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HMS, BM EQ-Bank 812

Analyse how different components of the skeletal system work together to enable efficient movement while maintaining stability.   (8 marks)

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Sample Answer

Overview Statement

  • The skeletal system comprises bones, ligaments, cartilage and synovial joints that interact to create a balance between movement capability and structural stability.
  • These components work together through precise structural arrangements.

Component Relationship 1

  • Bones and ligaments form an interdependent relationship at joints.
  • Bones provide rigid levers for muscle attachment, while ligaments connect these bones with controlled flexibility.
  • This interaction enables joints to move within safe ranges.
  • At the knee, the femur and tibia are linked by cruciate ligaments that prevent excessive rotation yet allow flexion for walking.
  • The pattern shows that ligament length and strength directly influence the joint’s movement range.
  • Consequently, this bone-ligament relationship determines both stability and mobility parameters.

Component Relationship 2

  • Synovial joint structures work together to reduce friction during movement.
  • Articular cartilage combines with synovial fluid to create a low-friction environment.
  • This interaction leads to efficient energy use during repetitive movements.
  • During running, increased synovial fluid production responds to joint loading, providing enhanced cushioning when needed most.
  • This reveals how the system adapts to movement demands dynamically.

Implications and Synthesis

  • These relationships mean that skeletal system efficiency depends on all components functioning optimally.
  • Damaged cartilage affects fluid distribution, which impacts movement smoothness.
  • Therefore, the integrated nature requires comprehensive care – maintaining ligament flexibility, cartilage health, and adequate synovial fluid.
  • The significance is that movement efficiency and joint longevity rely on this complex interplay.
Show Worked Solution

Sample Answer

Overview Statement

  • The skeletal system comprises bones, ligaments, cartilage and synovial joints that interact to create a balance between movement capability and structural stability.
  • These components work together through precise structural arrangements.

Component Relationship 1

  • Bones and ligaments form an interdependent relationship at joints.
  • Bones provide rigid levers for muscle attachment, while ligaments connect these bones with controlled flexibility.
  • This interaction enables joints to move within safe ranges.
  • At the knee, the femur and tibia are linked by cruciate ligaments that prevent excessive rotation yet allow flexion for walking.
  • The pattern shows that ligament length and strength directly influence the joint’s movement range.
  • Consequently, this bone-ligament relationship determines both stability and mobility parameters.

Component Relationship 2

  • Synovial joint structures work together to reduce friction during movement.
  • Articular cartilage combines with synovial fluid to create a low-friction environment.
  • This interaction leads to efficient energy use during repetitive movements.
  • During running, increased synovial fluid production responds to joint loading, providing enhanced cushioning when needed most.
  • This reveals how the system adapts to movement demands dynamically.

Implications and Synthesis

  • These relationships mean that skeletal system efficiency depends on all components functioning optimally.
  • Damaged cartilage affects fluid distribution, which impacts movement smoothness.
  • Therefore, the integrated nature requires comprehensive care – maintaining ligament flexibility, cartilage health, and adequate synovial fluid.
  • The significance is that movement efficiency and joint longevity rely on this complex interplay.

HMS, BM EQ-Bank 811

Explain the relationship between the structure of a synovial joint and its ability to facilitate movement.   (5 marks)

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Sample Answer

  • Synovial joints contain specialised structures that enable smooth movement between bones. The joint cavity filled with synovial fluid acts as a lubricant. This reduces friction between articulating surfaces, allowing bones to glide freely. During vigorous movement, additional fluid is pumped into the joint space. Consequently, cushioning increases when forces are greatest.
  • Articular cartilage covers bone ends within the joint. This smooth surface works with synovial fluid to minimise friction further. As a result, bones can move repeatedly without wearing down. In weight-bearing joints, cartilage is thicker, which provides extra shock absorption.
  • The joint capsule and ligaments offer controlled flexibility. These structures create a balance between stability and mobility. For instance, ball-and-socket joints have loose capsules, enabling multi-directional movement. In contrast, hinge joints have tight ligaments, restricting movement to one plane.
  • Therefore, each structural component contributes to movement facilitation while maintaining joint integrity.
Show Worked Solution

Sample Answer

  • Synovial joints contain specialised structures that enable smooth movement between bones. The joint cavity filled with synovial fluid acts as a lubricant. This reduces friction between articulating surfaces, allowing bones to glide freely. During vigorous movement, additional fluid is pumped into the joint space. Consequently, cushioning increases when forces are greatest.
  • Articular cartilage covers bone ends within the joint. This smooth surface works with synovial fluid to minimise friction further. As a result, bones can move repeatedly without wearing down. In weight-bearing joints, cartilage is thicker, which provides extra shock absorption.
  • The joint capsule and ligaments offer controlled flexibility. These structures create a balance between stability and mobility. For instance, ball-and-socket joints have loose capsules, enabling multi-directional movement. In contrast, hinge joints have tight ligaments, restricting movement to one plane.
  • Therefore, each structural component contributes to movement facilitation while maintaining joint integrity.

HMS, BM EQ-Bank 807 MC

A basketballer drops to the floor after landing awkwardly on her foot. The doctor diagnoses a torn structure that connects bone to bone in her ankle. Which structure is most likely injured?

  1. Tendon
  2. Synovial fluid
  3. Ligament
  4. Articular cartilage
Show Answers Only

\(C\)

Show Worked Solution
  • C is correct. Ligaments connect bone to bone and can tear when overstretched.

Other Options:

  • A is incorrect: Tendons connect muscle to bone
  • B is incorrect: Synovial fluid is a lubricant, not a connecting structure
  • D is incorrect: Cartilage covers bone ends, doesn’t connect bones

v1 Financial Maths, STD2 F1 2007 HSC 26b

Isla is in her third year working as a freelance photographer.

  1. Isla purchased photography equipment for $4200.
  2. After 3 years it has depreciated to $3150 using the straight-line method.  
  3. Calculate the rate of depreciation per year as a percentage.   (2 marks)

  4. Isla earns $760 per week. Calculate her taxable income for this year if the only allowable deduction is the amount of depreciation of her photography equipment in the third year of use.   (1 mark)

  5. Use this tax table to calculate Isla’s tax payable.  (2 marks)

    Taxable income Tax payable
    $0 − $11 000 Nil
    $11 001 − $42 400 20 cents for each $1 over $11 000
    $42 401 − $78 800 $6280 plus 33 cents for each $1 over $42 400
    $78 801 − $108 400 $18 292 plus `X` cents for each $1 over $78 800
    $108 401 and over $31 316 plus 48 cents for each $1 over $108 400

Show Answers Only
  1. `text(8.3%)`
  2. `$38\ 790`
  3. `$5563.00`
Show Worked Solution
i.    `S = V_0 - Dn`
  `S = $3150,\ \ \ V_0 = 4200,\ \ \ n = 3`
`3150` `= 4200 - D xx 3`
`3D` `= 1050`
`D` `= $350`

 

`:.\ \text{Rate of depreciation per year}`

`= 350 / 4200 xx 100`

`= 8.3 \text{(%)}`

ii.    `\text{Income per year}` `= 52 xx 760`
    `= $39\ 520`
`\text{Taxable income}` `= \text{Income - Deduction}`
  `= 39\ 520-350`
  `= $38\ 790`
iii.    `\text{Tax payable}` `= 0.2(38\,790-11\,000)`
    `= 0.2 xx 27\,790`
    `= $5558.00`

HMS, HIC EQ-Bank 033

Evaluate the ways that cultural background influences an individual's understanding of "good health" and their health behaviours.   (8 marks)

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Evaluation Statement

  • Cultural background partially meets the criteria for positively influencing health understanding and behaviours.
  • This evaluation examines cultural values alignment and the effectiveness of cultural health practices.

Cultural Values Alignment

  • Traditional cultures strongly meet social health needs through community-focused approaches.
  • Evidence supporting this includes Mediterranean and Asian cultures prioritising family meals and collective wellbeing.
  • However, these same cultures often fail to achieve individual mental health recognition.
  • For example, stigma around depression in many traditional communities prevents help-seeking.
  • While superior for social connections, cultural values show limitations in addressing personal psychological needs.
  • Overall, cultural values demonstrate mixed effectiveness depending on the health dimension.

Health Practice Effectiveness

  • Cultural health practices show highly variable outcomes.
  • Mediterranean diets prove highly effective with research confirming reduced heart disease rates.
  • Traditional Chinese medicine’s exercise practices like tai chi strongly meet physical health goals.
  • Conversely, some cultural remedies prove ineffective or harmful.
  • For example, relying solely on prayer healing fails to achieve treatment for serious conditions.
  • The evidence indicates that cultural practices range from optimal to insufficient based on scientific validation.

Final Evaluation

  • Weighing these factors shows cultural background has moderate effectiveness in shaping health understanding. The strengths outweigh the weaknesses when cultures adapt to include evidence-based approaches.
  • Although effective for building social support and dietary habits, cultural frameworks prove less suitable for emergency medical needs.
  • The overall evaluation demonstrates that cultural influence works best when balanced with modern health knowledge.
  • Optimal outcomes require integrating valuable traditions with contemporary healthcare access.

Show Worked Solution

Sample Answer:

Evaluation Statement

  • Cultural background partially meets the criteria for positively influencing health understanding and behaviours.
  • This evaluation examines cultural values alignment and the effectiveness of cultural health practices.

