When an alternating current is passed through coil
How could a bar magnet be used, instead of coil A, to produce a similar pattern on the oscilloscope? (2 marks)
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When an alternating current is passed through coil
How could a bar magnet be used, instead of coil A, to produce a similar pattern on the oscilloscope? (2 marks)
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Answers could include one of the following:
→ Move the bar magnet repeatedly towards and away from the end of coil
→ Rotate the bar magnet in the plane of the page.
→ Any other motion which induces an oscillating voltage in coil
Answers could include one of the following:
→ Move the bar magnet repeatedly towards and away from the end of coil
→ Rotate the bar magnet in the plane of the page.
→ Any other motion which induces an oscillating voltage in coil
Which movement of the magnet(s) will produce the greatest deflection of the galvanometer?
→ A larger induced current will produce greater deflection of the galvanometer.
→ The induced current is proportional to the total rate of change of magnetic flux through the coil.
→ The faster the movement of the magnet, the greater the rate of change of flux.
The diagram shows two parallel charged plates
What is the magnitude of the electric field between the plates in
Some mobile phones are recharged at a power point using a charger that contains a transformer.
What is the purpose of the transformer?
→ Transformers cannot convert AC to DC or vice versa, they only change the voltage.
→ As transmission voltages are incredibly high in order to decrease power loss, transformers in the home decrease voltages to a level safe for devices to use.
The escape velocity from a planet is given by
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a.
b. Applying the law of conservation of energy:
→ The object’s initial mechanical energy must equal its final mechanical energy.
→ The escape velocity is the minimum velocity required for an object to escape from a central mass and never return.
→ As an object reaches an infinite distance away,
→ When an object has just enough speed to escape, its final speed is zero, hence,
→ It follows
→ Which is independent of the object’s mass.
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b. Applying the law of conservation of energy:
→ The object’s initial mechanical energy must equal its final mechanical energy.
→ The escape velocity is the minimum velocity required for an object to escape from a central mass and never return.
→ As an object reaches an infinite distance away,
→ When an object has just enough speed to escape, its final speed is zero, hence,
→ It follows
→ Which is independent of the object’s mass.
A satellite orbits Earth with an elliptical orbit that passes through positions
Which row of the table correctly identifies the position at which the satellite has greater kinetic energy and the position at which it has greater potential energy?
→
→ As it moves towards
Which of the following is an inertial frame of reference?
→ An inertial frame of reference is one which is not accelerating.
The radius of the moon is 1740 km. The moon's mass is
A 20 kg mass is launched vertically from the moon's surface at a velocity of
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a. Proof (See Worked Solutions)
b.
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Contemporary aircraft construction includes the use of alloys and composite materials.
Which of the following statements is NOT true for composite materials used in aircraft?
→ Composite materials have high corrosion resistance and strength to weight ratios.
→ They can also be made into complex shapes, however, they are far more expensive than other materials.
The table below shows the distances, in kilometres, between a number of towns.
Each number from 1 to 30 is written on a separate card. The 30 cards are shuffled. A game is played where one of these cards is selected at random. Each card is equally likely to be selected.
Ezra is playing the game, and wins if the card selected shows an odd number between 20 and 30.
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a.
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Yeast is a single-celled fungus that can reproduce by budding.
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a. Asexual.
b. Steps of procedure:
a. Asexual.
b. Steps of procedure:
The floor plan of a home unit has been drawn to scale.
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a.
b.
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A water tank holds 6000 litres when full.
The tank is full when water starts to flow out of it at a constant rate of 3 litres per minute until the tank is empty.
Which expression represents the volume (
A direction field is to be drawn for the differential equation
On the diagram, clearly draw the correct slopes of the direction field at the points
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Let
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ii.
iii.
iv.
v.
The following DNA base sequence is used to code for a sequence of four amino acids.
Which of the following correctly represents the anticodons on the transfer RNA during synthesis of this string of amino acids?
By Elimination:
→ RNA has Uracil (U) in replace of Thymine (T) (eliminate C and D).
