deltoids contract to pull the arm backward into extension. This action stretches the anterior muscles (pectorals, anterior deltoid), creating stored elastic energy. Meanwhile, the external rotators position the shoulder in external rotation. As a result, the throwing arm is optimally positioned for force generation.
Core muscles initiate the forward phase through trunk rotation. Obliques and rectus abdominis contract to rotate the trunk toward the target. This rotation generates the initial force that will transfer up the kinetic chain.
Subsequently, pectoralis major and anterior deltoid contract powerfully. These muscles accelerate the arm forward through horizontal adduction and flexion. At the same time, rotator cuff muscles (supraspinatus, infraspinatus) stabilise the shoulder joint, preventing injury during rapid movement.
Finally, the triceps contracts explosively to extend the elbow at release. This final extension adds velocity to the ball. Therefore, coordinated muscle activation from core to fingertips enables powerful, accurate throwing.

HMS, BM EQ-Bank 823

How do flexion and extension at different joints coordinate during the action of throwing a ball? (5 marks)

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During the wind-up phase, the shoulder extends while the elbow flexes. This backward positioning creates muscle pre-stretch, storing elastic energy. Simultaneously, trunk rotation begins toward the non-throwing side. These coordinated actions prepare the body for explosive forward movement.
The acceleration phase begins with trunk rotation toward the target. This rotation generates the initial force for the throw. Following this, the shoulder rapidly flexes, bringing the arm forward. As the shoulder moves, the elbow remains flexed, keeping the ball behind the head.
Next, the elbow extends powerfully while the shoulder continues flexing. This sequential action transfers momentum from proximal to distal segments. The wrist remains cocked back until the final moment.
Finally, wrist flexion occurs at ball release. This last action adds final velocity to the ball. Throughout the sequence, each joint’s timing is crucial – premature extension would reduce force, while delayed extension would limit velocity. Therefore, precise coordination of flexion and extension enables maximum throwing power.

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Sample Answer

During the wind-up phase, the shoulder extends while the elbow flexes. This backward positioning creates muscle pre-stretch, storing elastic energy. Simultaneously, trunk rotation begins toward the non-throwing side. These coordinated actions prepare the body for explosive forward movement.
The acceleration phase begins with trunk rotation toward the target. This rotation generates the initial force for the throw. Following this, the shoulder rapidly flexes, bringing the arm forward. As the shoulder moves, the elbow remains flexed, keeping the ball behind the head.
Next, the elbow extends powerfully while the shoulder continues flexing. This sequential action transfers momentum from proximal to distal segments. The wrist remains cocked back until the final moment.
Finally, wrist flexion occurs at ball release. This last action adds final velocity to the ball. Throughout the sequence, each joint’s timing is crucial – premature extension would reduce force, while delayed extension would limit velocity. Therefore, precise coordination of flexion and extension enables maximum throwing power.

HMS, BM EQ-Bank 820

Explain how the structure of the pelvic girdle and hip joint contributes to its function in weight-bearing and movement. (5 marks)

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The pelvic girdle consists of fused bones (ilium, ischium, pubis) forming a strong bowl shape. This fusion creates a rigid structure that effectively supports upper body weight. Because the bones are thick and dense, they can withstand compressive forces during standing and walking.
The bowl shape distributes weight evenly to both legs. As a result, forces are balanced during single-leg stance in walking. Multiple muscle attachment points on the pelvis enable powerful leg movements. Therefore, the structure serves dual functions of stability and movement.
The hip joint features a deep ball-and-socket design. The acetabulum (socket) is deep and surrounds much of the femoral head. This depth provides inherent stability while still allowing multi-directional movement.
Short, strong ligaments reinforce the joint. These structures prevent dislocation during weight-bearing while permitting the range of motion needed for locomotion. Consequently, the hip joint achieves an optimal balance between mobility for movement and stability for supporting body weight.

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Sample Answer

The pelvic girdle consists of fused bones (ilium, ischium, pubis) forming a strong bowl shape. This fusion creates a rigid structure that effectively supports upper body weight. Because the bones are thick and dense, they can withstand compressive forces during standing and walking.
The bowl shape distributes weight evenly to both legs. As a result, forces are balanced during single-leg stance in walking. Multiple muscle attachment points on the pelvis enable powerful leg movements. Therefore, the structure serves dual functions of stability and movement.
The hip joint features a deep ball-and-socket design. The acetabulum (socket) is deep and surrounds much of the femoral head. This depth provides inherent stability while still allowing multi-directional movement.
Short, strong ligaments reinforce the joint. These structures prevent dislocation during weight-bearing while permitting the range of motion needed for locomotion. Consequently, the hip joint achieves an optimal balance between mobility for movement and stability for supporting body weight.

HMS, BM EQ-Bank 817 MC

Which of the following correctly identifies the bones that form the elbow joint?

Humerus, radius and ulna
Radius, ulna and carpals
Scapula, humerus and radius
Humerus, radius and carpals

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$A$

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A is correct: The elbow joint consists of humerus, radius and ulna.

Other Options:

B and D are incorrect: Carpals are wrist bones
C is incorrect: Scapula is part of the shoulder joint

HMS, BM EQ-Bank 814

Explain the structure and function of tendons in relation to joint movement. (5 marks)

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Sample Answer

Tendons are tough, inelastic cords of fibrous connective tissue that connect muscles to bones. This fibrous composition enables them to withstand tremendous pulling forces during muscle contractions. Because of their inelastic nature, tendons ensure direct force transmission without energy loss.
When muscles contract, they pull on tendons, which then pull on bones across joints. This creates movement at the joint. For example, the Achilles tendon transfers force from calf muscles to the heel bone, enabling powerful push-off during running.
Tendons cross joints strategically, which allows them to guide movement direction. Working together with ligaments, they maintain joint stability during motion. As a result, joints can move precisely without excessive deviation.
The positioning of tendons around joints determines movement patterns. In the fingers, multiple tendons create complex movements for fine motor control. Therefore, tendon structure and placement enable both powerful movements and delicate precision tasks.

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Sample Answer

Tendons are tough, inelastic cords of fibrous connective tissue that connect muscles to bones. This fibrous composition enables them to withstand tremendous pulling forces during muscle contractions. Because of their inelastic nature, tendons ensure direct force transmission without energy loss.
When muscles contract, they pull on tendons, which then pull on bones across joints. This creates movement at the joint. For example, the Achilles tendon transfers force from calf muscles to the heel bone, enabling powerful push-off during running.
Tendons cross joints strategically, which allows them to guide movement direction. Working together with ligaments, they maintain joint stability during motion. As a result, joints can move precisely without excessive deviation.
The positioning of tendons around joints determines movement patterns. In the fingers, multiple tendons create complex movements for fine motor control. Therefore, tendon structure and placement enable both powerful movements and delicate precision tasks.

\(\dfrac{T_2}{\sin 60}\)	\(=\dfrac{F_w}{\sin 80}\)
\(T_2\)	\(=\dfrac{19.6}{\sin 80} \times \sin 60\)
	\(=17.2\ \text{N}\)

\(\displaystyle \int_0^6\abs{x-2}dx\)	\(=\operatorname{Shaded \ Area}\)
	\(=\dfrac{1}{2}(2 \times 2)+\dfrac{1}{2}(4 \times 4)\)
	\(=10\)

	\(X + X \times 0.1\)	\(= 275\)
	\(1.1X\)	\(= 275\)
	\(X\)	\(= 250\)