Cultural Values Alignment

  • Traditional cultures strongly meet social health needs through community-focused approaches.
  • Evidence supporting this includes Mediterranean and Asian cultures prioritising family meals and collective wellbeing.
  • However, these same cultures often fail to achieve individual mental health recognition.
  • For example, stigma around depression in many traditional communities prevents help-seeking.
  • While superior for social connections, cultural values show limitations in addressing personal psychological needs.
  • Overall, cultural values demonstrate mixed effectiveness depending on the health dimension.

Health Practice Effectiveness

  • Cultural health practices show highly variable outcomes.
  • Mediterranean diets prove highly effective with research confirming reduced heart disease rates.
  • Traditional Chinese medicine’s exercise practices like tai chi strongly meet physical health goals.
  • Conversely, some cultural remedies prove ineffective or harmful.
  • For example, relying solely on prayer healing fails to achieve treatment for serious conditions.
  • The evidence indicates that cultural practices range from optimal to insufficient based on scientific validation.

Final Evaluation

  • Weighing these factors shows cultural background has moderate effectiveness in shaping health understanding. The strengths outweigh the weaknesses when cultures adapt to include evidence-based approaches.
  • Although effective for building social support and dietary habits, cultural frameworks prove less suitable for emergency medical needs.
  • The overall evaluation demonstrates that cultural influence works best when balanced with modern health knowledge.
  • Optimal outcomes require integrating valuable traditions with contemporary healthcare access.

HMS, HIC EQ-Bank 032

How might an individual's health change during the transition from high school to university, considering three dimensions of health.   (5 marks)

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*Cause-and-effect language that directly addresses the “How” keyword is bolded in the answer below.

  • Physical health changes occur through disrupted routines. This happens when students leave structured school schedules which leads to irregular sleep patterns and poor eating habits. As a result, energy levels drop and immune function weakens because the body struggles to adapt to independent living.
  • Social health transforms through a clear process. First, established friendships are left behind which causes temporary isolation. This then leads to students seeking new connections through clubs and classes. Eventually, new support networks form because shared experiences create bonds.
  • Mental health shifts through multiple stages. Initially, freedom from home creates excitement but this quickly leads to stress from academic pressure and financial management. This process causes anxiety to increase until students develop new coping strategies through counselling services or peer support.
  • These dimensions interact through connected pathways. When social isolation occurs, it directly causes increased mental stress, which then leads to neglected physical health through poor self-care. This demonstrates how one health change triggers a cascade effect across all dimensions.

Show Worked Solution

*Cause-and-effect language that directly addresses the “How” keyword is bolded in the answer below.

  • Physical health changes occur through disrupted routines. This happens when students leave structured school schedules which leads to irregular sleep patterns and poor eating habits. As a result, energy levels drop and immune function weakens because the body struggles to adapt to independent living.
  • Social health transforms through a clear process. First, established friendships are left behind which causes temporary isolation. This then leads to students seeking new connections through clubs and classes. Eventually, new support networks form because shared experiences create bonds.
  • Mental health shifts through multiple stages. Initially, freedom from home creates excitement but this quickly leads to stress from academic pressure and financial management. This process causes anxiety to increase until students develop new coping strategies through counselling services or peer support.
  • These dimensions interact through connected pathways. When social isolation occurs, it directly causes increased mental stress, which then leads to neglected physical health through poor self-care. This demonstrates how one health change triggers a cascade effect across all dimensions.

Vectors, SPEC2 2024 VCAA 4

A model yacht is sailing on a lake between two buoys. Its path from one buoy to the other, relative to an origin \(O\), is given by

\({\underset{\sim}{r}}_{\text{Y}}(t)=3 \sec (t) \underset{\sim}{i}+2 \tan (t) \underset{\sim}{j}\),  where  \(\dfrac{2 \pi}{3} \leq t \leq \dfrac{4 \pi}{3}\)

Displacement components are measured in metres, and time \(t\) is measured in minutes.

  1. Use a trigonometric identity to show that the Cartesian equation of the path is given by  \(\dfrac{x^2}{9}-\dfrac{y^2}{4}=1\).   (1 mark)
  2. Sketch the path of the yacht on the axes below. Label the endpoints with their coordinates and show the direction of motion.   (2 marks)

    1. Write down an expression, in terms of \(\sec (t)\), for the square of the speed of the yacht at any time, \(t\).   (1 mark)
    2. Find the time, in minutes, when the minimum speed occurs. You do not need to justify that this speed is a minimum.   (1 mark)

    3. State the minimum speed of the yacht in metres per minute.   (1 mark)

    4. State the coordinates of the yacht when the minimum speed occurs.   (1 mark)

    1. Write down a definite integral, in terms of \(t\), that gives the distance travelled by the yacht along the path given by \(\underset{\sim}{ r }(t)\) over the time interval  \(\dfrac{2 \pi}{3} \leq t \leq \dfrac{4 \pi}{3}\).   (1 mark)
    2. Find the distance travelled by the yacht over this time interval.
    3. Give your answer in metres correct to one decimal place.   (1 mark)
  3. The position vector of a drone videoing the yacht, relative to the same origin as the yacht, \(O\), is given by \({\underset{\sim}{ r }}_{ \text{D} }(t)=(2-3 t) \underset{\sim}{ i }+(4 t-1) \underset{\sim}{ j } +(6-t) \underset{\sim}{ k }\),  where  \(0 \leq t \leq 5\).
  4. Displacement components are measured in metres, and time \(t\) is measured in minutes.
  5. What is the shortest distance from the drone to the yacht, as the yacht sails along the path given by  \({\underset{\sim}{ r }}_{\text{Y}}(t)=3 \sec (t) \underset{\sim}{ i }+2 \tan (t) \underset{\sim}{ j }\),  where \(\dfrac{2 \pi}{3} \leq t \leq \dfrac{4 \pi}{3}\) ?
  6. Give your answer in metres, correct to one decimal place.   (2 marks)

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a.   \(\left(\dfrac{x}{3}\right)^2-\left(\dfrac{y}{2}\right)^2=1\)

b. 
     
 
c.i.  \(\abs{\underset{\sim}{\dot{r}}(t)}^2=13 \sec ^4 t-9 \sec ^2 t\)
c.ii. \(\text{Minimum speed occurs at  \( t=\pi\)  min.}\)

c.iii.  \(\abs{\underset{\sim}{\dot{r}(t)}}=2 \ \text{metres/min}\)

c.iv  \(\text{Yacht has coordinates} \ (-3,0) \ \text {when min speed occurs.}\)
 

d.i   \(\text{Distance }=\displaystyle \int_{\frac{2 \pi}{3}}^{\frac{4 \pi}{3}} \sqrt{(3 \sec \, t\, \tan\, t)^2+4\left(\sec ^2 t\right)}\,dt\)

d.ii.  \(\text{Distance}=9.4 \ \text{metres}\)

e.   \(D_{\min }=11.1 \ \text{m}\)

Show Worked Solution

a.   \(x\) \(=3 \sec t \) \(\ \Rightarrow  \ \sec t\) \(=\dfrac{x}{3}\)
  \(y\) \(=2 \tan t \) \(\ \Rightarrow  \ \tan t\) \(=\dfrac{y}{2}\)

\(\sec ^2 t+1\) \(=\tan ^2 t\)
\(\left(\dfrac{y}{2}\right)^2+1\) \(=\left(\dfrac{x}{3}\right)^2\)
\(\left(\dfrac{x}{3}\right)^2-\left(\dfrac{y}{2}\right)^2\) \(=1\)

 

b. 
     
 
c.i.   \(\underset{\sim}{r}\) \(=3 \sec (t)\underset{\sim}{i}+2 \tan (t)\underset{\sim}{j}\)
  \(\underset{\sim}{\dot{r}}(t)\) \(=\dfrac{3 \sin t}{\cos ^2 t}\underset{\sim}{i}+\dfrac{2}{\cos ^2 t} \underset{\sim}{j}\)
  \(\abs{\underset{\sim}{\dot{r}}(t)}^2\) \(=\dfrac{9 \sin ^2 t}{\cos ^4 t}+\dfrac{4}{\cos ^4 t}\)
    \(=\dfrac{9-9 \cos ^2 t+4}{\cos ^4 t}\)
    \(=\dfrac{13}{\cos ^4 t}-\dfrac{9}{\cos ^2 t}\)
    \(=13 \sec ^4 t-9 \sec ^2 t\)
♦♦♦ Mean mark c.i. 23%.
 

c.ii. \(\text {Differentiate} \ \ \abs{\underset{\sim}{\dot{r}}(t)}^2: \)

\(\dfrac{d}{d t}\left(\abs{\underset{\sim}{\dot{r}}(t)}^2\right)=\dfrac{52 \sin t}{\cos ^5 t}-\dfrac{18}{\cos ^3 t}=\dfrac{2 \sin t\left(26-9 \sin t\, \cos ^2 t\right)}{\cos ^5 t}\)

\(\text{Find } t \text{ where } \  \sin t=0 \ \text { for } \ \dfrac{2 \pi}{3} \leq t \leq \dfrac{4 \pi}{3}:\)

\(t=\pi\)