→ The DNA segment above must be copied into mRNA with complementary bases (with U replacing T), then anticodons on tRNA have complementary bases again. Therefore the tRNA associated with he DNA segment above will be the same with U instead of T.
→
The following apparatus was used in an experiment to determine the molar enthalpy of combustion of ethanol.
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a.
b. Improvement to experiment accuracy (one of many possible answers):
→ The molar enthalpy of combustion measured in the experiment was not very accurate due to heat being lost to the surroundings.
→ To improve the accuracy, it would be helpful to move the spirit burner closer to the beaker to reduce heat loss.
a. | ||
b. Improvement to experiment accuracy (one of many possible answers):
→ The molar enthalpy of combustion measured in the experiment was not very accurate due to heat being lost to the surroundings.
→ To improve the accuracy, it would be helpful to move the spirit burner closer to the beaker to reduce heat loss.
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a. Successful answers should have one of the following:
b. Functional Group isomers
→ Both isomers have the same number and type of atoms, but they have different arrangements of those atoms and therefore have different functional groups.
→ Isomer A has a ketone functional group, while isomer B has an aldehyde functional group.
c. Tollens’ Test:
→ The Tollens’ test can be used to differentiate between Isomer A (a ketone) and Isomer B (an aldehyde).
→ Isomer B will be readily oxidised to a carboxylic acid, whereas isomer A will not.
→ As a result, Isomer B will reduce the silver-ions in Tollens’ reagent to form a silver mirror inside the test tube, while Isomer A will not react.
a. Successful answers should have one of the following:
b. Functional Group isomers
→ Both isomers have the same number and type of atoms, but they have different arrangements of those atoms and therefore have different functional groups.
→ Isomer A has a ketone functional group, while isomer B has an aldehyde functional group.
c. Tollens’ Test:
→ The Tollens’ test can be used to differentiate between Isomer A (a ketone) and Isomer B (an aldehyde).
→ Isomer B will be readily oxidised to a carboxylic acid, whereas isomer A will not.
→ As a result, Isomer B will reduce the silver-ions in Tollens’ reagent to form a silver mirror inside the test tube, while Isomer A will not react.
At equilibrium, a 1.00 L vessel contains 0.0430 mol of
Which of the following is closest to the value of the equilibrium constant,
A group of four students set out to determine the animal species diversity over an area of one hectare in each of five different habitats. Each student graphed their data as shown.
Which of the graphs produced is the most suitable to represent animal species diversity in the different habitats?
By Elimination:
→ The data type is categorical, and a line graph / area under line graph would not be suited (eliminate C and D).
→ A (and D) refers to the number of animals rather than number of species (eliminate A)
→ A column graph is the best graph to show the numerical value of species counts in each category, and would therefore be the most effective way to show this data.
What does the body produce in response to a vaccine?
→ The vaccine promotes an immune response, thus producing antibodies.
Which class of organic compound must contain at least three carbon atoms?
Consider each option
→ Aldehydes can form methanal (1 carbon atom – eliminate)
→ Alkenes can form ethene (2 carbon atoms – eliminate)
→ Carboxylic acids can form methanoic acid (1 carbon atom – eliminate)
→ Ketones can for propanone (3 carbon atoms)
The diagram represents the titration curve for a reaction between a particular acid and a particular base.
Which indicator would be best for this titration?
→ The pH range at which isopicramic acid exhibits a colour change includes the point at which the acid and base react in equal amounts (equivalence point), which is at approximately pH 5.
→ The colour change can be used to identify when the equivalence point has been reached in a titration.
Which of the following metal carbonates has the highest molar solubility?
→ Calcium carbonate has the greatest solubility product among the listed metal carbonates.
→ Since all of these metal carbonates release the same amount of ions in solutions, their solubility products can be directly compared to determine which substance is most soluble.
Which of the following is an Arrhenius base?
Arrhenius bases produce
A uniformly distributed load is applied to a simply supported beam.