\(\text{Minimum speed occurs at  \( t=\pi\)  min.}\)
 

c.iii.  \(\text{Find} \ \ \abs{\underset{\sim}{\dot{r}}(t)}^2 \text{when} \ \ t=\pi:\)

\(\abs{\underset{\sim}{\dot{r}}(t)^2}=\dfrac{13}{\cos ^4 \pi}-\dfrac{9}{\cos ^2 \pi}=13-9=4\)

\(\abs{\underset{\sim}{\dot{r}(t)}}=\sqrt{4}=2 \ \text{metres/min}\)

♦ Mean mark c.iii. 48%.
 
c.iv  \(\text{Find}\ \underset{\sim}{r}(t) \ \text{when} \ \ t=\pi:\)

\(\underset{\sim}{r}(\pi)=3 \sec \pi \underset{\sim}{i}+2 \tan \pi \underset{\sim}{j}=-3 \underset{\sim}{i}\)

\(\text{Yacht has coordinates} \ (-3,0) \ \text {when min speed occurs.}\)
 

d.i   \(\text{Distance }=\displaystyle \int_{\frac{2 \pi}{3}}^{\frac{4 \pi}{3}} \sqrt{(3 \sec \, t\, \tan\, t)^2+4\left(\sec ^2 t\right)}\,dt\)
 

d.ii.  \(\text{Distance}=9.4 \ \text{metres}\)
 

e.    \({\underset{\sim}{r}}_\text{D}(t)=(2-3 t) \underset{\sim}{i}+(4 t-1) \underset{\sim}{j}+(6-t) \underset{\sim}{k} \quad(0 \leqslant t \leqslant 5)\)

\(\underset{\sim}{r}(t)=3 \sec (t) \underset{\sim}{i}+2 \tan (t) \underset{\sim}{j} \quad\left(\dfrac{2 \pi}{3} \leqslant t \leqslant \dfrac{4 \pi}{3}\right)\)

\(D=\sqrt{(3 \sec t-2+3 t)^2+(2 \tan t-4 t+1)^2+(t-6)^2}\)

\(\text{Find} \ \ D_{\min } \  \text{for} \ \ \dfrac{2 \pi}{3} \leq t \leq \dfrac{4 \pi}{3}:\)

\(D_{\min }=11.1 \ \text{m}\)

♦♦♦ Mean mark (e) 28%.

v1 Financial Maths, STD2 F1 2024 HSC 13 MC

Alicia takes out a loan of $7500. Simple interest is charged on the loan.

The loan and the interest charged will be repaid by making monthly repayments of $250 over 3 years.

What simple interest rate per annum, to the nearest percent, is charged on the loan?

  1. 7%
  2. 9%
  3. 12%
  4. 15%
Show Answers Only

\(A\)

Show Worked Solution

\(\text{Number of repayments} = 3 \times 12 = 36\)

\(\text{Total repayments} = 36 \times 250 = \$9000\)

\(\text{Interest paid} = 9000 – 7500 = \$1500\)

  \(I\) \(= Prn\)
  \(1500\) \(= 7500 \times r \times 3\)
  \(r\) \(= \dfrac{1500}{7500 \times 3} = 0.0666…\)
    \(= 6.67\% \approx 7\%\)

 
\(\Rightarrow A\)

♦ Mean mark 39%.

HMS, BM EQ-Bank 802 MC

Based on the heart rate data shown in the table below, which conclusion is MOST supported by the evidence?

\begin{array}{|l|c|c|c|c|}
\hline \textbf{Training Type} & \textbf{Week 1 RHR} & \textbf{Week 2 RHR} & \textbf{Week 4 RHR} & \textbf{Week 4 RHR} \\
\hline \text{Running} & \text{75 bpm} & \text{72 bpm} & \text{69 bpm} & \text{67 bpm} \\
\hline \text{Cycling} & \text{76 bpm} & \text{73 bpm} & \text{69 bpm} & \text{66 bpm} \\
\hline \text{Swimming} & \text{74 bpm} & \text{73 bpm} & \text{71 bpm} & \text{70 bpm} \\ \hline
\end{array}

  1. Swimming is the most effective activity for reducing resting heart rate
  2. All three training types are equally effective at reducing resting heart rate
  3. Both running and cycling produced significantly better reductions in resting heart rate than swimming
  4. The training program was too short to draw any meaningful conclusions
Show Answers Only

\(C\)

Show Worked Solution
  • C is correct: Running reduced by 8 bpm, cycling by 10 bpm, both much greater than swimming’s 4 bpm.

Other Options:

  • A is incorrect: Swimming actually showed the smallest reduction in RHR.
  • B is incorrect: The activities clearly show different magnitudes of effect.
  • D is incorrect: Clear trends are visible across the 4-week period, making meaningful conclusions possible.

HMS, BM EQ-Bank 800

Compare THREE different research questions about ventilation rate responses to aerobic training, and evaluate which would provide the most valid and reliable data for a student research project.   (6 marks)

Show Answers Only

Sample Answer

Question 1: “Does aerobic training change ventilation rate?”

  • This question lacks specificity about training type, duration, and measurement methods, making valid data collection difficult as variables remain undefined.

Question 2: “What is the effect of 3 weeks of fartlek training on ventilation rate during submaximal exercise?”

  • This question improves specificity by naming training type and duration, but omits measurement protocols and participant details, risking reliability.

Question 3: “How does 30 minutes of continuous aerobic training at 70% maximum heart rate, performed 3 times weekly for 4 weeks, affect ventilation rate during a standardised step test in 15 – 17 year old students?”

  • This question provides precise parameters for training intensity, frequency, duration, measurement protocols, and participant group.

Validity and Reliability

Question 3: 

  • Provides the most valid and reliable data by clearly defining all variables, enabling consistent implementation and standardised testing.
  • It allows for accurate pre-and post-testing comparisons with controlled variables, enhancing internal validity.
  • Its specificity ensures study reproducibility, improving reliability and allowing meaningful conclusions about ventilation responses to aerobic training.
Show Worked Solution

Sample Answer

Question 1: “Does aerobic training change ventilation rate?”

  • This question lacks specificity about training type, duration, and measurement methods, making valid data collection difficult as variables remain undefined.

Question 2: “What is the effect of 3 weeks of fartlek training on ventilation rate during submaximal exercise?”

  • This question improves specificity by naming training type and duration, but omits measurement protocols and participant details, risking reliability.

Question 3: “How does 30 minutes of continuous aerobic training at 70% maximum heart rate, performed 3 times weekly for 4 weeks, affect ventilation rate during a standardised step test in 15 – 17 year old students?”

  • This question provides precise parameters for training intensity, frequency, duration, measurement protocols, and participant group.

Validity and Reliability

Question 3: 

  • Provides the most valid and reliable data by clearly defining all variables, enabling consistent implementation and standardised testing.
  • It allows for accurate pre-and post-testing comparisons with controlled variables, enhancing internal validity.
  • Its specificity ensures study reproducibility, improving reliability and allowing meaningful conclusions about ventilation responses to aerobic training.

HMS, BM EQ-Bank 797 MC

During a progressively increasing exercise test, an athlete's blood lactate levels are measured at regular intervals. At which point would blood lactate levels begin to show a significant exponential increase?

  1. When the anaerobic threshold is reached
  2. When exercise intensity exceeds 85% of maximum heart rate
  3. As soon as any exercise begins, regardless of intensity
  4. When the aerobic threshold is reached
Show Answers Only

\(A\)

Show Worked Solution

Consider Option A: 

  • Blood lactate levels remain relatively stable with small increases until the anaerobic threshold (lactate threshold) is reached.
  • At this point, lactate production exceeds the body’s ability to clear it, resulting in exponential accumulation in the bloodstream.

Other Options:

  • B is incorrect: 85% of maximum heart rate approximates the threshold for many, but heart rate doesn’t directly determine lactate accumulation; it varies by individual.
  • C is incorrect: Lactate is produced during all exercise, but at lower intensities, clearance mechanisms prevent significant accumulation.
  • D is incorrect: The aerobic threshold causes only a slight increase in lactate levels, not the exponential increase described.

\(\Rightarrow A\)

HMS, BM EQ-Bank 793

Analyse how the different components of the FITT principle interact with each other when designing a 4-week anaerobic training program for a rugby league player, demonstrating how systematic training progression can be achieved.   (8 marks)

Show Answers Only

Sample Answer

Overview Statement:

  • The FITT principle components interact systematically to enable structured anaerobic training progression for rugby league demands.
  • Key relationships exist between intensity and frequency, time and recovery patterns, demonstrating how systematic progression depends on coordinated component manipulation.

Component Relationship 1:

  • Intensity and frequency work together to create training progression while maintaining quality.
  • Week 1 establishes 85-90% maximum effort twice weekly allowing adequate recovery between sessions.
  • As training progresses, intensity demands increase through reduced rest periods which necessitates careful frequency monitoring.
  • This relationship demonstrates how higher intensity training limits frequency options – Week 4’s maximum intensity efforts require maintained frequency to prevent overtraining.
  • The interaction reveals that intensity progression must balance with recovery capacity.

Component Relationship 2:

  • Time components interact directly with training progression through work-to-rest ratio manipulation.
  • Week 1 uses 1:4 ratios (15 seconds work, 60 seconds recovery) progressing systematically to 1:2 ratios by Week 4.
  • This progression affects training stimulus by forcing greater anaerobic system demands.
  • Volume increases connect to time manipulation – Week 3 increases repetitions from 10 to 12 while maintaining work periods.
  • These interactions show how time progression enables systematic overload without changing exercise types.

Implications and Synthesis:

  • Component relationships reveal how systematic progression requires coordinated FITT manipulation rather than isolated changes.
  • The significance is that successful anaerobic development depends on understanding how intensity increases affect recovery needs and frequency limitations.
  • This integrated approach ensures continuous improvement for rugby league’s explosive demands while maintaining training quality through structured component interactions.

Show Worked Solution

Sample Answer

Overview Statement:

  • The FITT principle components interact systematically to enable structured anaerobic training progression for rugby league demands.
  • Key relationships exist between intensity and frequency, time and recovery patterns, demonstrating how systematic progression depends on coordinated component manipulation.

Component Relationship 1:

  • Intensity and frequency work together to create training progression while maintaining quality.
  • Week 1 establishes 85-90% maximum effort twice weekly allowing adequate recovery between sessions.
  • As training progresses, intensity demands increase through reduced rest periods which necessitates careful frequency monitoring.
  • This relationship demonstrates how higher intensity training limits frequency options – Week 4’s maximum intensity efforts require maintained frequency to prevent overtraining.
  • The interaction reveals that intensity progression must balance with recovery capacity.

Component Relationship 2:

  • Time components interact directly with training progression through work-to-rest ratio manipulation.
  • Week 1 uses 1:4 ratios (15 seconds work, 60 seconds recovery) progressing systematically to 1:2 ratios by Week 4.
  • This progression affects training stimulus by forcing greater anaerobic system demands.
  • Volume increases connect to time manipulation – Week 3 increases repetitions from 10 to 12 while maintaining work periods.
  • These interactions show how time progression enables systematic overload without changing exercise types.

Implications and Synthesis:

  • Component relationships reveal how systematic progression requires coordinated FITT manipulation rather than isolated changes.
  • The significance is that successful anaerobic development depends on understanding how intensity increases affect recovery needs and frequency limitations.
  • This integrated approach ensures continuous improvement for rugby league’s explosive demands while maintaining training quality through structured component interactions.

HMS, BM EQ-Bank 792

A 16 year old competitive swimmer is preparing for a 1500 metre event. Design an appropriate aerobic training program based on the FITT principle. In your response, explain each component of the FITT principle in relation to the athlete's needs.   (5 marks)

Show Answers Only

Sample Answer

Frequency:

  • 4-5 sessions weekly provides adequate stimulus for fitness improvements while allowing recovery.
  • Adolescent swimmers require rest days to prevent overtraining during growth periods.
  • This frequency is necessary because it maintains consistency essential for 1500m endurance development.

Intensity:

  • 70-80% maximum heart rate targets aerobic energy system which is predominantly used in 1500m events.
  • Include faster sets at 80-85% MHR to develop race-pace endurance.
  • Monitoring through perceived exertion is important because it accommodates adolescent heart rate variability.

Time:

  • 60-90 minute sessions with 45-60 minutes continuous swimming builds specific endurance for 20+ minute race duration.
  • Progressive increases of 10% weekly prevent overload injuries common in young athletes.
  • This duration is effective because it matches the sustained effort required for 1500m racing

Type:

  • Primarily freestyle sets with varied distances (400m-800m repeats) maintaining aerobic intensity.
  • Include pulling sets and kick work to develop specific muscle endurance.
  • Occasional backstroke/breaststroke prevents repetitive strain while maintaining aerobic stimulus.
      
  • This program specifically addresses 1500m demands through sustained aerobic work while respecting adolescent development needs through appropriate progression and recovery.
Show Worked Solution

Sample Answer

Frequency:

  • 4-5 sessions weekly provides adequate stimulus for fitness improvements while allowing recovery.
  • Adolescent swimmers require rest days to prevent overtraining during growth periods.
  • This frequency is necessary because it maintains consistency essential for 1500m endurance development.

Intensity:

  • 70-80% maximum heart rate targets aerobic energy system which is predominantly used in 1500m events.
  • Include faster sets at 80-85% MHR to develop race-pace endurance.
  • Monitoring through perceived exertion is important because it accommodates adolescent heart rate variability.

Time:

  • 60-90 minute sessions with 45-60 minutes continuous swimming builds specific endurance for 20+ minute race duration.
  • Progressive increases of 10% weekly prevent overload injuries common in young athletes.
  • This duration is effective because it matches the sustained effort required for 1500m racing

Type:

  • Primarily freestyle sets with varied distances (400m-800m repeats) maintaining aerobic intensity.
  • Include pulling sets and kick work to develop specific muscle endurance.
  • Occasional backstroke/breaststroke prevents repetitive strain while maintaining aerobic stimulus.
      
  • This program specifically addresses 1500m demands through sustained aerobic work while respecting adolescent development needs through appropriate progression and recovery.

HMS, HIC EQ-Bank 028

Discuss how THREE epidemiological measures are used to explain the health status of Aboriginal and Torres Strait Islander peoples in Australia.

In your response, include specific examples from health reports to illustrate the role of these measures.   (5 marks)

Show Answers Only

*PEEL – Solution is structured using the PEEL method; [P] Identify the point, [E] expand on the point with a link to question asked, [Ev] apply evidence/examples, [L] linking sentence back to question.

Mortality rates

  • [P] Mortality rates are used to identify inequities in Aboriginal and Torres Strait Islander health status.
  • [E] This measure shows progress and ongoing inequities.
  • [Ev] Australia’s Health 2024 reports cardiovascular deaths fell 22% for Indigenous Peoples, yet remain higher than non-Indigenous rates.
  • [L] This creates evidence of success and challenges requiring continued focus.

Infant mortality rates

  • [P] Infant mortality rates provide insight into maternal health services, living conditions and healthcare access.
  • [E] Infant mortality rates have improved from 6.9 to 5.4 per 1,000 births but are still nearly double non-Indigenous rates of 3.1 per 1,000 births.
  • [Ev] While indicating healthcare access, remote data collection is extremely challenging and can be incomplete.
  • [L] Despite limitations, this measure is an important determinant of maternal and child health programs.

Prevalence of disease

  • [P] Prevalence measures the proportion of a population affected by specific conditions.
  • [E] This reveals chronic conditions requiring programs, although undiagnosed cases affect the accuracy of statistics.
  • [Ev] For example, the prevalence of diabetes among Indigenous adults (7.9%) is almost double the rate of non-Indigenous Australians (4.1%).
  • [L] This highlights areas requiring intervention programs and reveals the impact of social determinants of health, including food security and healthcare access in remote communities.

Show Worked Solution

*PEEL – Solution is structured using the PEEL method; [P] Identify the point, [E] expand on the point with a link to question asked, [Ev] apply evidence/examples, [L] linking sentence back to question.

Mortality rates

  • [P] Mortality rates are used to identify inequities in Aboriginal and Torres Strait Islander health status.
  • [E] This measure shows progress and ongoing inequities.
  • [Ev] Australia’s Health 2024 reports cardiovascular deaths fell 22% for Indigenous Peoples, yet remain higher than non-Indigenous rates.
  • [L] This creates evidence of success and challenges requiring continued focus.

Infant mortality rates

  • [P] Infant mortality rates provide insight into maternal health services, living conditions and healthcare access.
  • [E] Infant mortality rates have improved from 6.9 to 5.4 per 1,000 births but are still nearly double non-Indigenous rates of 3.1 per 1,000 births.
  • [Ev] While indicating healthcare access, remote data collection is extremely challenging and can be incomplete.
  • [L] Despite limitations, this measure is an important determinant of maternal and child health programs.

Prevalence of disease

  • [P] Prevalence measures the proportion of a population affected by specific conditions.
  • [E] This reveals chronic conditions requiring programs, although undiagnosed cases affect the accuracy of statistics.
  • [Ev] For example, the prevalence of diabetes among Indigenous adults (7.9%) is almost double the rate of non-Indigenous Australians (4.1%).
  • [L] This highlights areas requiring intervention programs and reveals the impact of social determinants of health, including food security and healthcare access in remote communities.

HMS, HIC EQ-Bank 027

How is morbidity data used to assess the health status of Australians? In your answer, outline TWO limitations of using this data.   (5 marks)

Show Answers Only

*Cause-and-effect language that directly addresses the “How” keyword is bolded in the answer below.

  • Morbidity data collection begins when healthcare services record illness frequency, duration and severity.
  • This then flows to health authorities who analyse disease patterns which leads to identification of priority health issues.
  • As a result, resources target areas with the highest burden.
  • For example, when hospital data shows high cardiovascular rates in Western Sydney, this causes targeted prevention programs there.
  • This demonstrates how data directly shapes interventions.

Limitations:

  • Limited healthcare access creates gaps. This happens when remote or disadvantaged populations avoid medical care. Which leads to unrecorded illnesses. Consequently, data underestimates true burden because it only captures those accessing services.
  • Missing contextual information affects programs. When data focuses only on disease counts, it fails to capture social determinants like poverty. This causes surface-level interventions. As a result, programs miss root causes because data collection excludes social context.