Which of the following is the correct shear force diagram for this load?
→ A uniformly distributed load displays a linear shear force diagram, moving from positive to negative.
Which of the following manufacturing methods can be used to produce complex polymer components?
By Elimination:
→ Sand casting and lost wax casting are for metals, so not
→ Blow moulding can only make simple hollow shapes (eliminate
What is the main purpose of the flaps on the wings of an aircraft?
→ The purpose of the flaps is to generate more lift at lower speeds.
→ This enables aircraft to fly at greatly reduced speeds with a lower risk of stalling.
A new vaccine against an infectious disease was developed. The effectiveness of the vaccine in preventing infection in humans was plotted over time in three different age groups.
Which of the following is a valid conclusion that can be drawn from the data in the graph?
The graph shows that the vaccine has a lower effectiveness against infection for people aged over 65 than for the younger age groups over the whole period.
Data for incidence of notifiable infectious diseases in Australia are shown in the table.
Which type of graph should be chosen to best represent these data?
A column graph would be the most appropriate as the diseases are divided into categories.
The diagram shows the response to an injury in a human.
What is the response shown?
→ Warmth, redness, swelling and pain are all characteristics of inflammation.
What type of protein is formed in response to a pathogen?
→ Antibodies are the defensive proteins made by plasma B cells in response to a pathogen.
A healthy person in a hot environment measures their body temperature to be 38.0°C.
Which of the following might occur in this person?
Vasodilation is the widening of blood vessels, which brings heat to the skin’s surface where it is lost to the environment.
What is the main purpose of applying a polymer coating to a copper telecommunications cable?
→ Polymers have extremely low conductivity and are commonly used for insulating wires.
Excess solid calcium hydroxide is added to a beaker containing 0.100 L of 2.00 mol L¯1 hydrochloric acid and the mixture is allowed to come to equilibrium.
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a.
b.
a.
b.
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a. Using Newton’s Third Law:
→ The force of gravity of the Earth on the moon is equal in magnitude and opposite in direction to the force of gravity exerted on Earth by the moon.
b. Comparison of mass:
→ The mass of the person on both Earth and the moon is 70 kg.
Comparison of weight:
→ The weight of the person on Earth is given by
→ The weight of the person on the moon is given by
→ The persons weight on Earth is greater than it is on the moon.
a. Using Newton’s Third Law:
→ The force of gravity of the Earth on the moon is equal in magnitude and opposite in direction to the force of gravity exerted on Earth by the moon.
b. Comparison of mass:
→ The mass of the person on both Earth and the moon is 70 kg.
Comparison of weight:
→ The weight of the person on Earth is given by
→ The weight of the person on the moon is given by
→ The persons weight on Earth is greater than it is on the moon.
The diagram shows a current-carrying conductor in a magnetic field.
What is the magnitude of the force on the conductor?
Nitric oxide gas (
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a.
b. → From the graph, the forward reaction is endothermic.
→ The activation energy of the forward endothermic reaction is greater than the activation energy of the reverse exothermic reaction.
→ An increase in temperature would cause the rates of both the forward and reverse reaction due to the higher average kinetic energy, resulting in a larger likelihood of a successful collisions.
→ However, the rate of the forward reaction would increase to a higher extent than the reverse reaction, since it is an endothermic reaction.
→ Using
a.
b. → From the graph, the forward reaction is endothermic.
→ The activation energy of the forward endothermic reaction is greater than the activation energy of the reverse exothermic reaction.
→ An increase in temperature would cause the rates of both the forward and reverse reaction due to the higher average kinetic energy, resulting in a larger likelihood of a successful collisions.
→ However, the rate of the forward reaction would increase to a higher extent than the reverse reaction, since it is an endothermic reaction.
→ Using
An indicator of kidney function is the volume of filtrate formed at the glomerulus in 1 minute (GFR).
A patient's kidney function was monitored and the following data recorded.
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a. & b.
c. → Kidneys that lose function cannot remove urea from the blood.