Show Worked Solution

*Cause-and-effect language that directly addresses the “How” keyword is bolded in the answer below.

  • Morbidity data collection begins when healthcare services record illness frequency, duration and severity.
  • This then flows to health authorities who analyse disease patterns which leads to identification of priority health issues.
  • As a result, resources target areas with the highest burden.
  • For example, when hospital data shows high cardiovascular rates in Western Sydney, this causes targeted prevention programs there.
  • This demonstrates how data directly shapes interventions.

Limitations:

  • Limited healthcare access creates gaps. This happens when remote or disadvantaged populations avoid medical care. Which leads to unrecorded illnesses. Consequently, data underestimates true burden because it only captures those accessing services.
  • Missing contextual information affects programs. When data focuses only on disease counts, it fails to capture social determinants like poverty. This causes surface-level interventions. As a result, programs miss root causes because data collection excludes social context.

HMS, HIC EQ-Bank 020 MC

Researchers are comparing the health status of two regions in Australia using the data below:

\begin{align*}
\begin{array}{|l|l|l|}
\hline
\rule{0pt}{2.5ex}\textbf{Measure}\rule[-1ex]{0pt}{0pt}& \textbf{Region X} & \textbf{Region Y}\\
\hline
\rule{0pt}{2.5ex}\text{Infant mortality rate (per 1,000 live births)}\rule[-1ex]{0pt}{0pt}&\text{4.1}&\text{3.2}\\
\hline
\rule{0pt}{2.5ex}\text{Life expectancy at birth}\rule[-1ex]{0pt}{0pt}& \text{82.3}& \text{84.1}\\
\hline
\rule{0pt}{2.5ex}\text{Prevalence of diabetes (%)}\rule[-1ex]{0pt}{0pt}&\text{5.6}&\text{4.8}\\
\hline
\rule{0pt}{2.5ex}\text{Hospital admissions for respiratory conditions (per 100,000)}\rule[-1ex]{0pt}{0pt}&\text{1,520}&\text{1,320}\\
\hline
\end{array}
\end{align*}

Based on these epidemiological measures, which statement is most accurate?

  1. Region X has better overall health outcomes than Region Y.
  2. Region Y has better overall health outcomes than Region X.
  3. The data shows mixed results with no clear pattern of better health outcomes.
  4. The measures used are insufficient to compare health outcomes between regions.
Show Answers Only

\( B\)

Show Worked Solution
  • B is correct because all four measures indicate better health in Region Y: lower infant mortality, higher life expectancy, lower diabetes prevalence, and fewer hospital admissions for respiratory conditions.

\(\Rightarrow B\)

HMS, BM EQ-Bank 791

Explain the macronutrient and micronutrient requirements for active people, and how these nutrients support energy system function during exercise.   (6 marks)

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Sample Answer

  • Active people require higher carbohydrate intake than inactive people because carbohydrates provide the most versatile fuel for both energy systems.
  • This enables quick energy production without oxygen for anaerobic activities and allows sustained energy with oxygen for aerobic exercise.
  • Protein requirements increase for active people due to muscle damage from exercise. This leads to the need for amino acids to repair and rebuild muscle tissue.
  • Fats provide concentrated energy at low intensities. Therefore, they become important fuel sources during prolonged aerobic exercise when glycogen stores deplete.
  • B vitamins are essential because they act as catalysts helping convert carbohydrates to energy. This supports continuous ATP production during exercise.
  • Iron requirements increase as active people need more oxygen transport. This occurs because iron forms haemoglobin which carries oxygen to working muscles for aerobic energy production.
  • Consequently, adequate intake of all these nutrients enables efficient energy system function, with each nutrient playing specific roles in fuel provision, oxygen transport, or recovery.
Show Worked Solution

Sample Answer

  • Active people require higher carbohydrate intake than inactive people because carbohydrates provide the most versatile fuel for both energy systems.
  • This enables quick energy production without oxygen for anaerobic activities and allows sustained energy with oxygen for aerobic exercise.
  • Protein requirements increase for active people due to muscle damage from exercise. This leads to the need for amino acids to repair and rebuild muscle tissue.
  • Fats provide concentrated energy at low intensities. Therefore, they become important fuel sources during prolonged aerobic exercise when glycogen stores deplete.
  • B vitamins are essential because they act as catalysts helping convert carbohydrates to energy. This supports continuous ATP production during exercise.
  • Iron requirements increase as active people need more oxygen transport. This occurs because iron forms haemoglobin which carries oxygen to working muscles for aerobic energy production.
  • Consequently, adequate intake of all these nutrients enables efficient energy system function, with each nutrient playing specific roles in fuel provision, oxygen transport, or recovery.

HMS, BM EQ-Bank 787 MC

A basketball team has been performing the following training session:

  • 4 minutes of high-intensity basketball-specific drills (85 - 90% maximum effort)
  • 2 minutes of active recovery (light jogging)
  • 6 total rounds

Which statement BEST describes this training method and its primary energy system target?

  1. This is HIIT, primarily targeting the ATP-PCr system
  2. This is SIT, primarily targeting the glycolytic system
  3. This is HIIT, primarily targeting the glycolytic and aerobic systems
  4. This is SIT, primarily targeting the ATP-PCr and aerobic systems
Show Answers Only

\(C\)

Show Worked Solution

Consider Option C: 

  • The session describes High Intensity Interval Training (HIIT) with relatively long work intervals (4 minutes) at high but not maximal intensity (85 – 90%), with a \(2:1\) work-to-rest ratio.
  • This duration and intensity primarily challenges both the glycolytic system during the high-intensity phases and the aerobic system throughout.

Other Options:

  • A is incorrect: The ATP-PCr system is dominant only in the first 10 – 15 seconds of high-intensity exercise; 4 minute intervals would primarily challenge glycolytic and aerobic systems.
  • B is incorrect: SIT involves shorter (typically 30 seconds), maximal effort intervals with longer recovery periods, unlike the 4 minute work intervals described.
  • D is incorrect: SIT uses supramaximal intensities for very short durations, not the 4 minute intervals at 85 – 90% effort described, and would not primarily target the combination of ATP-PCr and aerobic systems.

\(\Rightarrow C\)

HMS, BM EQ-Bank 785

Evaluate the effectiveness of different anaerobic interval training methods for improving 200 metre sprint performance. In your response, consider the specific physiological adaptations and training outcomes associated with each method.   (8 marks)

Show Answers Only

Evaluation Statement:

  • Different anaerobic interval training methods show varying effectiveness for 200m sprint performance improvement.
  • Short sprint intervals prove highly effective, medium distance intervals demonstrate moderate effectiveness, whilst longer intervals show limited effectiveness for specific performance enhancement.

Short Sprint Intervals (30-60m):

  • Short sprint intervals demonstrate superior effectiveness for developing ATP-PCr system capacity essential for 200m performance. Training at near-maximal intensity with complete recovery targets the alactic energy system without lactate interference.
  • These intervals produce optimal adaptations including enhanced phosphocreatine power output and improved neuromuscular coordination at race speeds.
  • Evidence supporting effectiveness includes development of explosive acceleration phases crucial for 200m racing. The strength is direct transfer to competition demands through race-specific speed development.

Medium Distance Intervals (100-150m):

  • Medium intervals show moderate effectiveness by bridging speed and speed endurance requirements through dual energy system targeting. Training at high intensity with moderate recovery periods develops both ATP-PCr and glycolytic capacity simultaneously.
  • Evidence indicates these intervals enhance lactate tolerance whilst maintaining race-pace speeds. However, limitations include less specific adaptation compared to shorter intervals and potential compromise between speed and endurance development.

Final Evaluation:

  • The assessment reveals short sprint intervals are most effective for 200m performance due to specific energy system targeting and neuromuscular adaptations.
  • While medium intervals provide valuable support, longer intervals show minimal effectiveness for sprint-specific improvement.
  • Overall, the evidence demonstrates training specificity determines effectiveness for 200m sprint performance enhancement.
Show Worked Solution

Evaluation Statement:

  • Different anaerobic interval training methods show varying effectiveness for 200m sprint performance improvement.
  • Short sprint intervals prove highly effective, medium distance intervals demonstrate moderate effectiveness, whilst longer intervals show limited effectiveness for specific performance enhancement.

Short Sprint Intervals (30-60m):

  • Short sprint intervals demonstrate superior effectiveness for developing ATP-PCr system capacity essential for 200m performance. Training at near-maximal intensity with complete recovery targets the alactic energy system without lactate interference.
  • These intervals produce optimal adaptations including enhanced phosphocreatine power output and improved neuromuscular coordination at race speeds.
  • Evidence supporting effectiveness includes development of explosive acceleration phases crucial for 200m racing. The strength is direct transfer to competition demands through race-specific speed development.

Medium Distance Intervals (100-150m):

  • Medium intervals show moderate effectiveness by bridging speed and speed endurance requirements through dual energy system targeting. Training at high intensity with moderate recovery periods develops both ATP-PCr and glycolytic capacity simultaneously.
  • Evidence indicates these intervals enhance lactate tolerance whilst maintaining race-pace speeds. However, limitations include less specific adaptation compared to shorter intervals and potential compromise between speed and endurance development.

Final Evaluation:

  • The assessment reveals short sprint intervals are most effective for 200m performance due to specific energy system targeting and neuromuscular adaptations.
  • While medium intervals provide valuable support, longer intervals show minimal effectiveness for sprint-specific improvement.
  • Overall, the evidence demonstrates training specificity determines effectiveness for 200m sprint performance enhancement.

HMS, BM EQ-Bank 784

Jessica is a 17-year-old 800 metre runner with a personal best time of 2 minutes 18 seconds. Her coach has designed the following anaerobic interval training session:

  • 6 × 200 metre sprints at 90 - 95% maximum effort
  • 2-minute recovery between repetitions
  • Target time: 29 - 30 seconds per repetition

Evaluate the appropriateness of this anaerobic interval training session for Jessica's event. In your response, consider energy system involvement, specificity to her event, and potential physiological adaptations.   (7 marks)

Show Answers Only

Sample Answer

  • The session effectively targets Jessica’s glycolytic energy system, which provides approximately 60-70% of the energy required for her 800 metre event, making the training physiologically relevant.
  • The 200 metre distance at high intensity creates significant lactate accumulation, helping Jessica develop greater lactate tolerance needed for maintaining speed in the second lap of her race.
  • The 2-minute recovery interval (approximately 4:1 work-to-rest ratio) is appropriate for incomplete recovery, forcing her to start subsequent repetitions with elevated blood lactate levels that simulate the physiological state she will experience during the latter portion of her race.
  • The prescribed intensity (90-95% effort) appropriately develops the speed component required for 800 metre performance while respecting the principle of specificity.
  • Six repetitions totaling 1200 metres  provides an appropriate training volume when compared to her competitive distance (800 metres), offering sufficient stimulus without excessive fatigue.
  • The target times (29-30 seconds) would effectively develop Jessica’s ability to maintain race pace, particularly if they align with her goal 800 metre pace (approximately 34-35 seconds per 200 metres  for a 2:18 performer).
  • A complementary suggestion would be to occasionally vary the distance of intervals (e.g., incorporating 300 metre and 400 metre repetitions) to further enhance event-specific endurance and pacing strategy development.
Show Worked Solution

Sample Answer

  • The session effectively targets Jessica’s glycolytic energy system, which provides approximately 60-70% of the energy required for her 800 metre event, making the training physiologically relevant.
  • The 200 metre distance at high intensity creates significant lactate accumulation, helping Jessica develop greater lactate tolerance needed for maintaining speed in the second lap of her race.
  • The 2-minute recovery interval (approximately 4:1 work-to-rest ratio) is appropriate for incomplete recovery, forcing her to start subsequent repetitions with elevated blood lactate levels that simulate the physiological state she will experience during the latter portion of her race.
  • The prescribed intensity (90-95% effort) appropriately develops the speed component required for 800 metre performance while respecting the principle of specificity.
  • Six repetitions totaling 1200 metres  provides an appropriate training volume when compared to her competitive distance (800 metres), offering sufficient stimulus without excessive fatigue.
  • The target times (29-30 seconds) would effectively develop Jessica’s ability to maintain race pace, particularly if they align with her goal 800 metre pace (approximately 34-35 seconds per 200 metres  for a 2:18 performer).
  • A complementary suggestion would be to occasionally vary the distance of intervals (e.g., incorporating 300 metre and 400 metre repetitions) to further enhance event-specific endurance and pacing strategy development.

HMS, BM EQ-Bank 783

A volleyball player has been prescribed the following anaerobic interval training session:

  • 6 sets of 30 second maximum effort vertical jumping drills
  • 90 seconds rest between sets
  • 3 minutes recovery between exercises
  • 4 different movement patterns focusing on explosive power

Analyse the effectiveness of this training session for volleyball performance, suggesting any modifications that would enhance its sport-specificity.   (6 marks)

Show Answers Only

Sample Answer

  • The prescribed 30 second work intervals effectively target the glycolytic energy system, which is important for repeated explosive actions in volleyball, particularly during extended rallies.
  • The 90 second rest periods (\(1:3\) work-to-rest ratio) allow partial but not complete recovery of the glycolytic system, developing the player’s ability to perform under increasing fatigue conditions like tournament play.
  • Vertical jumping focus directly enhances a key performance element in volleyball (blocking and spiking), making the exercise selection highly sport-specific.
  • A modification would be to incorporate more reactive and decision-based elements during the work intervals, such as responding to coach signals for jump direction, simulating game reading requirements.
  • Including ball-handling skills during some intervals would enhance sport-specificity by combining technical skill execution with anaerobic conditioning.
  • The 3 minute recovery between different exercises is appropriate for ensuring quality movement in subsequent exercises, but could be reduced to 2 minutes later in the training cycle to further challenge recovery capacity.
Show Worked Solution

Sample Answer

  • The prescribed 30 second work intervals effectively target the glycolytic energy system, which is important for repeated explosive actions in volleyball, particularly during extended rallies.
  • The 90 second rest periods (\(1:3\) work-to-rest ratio) allow partial but not complete recovery of the glycolytic system, developing the player’s ability to perform under increasing fatigue conditions like tournament play.
  • Vertical jumping focus directly enhances a key performance element in volleyball (blocking and spiking), making the exercise selection highly sport-specific.
  • A modification would be to incorporate more reactive and decision-based elements during the work intervals, such as responding to coach signals for jump direction, simulating game reading requirements.
  • Including ball-handling skills during some intervals would enhance sport-specificity by combining technical skill execution with anaerobic conditioning.
  • The 3 minute recovery between different exercises is appropriate for ensuring quality movement in subsequent exercises, but could be reduced to 2 minutes later in the training cycle to further challenge recovery capacity.

HMS, BM EQ-Bank 782

Explain how a soccer coach could design an effective anaerobic interval training session that addresses the specific movement patterns and energy demands of soccer players.   (5 marks)

Show Answers Only

Sample Answer

  • High-intensity intervals should include directional changes and ball control skills. This works because soccer requires sprinting while changing direction and controlling the ball. For example, 15-second sprints with turns, acceleration, and dribbling at 90% effort. As a result, players develop the explosive power needed for match situations.
  • Work-to-rest ratios of 1:2 match soccer’s stop-start nature. The reason for this is players need partial recovery to simulate match conditions. Sessions include 30-second high-intensity efforts with 60-second active recovery. Therefore, players improve their ability to repeat sprints throughout a 90-minute match.
  • Session duration of 20-30 minutes reflects actual high-intensity match time. This approach succeeds because it matches the total sprinting time in real games. Coaches progress from 1:3 ratios early season to 1:1 near competition. Consequently, players reach peak fitness when matches become most important.
  • Including soccer-specific movements prevents fitness without skill. It functions by combining conditioning with technical practice. Players perform shuttles with passing or defensive slides with direction changes. Hence, fitness improvements transfer directly to match performance.
Show Worked Solution

Sample Answer

  • High-intensity intervals should include directional changes and ball control skills. This works because soccer requires sprinting while changing direction and controlling the ball. For example, 15-second sprints with turns, acceleration, and dribbling at 90% effort. As a result, players develop the explosive power needed for match situations.
  • Work-to-rest ratios of 1:2 match soccer’s stop-start nature. The reason for this is players need partial recovery to simulate match conditions. Sessions include 30-second high-intensity efforts with 60-second active recovery. Therefore, players improve their ability to repeat sprints throughout a 90-minute match.
  • Session duration of 20-30 minutes reflects actual high-intensity match time. This approach succeeds because it matches the total sprinting time in real games. Coaches progress from 1:3 ratios early season to 1:1 near competition. Consequently, players reach peak fitness when matches become most important.
  • Including soccer-specific movements prevents fitness without skill. It functions by combining conditioning with technical practice. Players perform shuttles with passing or defensive slides with direction changes. Hence, fitness improvements transfer directly to match performance.

HMS, BM EQ-Bank 781

Compare the work-to-rest ratios that would be appropriate for anaerobic interval training programs for the following athletes:

  • A 100 metre sprinter
  • A 400 metre runner
  • A basketball player.   (5 marks)
Show Answers Only

Sample Answer

Similarities:

  • All three athletes use anaerobic interval training with high-intensity work periods
  • Each requires structured rest periods for energy recovery
  • Training ratios change throughout the season based on competition needs
  • Work intervals always involve maximal or near-maximal effort

Differences:

  • 100m Sprinter:
    • Work-to-rest ratio: 1:8-10 (10 second sprint, 80-100 seconds recovery)
    • Allows complete ATP-PCr replenishment between efforts
    • Focuses on pure speed and power development
  • 400m Runner:
    • Work-to-rest ratio: 1:2-3 (45 second sprint, 2-3 minutes recovery)
    • Develops ability to work with lactic acid build-up
    • Targets both ATP-PCr and glycolytic systems
  • Basketball Player:
    • Work-to-rest ratio: 1:1-2 (30 second sprint, 30-60 seconds recovery)
    • Simulates game conditions with minimal recovery
    • Prepares for continuous play with brief rest periods

Rationale:

  • These ratios match each sport’s specific energy demands.
  • Sprinters need full recovery for maximum power.
  • Middle-distance runners must handle fatigue from lactic acid.
  • Basketball players need repeated efforts with short breaks.
Show Worked Solution

Sample Answer

Similarities:

  • All three athletes use anaerobic interval training with high-intensity work periods
  • Each requires structured rest periods for energy recovery
  • Training ratios change throughout the season based on competition needs
  • Work intervals always involve maximal or near-maximal effort

Differences:

  • 100m Sprinter:
    • Work-to-rest ratio: 1:8-10 (10 second sprint, 80-100 seconds recovery)
    • Allows complete ATP-PCr replenishment between efforts
    • Focuses on pure speed and power development
  • 400m Runner:
    • Work-to-rest ratio: 1:2-3 (45 second sprint, 2-3 minutes recovery)
    • Develops ability to work with lactic acid build-up
    • Targets both ATP-PCr and glycolytic systems
  • Basketball Player:
    • Work-to-rest ratio: 1:1-2 (30 second sprint, 30-60 seconds recovery)
    • Simulates game conditions with minimal recovery
    • Prepares for continuous play with brief rest periods

Rationale:

  • These ratios match each sport’s specific energy demands.
  • Sprinters need full recovery for maximum power.
  • Middle-distance runners must handle fatigue from lactic acid.
  • Basketball players need repeated efforts with short breaks.