→ In dialysis, blood is passed through a permeable dialysis tube in which fluid around the tube called dialysate, which has a similar composition to blood with no urea present, flows the opposite way.
→ Through the concentration gradient, urea is removed from the blood (where it has high concentration) to the dialysate (low concentration).
a. & b.
c. → Kidneys that lose function cannot remove urea from the blood.
→ In dialysis, blood is passed through a permeable dialysis tube in which fluid around the tube called dialysate, which has a similar composition to blood with no urea present, flows the opposite way.
→ Through the concentration gradient, urea is removed from the blood (where it has high concentration) to the dialysate (low concentration).
Which indicator in the table would be best for distinguishing between a face cleanser (pH = 5.0) and a soap (pH = 9.0)?
→ The phenol red would be yellow for face cleanser (pH of 5.0) and red for soap (pH of 9.0).
→ The other indicators would give off the same colour for both.
The enthalpies of combustion of four alcohols were determined in a school laboratory.
The results are shown in the table.
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a.
From interpolating the graph, the enthalpy of combustion of butan-1-ol is –2120 kJ mol ¯1.
b. Heat loss to the surroundings.
→ The school’s results are lower in magnitude than the published values because heat is lost to the surroundings, making the measured change in temperature smaller.
Other possible answers:
→ Incomplete combustion
→ Temperature change will be reduced if combustion is incomplete as less heat is released. Enthalpy of combustion will be lower as a result.
a.
From interpolating the graph, the enthalpy of combustion of butan-1-ol is –2120 kJ mol ¯1.
b. Heat loss to the surroundings.
→ The school’s results are lower in magnitude than the published values because heat is lost to the surroundings, making the measured change in temperature smaller.
Other possible answers:
→ Incomplete combustion
→ Temperature change will be reduced if combustion is incomplete as less heat is released. Enthalpy of combustion will be lower as a result.
A bottle labelled 'propanol' contains one of two isomers of propanol.
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a. Isomer 1:
Isomer 2:
b. Identifying isomers with
→ this can be used to identify the isomers in the bottle because they show a different number of signals which helps deduce the carbon environment.
→ Propan-1-ol contains 3
c.
a. Isomer 1:
Isomer 2:
b. Identifying isomers with
→ this can be used to identify the isomers in the bottle because they show a different number of signals which helps deduce the carbon environment.
→ Propan-1-ol contains 3
c.
Consider the following system which is at equilibrium in a rigid, sealed container.
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a. The amount of
b. Catalyst affect on equilibrium:
→ A catalyst lowers the activation energy and equally increases the rate of both the forward and reverse reactions.
→ As a result, there is no net change in equilibrium, and thus the equilibrium position remains unchanged.
c. If
→ This would cause the reverse reaction to decrease because there would be a lower likelihood of successful collisions between
→ As a result, the forward reaction rate is greater than the reverse reaction rate, thus, the equilibrium would shift to the right, causing
→ As the equilibrium is shifting to the right, the forward reaction rate decreases, whilst the reverse reaction rate increases, until they reach equilibrium.
→ At equilibrium, the concentration of all substances remain constant.
a. The amount of
b. Catalyst affect on equilibrium:
→ A catalyst lowers the activation energy and equally increases the rate of both the forward and reverse reactions.
→ As a result, there is no net change in equilibrium, and thus the equilibrium position remains unchanged.
c. If
→ This would cause the reverse reaction to decrease because there would be a lower likelihood of successful collisions between
→ As a result, the forward reaction rate is greater than the reverse reaction rate, thus, the equilibrium would shift to the right, causing
→ As the equilibrium is shifting to the right, the forward reaction rate decreases, whilst the reverse reaction rate increases, until they reach equilibrium.
→ At equilibrium, the concentration of all substances remain constant.
The following equation describes an equilibrium reaction.
Identify ONE base and its conjugate acid in the above equation. (2 marks)
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Possible answers:
Possible answers:
Prop-1-ene reacts with
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Consider the equation
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i.
ii.
iii.