HMS, BM EQ-Bank 778

Compare how continuous aerobic training would be implemented differently for an individual sport (swimming) versus a team sport (water polo). In your response, consider training intensity, duration, and specific adaptations relevant to each sport.   (8 marks)

Show Answers Only

Keyword – “Compare”: Show how things are similar or different.

Sample Answer

  • Swimming training utilises heart rate zones more precisely (typically 70-80% MHR for base aerobic development) compared to water polo, which often employs slightly higher intensities (75-85% MHR) to better simulate the elevated baseline aerobic demands of match play.
  • Swimming continuous sessions prioritise technique efficiency throughout, with stroke mechanics remaining the primary focus even during aerobic development, whereas water polo emphasises position-specific movement patterns during continuous work.
  • Swimming continuous training typically involves longer duration sessions (60-90 minutes) focusing on steady-state effort, while water polo continuous training is generally shorter (30-45 minutes) due to additional tactical and skill work requirements in their overall program.
  • Recovery between continuous training sessions is typically shorter for swimmers (potentially training twice daily) compared to water polo players who require greater recovery due to the additional technical, tactical and contact elements of their sport.
  • Swimmers typically incorporate more training variations within continuous sessions (changing strokes, pull/kick emphasis) to develop all muscle groups evenly, while water polo players focus on sport-specific continuous movement patterns that mimic game situations.
  • Swimming continuous training creates direct performance-enhancing adaptations (increased heart efficiency, better oxygen use), while water polo uses aerobic training primarily to support the stop-start nature of game play.
  • Swimming continuous training can more effectively simulate competition conditions (particularly for middle and long-distance events), whereas water polo uses continuous training primarily for foundational fitness rather than game simulation.
  • The physiological adaptations for swimmers from continuous training directly transfer to competition performance, while water polo players require additional anaerobic training to develop the repeated sprint ability essential for high-level performance.
Show Worked Solution

Keyword – “Compare”: Show how things are similar or different.

Sample Answer 

  • Swimming training utilises heart rate zones more precisely (typically 70-80% MHR for base aerobic development) compared to water polo, which often employs slightly higher intensities (75-85% MHR) to better simulate the elevated baseline aerobic demands of match play.
  • Swimming continuous sessions prioritise technique efficiency throughout, with stroke mechanics remaining the primary focus even during aerobic development, whereas water polo emphasises position-specific movement patterns during continuous work.
  • Swimming continuous training typically involves longer duration sessions (60-90 minutes) focusing on steady-state effort, while water polo continuous training is generally shorter (30-45 minutes) due to additional tactical and skill work requirements in their overall program.
  • Recovery between continuous training sessions is typically shorter for swimmers (potentially training twice daily) compared to water polo players who require greater recovery due to the additional technical, tactical and contact elements of their sport.
  • Swimmers typically incorporate more training variations within continuous sessions (changing strokes, pull/kick emphasis) to develop all muscle groups evenly, while water polo players focus on sport-specific continuous movement patterns that mimic game situations.
  • Swimming continuous training creates direct performance-enhancing adaptations (increased heart efficiency, better oxygen use), while water polo uses aerobic training primarily to support the stop-start nature of game play.
  • Swimming continuous training can more effectively simulate competition conditions (particularly for middle and long-distance events), whereas water polo uses continuous training primarily for foundational fitness rather than game simulation.
  • The physiological adaptations for swimmers from continuous training directly transfer to competition performance, while water polo players require additional anaerobic training to develop the repeated sprint ability essential for high-level performance.

HMS, BM EQ-Bank 777

Katie is a 15-year-old cross-country runner who has been advised by her coach to incorporate continuous training into her program.

Explain the impact of continuous aerobic training on her physical fitness and performance. In your response, make reference to relevant energy systems.   (5 marks)

Show Answers Only

Sample Answer

  • Continuous training at 70-80% MHR strengthens Katie’s heart. This occurs because sustained aerobic work makes the heart muscle work consistently. Her heart pumps more blood with each beat and delivers more oxygen to muscles. As a result, Katie’s heart works more efficiently during long races.
  • Regular aerobic training improves how Katie’s muscles use oxygen. The reason for this is the aerobic energy system becomes the main fuel source during continuous work. Her muscles develop more small blood vessels and produce energy more efficiently. Consequently, she can run at faster speeds while still using oxygen for energy.
  • Continuous training allows Katie to run longer before getting tired. It functions by training her body to clear waste products while running. She can maintain her race pace for extended periods using her aerobic system. Therefore, Katie performs better in cross-country events that last 15-20 minutes.
  • The aerobic energy system becomes Katie’s primary source during races. This happens because continuous training specifically targets this system through sustained effort. Hence, she relies less on anaerobic energy that causes early fatigue in distance events.
Show Worked Solution

Sample Answer 

  • Continuous training at 70-80% MHR strengthens Katie’s heart. This occurs because sustained aerobic work makes the heart muscle work consistently. Her heart pumps more blood with each beat and delivers more oxygen to muscles. As a result, Katie’s heart works more efficiently during long races.
  • Regular aerobic training improves how Katie’s muscles use oxygen. The reason for this is the aerobic energy system becomes the main fuel source during continuous work. Her muscles develop more small blood vessels and produce energy more efficiently. Consequently, she can run at faster speeds while still using oxygen for energy.
  • Continuous training allows Katie to run longer before getting tired. It functions by training her body to clear waste products while running. She can maintain her race pace for extended periods using her aerobic system. Therefore, Katie performs better in cross-country events that last 15-20 minutes.
  • The aerobic energy system becomes Katie’s primary source during races. This happens because continuous training specifically targets this system through sustained effort. Hence, she relies less on anaerobic energy that causes early fatigue in distance events.

HMS, BM EQ-Bank 776

Compare how continuous aerobic training would differ between a marathon runner preparing for a 42.2 km race and a rugby league player during their preseason training.   (4 marks)

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Keyword – “Compare”: Show how things are similar or different.

Sample Answer

  • Marathon runner would implement longer continuous training sessions (1-3 hours) at lower intensity (60-70% MHR) to develop specific endurance capacity required for their event.
  • Rugby league player would use shorter continuous sessions (30-45 minutes) at moderate intensity (70-80% MHR) to develop basic aerobic foundation without compromising sport-specific skill development.
  • Marathon runner focuses on steady pace maintenance with minimal variation to simulate race conditions, whereas rugby league player may incorporate gradual intensity variations to reflect game demands.
  • Marathon runner’s continuous training directly simulates competition environment, while rugby league player uses continuous training primarily as foundation before progressing to more sport-specific interval training.
Show Worked Solution

Keyword – “Compare”: Show how things are similar or different.

Sample Answer 

  • Marathon runner would implement longer continuous training sessions (1-3 hours) at lower intensity (60-70% MHR) to develop specific endurance capacity required for their event.
  • Rugby league player would use shorter continuous sessions (30-45 minutes) at moderate intensity (70-80% MHR) to develop basic aerobic foundation without compromising sport-specific skill development.
  • Marathon runner focuses on steady pace maintenance with minimal variation to simulate race conditions, whereas rugby league player may incorporate gradual intensity variations to reflect game demands.
  • Marathon runner’s continuous training directly simulates competition environment, while rugby league player uses continuous training primarily as foundation before progressing to more sport-specific interval training.

HMS, HIC EQ-Bank 024

The graph below shows the prevalence of diabetes (type 1, type 2 and other diabetes excluding gestational diabetes) in Australia from 2000-2021.
 

Analyse the trends and discuss what these patterns suggest about the health status of Australians.   (8 marks)

Show Answers Only

*PEEL – Solution is structured using an adjusted PEEL method; [P] Identify components and their relationship, [E] explain the interaction/influence between them, [Ev] provide evidence showing the relationship in action, [L] linking sentence back to question.

  • [P] Rising diabetes prevalence (2000-2013) connects directly to lifestyle changes and demographics.
  • [E] This trend directly influences the population’s health through increased obesity rates interacting with sedentary behaviours.
  • [Ev] The graph shows prevalence climbing steadily as these risk factors combine.
  • [L] This establishes a cause-effect pattern revealing deteriorating health behaviours among Australians.
     