What is the structure of
Drawing out the condensed structural formula matches the structure in A.
Which pair of ions can be distinguished using a flame test in the school laboratory?
By elimination:
→ Silver and Magnesium do not emit visible wavelengths of light. (A is incorrect)}
→ The flame test only works on metals (C is incorrect)
→ Ions of the same element but different oxidation states cannot be distinguished using the flame test (D is incorrect)
→ In a flame test
Which of the following features is NOT a characteristic of a state of equilibrium?
The concentration of the reactants and products remains constant but is not required to be equal at equilibrium.
What term is used to define the repeating unit of a polymer?
Polymers are made of repeating units called monomers.
Using partial fractions, evaluate
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A particle with mass 1 kg is moving along the
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i.
ii. | ||
A particle is moving in a straight line with acceleration
What is the position of the particle when it reaches its maximum velocity? (3 marks)
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Using the substitution
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Let
The line
Find the equation of the line
Consider the following equilibrium system.
The solution is orange.
Justify TWO ways to shift the equilibrium to the left to change the colour of the solution. (3 marks)
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Answers could include two of the following methods.
Add
→ This would increase the concentration of
→ According to Le Chatelier’s Principle, this would cause the equilibrium to shift left to counteract the change and decrease the concentration of
Decrease the concentration of
→ This would decrease the concentration of
→ According to Le Chatelier’s Principle, this would cause the equilibrium to shift left to counteract the change and increase the concentration of
Increase the temperature:
→ According to Le Chatelier’s Principle, this would cause the equilibrium to shift left towards the endothermic side to counteract the change and decrease the temperature.
Answers could include two of the following methods.
Add
→ This would increase the concentration of
→ According to Le Chatelier’s Principle, this would cause the equilibrium to shift left to counteract the change and decrease the concentration of
Decrease the concentration of
→ This would decrease the concentration of
→ According to Le Chatelier’s Principle, this would cause the equilibrium to shift left to counteract the change and increase the concentration of
Increase the temperature:
→ According to Le Chatelier’s Principle, this would cause the equilibrium to shift left towards the endothermic side to counteract the change and decrease the temperature.
Four organic liquids are used in an experiment. The four liquids are
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a. A safety concern is that the organic liquids are flammable.
To address this, keep substance away from open flames and keep away from ignition sources.
b. Flask 1: propanoic acid (carboxylic acids can’t be oxidised and are polar)
Flask 2: hex-1-ene (alkenes can be oxidised and are non-polar)
Flask 3: propan-1-ol (primary alcohols can be oxidised and are polar)
Flask 4: hexane (alkanes don’t react with acidified oxidants and are non-polar)
c. Hex-1-ene
→ Could be identified using the bromine water test.
→ The addition of brown bromine water to an alkene causes an addition reaction where the solution changes colours from brown to colourless.
Propanoic acid
→ Could be identified through a neutralisation reaction using
→ Effervescent reaction will result.
Propan-1-ol
→ Could be identified through an oxidation reaction using acidified dichromate.
→ The reaction would cause the solution to change from green to orange.
a. A safety concern is that the organic liquids are flammable.
To address this, keep substance away from open flames and keep away from ignition sources.
b. Flask 1: propanoic acid (carboxylic acids can’t be oxidised and are polar)
Flask 2: hex-1-ene (alkenes can be oxidised and are non-polar)
Flask 3: propan-1-ol (primary alcohols can be oxidised and are polar)
Flask 4: hexane (alkanes don’t react with acidified oxidants and are non-polar)
c. Hex-1-ene
→ Could be identified using the bromine water test.
→ The addition of brown bromine water to an alkene causes an addition reaction where the solution changes colours from brown to colourless.
Propanoic acid
→ Could be identified through a neutralisation reaction using
→ Effervescent reaction will result.
Propan-1-ol
→ Could be identified through an oxidation reaction using acidified dichromate.
→ The reaction would cause the solution to change from green to orange.
A triangle is formed in three-dimensional space with vertices
Find the size of
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