  • [P] The plateau after 2013 relates to intervention effectiveness.
  • [E] The relationship between prevention programs and prevalence rates shows stabilisation occurring when awareness campaigns interact with early screening.
  • [Ev] These elements combine to produce the flattening trend visible from 2013-2021.
  • [L] This interaction demonstrates that targeted health strategies can influence disease patterns.
      
  • [P] Gender disparity reveals different risk profiles between males and females.
  • [E] Males’ consistently higher rates result from the combination of poorer health behaviours and reduced healthcare engagement.
  • [Ev] The 1% gap demonstrates how lifestyle factors function through the interaction of diet, exercise and medical check-ups.
  • [L] This dynamic shows that gender-specific approaches are important to address health issues.
     
  • [P] Sustained high prevalence indicates a continuing systemic issue despite stabilisation.
  • [E] This trend reveals that ongoing healthcare demands are operating on multiple levels – managing existing cases while preventing new ones.
  • [Ev] High rates persisting means that, in practice, resources remain stretched.
  • [L] This fact reveals how chronic disease remains a defining feature of Australia’s health status.

Show Worked Solution

*PEEL – Solution is structured using an adjusted PEEL method; [P] Identify components and their relationship, [E] explain the interaction/influence between them, [Ev] provide evidence showing the relationship in action, [L] linking sentence back to question.

  • [P] Rising diabetes prevalence (2000-2013) connects directly to lifestyle changes and demographics.
  • [E] This trend directly influences the population’s health through increased obesity rates interacting with sedentary behaviours.
  • [Ev] The graph shows prevalence climbing steadily as these risk factors combine.
  • [L] This establishes a cause-effect pattern revealing deteriorating health behaviours among Australians.
     
  • [P] The plateau after 2013 relates to intervention effectiveness.
  • [E] The relationship between prevention programs and prevalence rates shows stabilisation occurring when awareness campaigns interact with early screening.
  • [Ev] These elements combine to produce the flattening trend visible from 2013-2021.
  • [L] This interaction demonstrates that targeted health strategies can influence disease patterns.
      
  • [P] Gender disparity reveals different risk profiles between males and females.
  • [E] Males’ consistently higher rates result from the combination of poorer health behaviours and reduced healthcare engagement.
  • [Ev] The 1% gap demonstrates how lifestyle factors function through the interaction of diet, exercise and medical check-ups.
  • [L] This dynamic shows that gender-specific approaches are important to address health issues.
     
  • [P] Sustained high prevalence indicates a continuing systemic issue despite stabilisation.
  • [E] This trend reveals that ongoing healthcare demands are operating on multiple levels – managing existing cases while preventing new ones.
  • [Ev] High rates persisting means that, in practice, resources remain stretched.
  • [L] This fact reveals how chronic disease remains a defining feature of Australia’s health status.

HMS, HIC EQ-Bank 023

Explain how epidemiological data on mortality rates can be used to identify priority health issues in Australia.   (5 marks)

Show Answers Only

*PEEL – Solution is structured using an adjusted PEEL method to show cause and effect: [P] State the cause/factor [E] Show how it causes the effect [Ev] Evidence demonstrating why/how [L] Reinforce the causal relationship.

  • [P] Mortality data identifies leading causes of death.
  • [E] This causes health authorities to allocate resources to high-fatality conditions.
  • [Ev] For example, because data shows cardiovascular disease and cancers kill the most Australians, it follows that funding should be increased for cardiac units and cancer research.
  • [L] This direct link between death statistics and resource allocation ensures targeted health interventions.
     
  • [P] Age-standardised rates enable population comparisons.
  • [E] This leads to identification of at-risk groups needing specific programs.
  • [Ev] As a result, when data reveals Indigenous Australians have higher diabetes mortality, culturally-specific prevention programs are developed.
  • [L] This relationship results in evidence-based health policies addressing population disparities.
     
  • [P] Premature mortality measures highlight youth deaths.
  • [E] This causes prioritisation of conditions affecting younger populations.
  • [Ev] Premature mortality measures like potential years of life lost (PYLL) data shows suicide and road accidents are major causes of early death, leading to youth mental health initiatives and road safety campaigns.
  • [L] This demonstrates why mortality analysis drives prevention strategies beyond just total death counts.

Show Worked Solution

*PEEL – Solution is structured using an adjusted PEEL method to show cause and effect: [P] State the cause/factor [E] Show how it causes the effect [Ev] Evidence demonstrating why/how [L] Reinforce the causal relationship.

  • [P] Mortality data identifies leading causes of death.
  • [E] This causes health authorities to allocate resources to high-fatality conditions.
  • [Ev] For example, because data shows cardiovascular disease and cancers kill the most Australians, it follows that funding should be increased for cardiac units and cancer research.
  • [L] This direct link between death statistics and resource allocation ensures targeted health interventions.
     
  • [P] Age-standardised rates enable population comparisons.
  • [E] This leads to identification of at-risk groups needing specific programs.
  • [Ev] As a result, when data reveals Indigenous Australians have higher diabetes mortality, culturally-specific prevention programs are developed.
  • [L] This relationship results in evidence-based health policies addressing population disparities.
     
  • [P] Premature mortality measures highlight youth deaths.
  • [E] This causes prioritisation of conditions affecting younger populations.
  • [Ev] Premature mortality measures like potential years of life lost (PYLL) data shows suicide and road accidents are major causes of early death, leading to youth mental health initiatives and road safety campaigns.
  • [L] This demonstrates why mortality analysis drives prevention strategies beyond just total death counts.

HMS, BM EQ-Bank 774

An Olympic rower competes in a 2000-metre race lasting approximately 6-7 minutes. Critically analyse how the efficiency of ATP production in different energy systems affects the athlete's pacing strategy and overall performance.   (8 marks)

Show Answers Only

Sample Answer

Overview Statement

  • ATP production efficiency directly influences pacing decisions throughout the 2000m race.
  • The relationship between speed and efficiency determines sustainable effort levels at each race stage.

Start Phase and Efficiency Trade-offs

  • Initial acceleration relies on ATP-PCr and glycolytic systems for rapid energy despite poor efficiency.
  • These systems produce ATP quickly but generate limited amounts per fuel molecule used.
  • This inefficiency means the fast start cannot be maintained beyond 30-45 seconds.
  • Therefore, rowers must transition to more efficient systems or face rapid exhaustion.

Middle Race Efficiency Optimisation

  • The aerobic system provides most ATP during the middle race segments.
  • Complete fuel breakdown yields far more ATP per glucose molecule than anaerobic systems.
  • This superior efficiency enables sustained high-intensity effort for several minutes.
  • Pacing depends on maintaining intensity where aerobic metabolism dominates energy production.

Final Sprint Energy Dynamics

  • The last section requires shifting back to less efficient but faster energy systems.
  • Glycolytic system reactivation allows increased speed despite efficiency loss.
  • Lactic acid accumulation results from this deliberate efficiency sacrifice.
  • This trade-off demonstrates how performance goals override efficiency in race-critical moments.

Implications and Synthesis

  • Efficiency differences create distinct pacing phases: explosive start, sustained middle, powerful finish.
  • The aerobic system’s efficiency determines how fast the middle pace can be maintained.
  • Strategic inefficiency at start and finish proves that winning requires more than optimal efficiency.
  • Therefore, successful pacing balances the competing demands of speed and sustainable energy production.
Show Worked Solution

Sample Answer

Overview Statement

  • ATP production efficiency directly influences pacing decisions throughout the 2000m race.
  • The relationship between speed and efficiency determines sustainable effort levels at each race stage.

Start Phase and Efficiency Trade-offs

  • Initial acceleration relies on ATP-PCr and glycolytic systems for rapid energy despite poor efficiency.
  • These systems produce ATP quickly but generate limited amounts per fuel molecule used.
  • This inefficiency means the fast start cannot be maintained beyond 30-45 seconds.
  • Therefore, rowers must transition to more efficient systems or face rapid exhaustion.

Middle Race Efficiency Optimisation

  • The aerobic system provides most ATP during the middle race segments.
  • Complete fuel breakdown yields far more ATP per glucose molecule than anaerobic systems.
  • This superior efficiency enables sustained high-intensity effort for several minutes.
  • Pacing depends on maintaining intensity where aerobic metabolism dominates energy production.

Final Sprint Energy Dynamics

  • The last section requires shifting back to less efficient but faster energy systems.
  • Glycolytic system reactivation allows increased speed despite efficiency loss.
  • Lactic acid accumulation results from this deliberate efficiency sacrifice.
  • This trade-off demonstrates how performance goals override efficiency in race-critical moments.

Implications and Synthesis

  • Efficiency differences create distinct pacing phases: explosive start, sustained middle, powerful finish.
  • The aerobic system’s efficiency determines how fast the middle pace can be maintained.
  • Strategic inefficiency at start and finish proves that winning requires more than optimal efficiency.
  • Therefore, successful pacing balances the competing demands of speed and sustainable energy production.

HMS, BM EQ-Bank 773

Evaluate how the efficiency of ATP production impacts the performance of a soccer midfielder who must perform repeated high-intensity efforts throughout a 90-minute match.   (8 marks)

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Sample Answer

Evaluation Statement

  • ATP production efficiency greatly affects a midfielder’s match performance.
  • Evaluation based on: energy system capacity, fatigue management, and performance sustainability.

Sprint Performance

  • ATP-PCr system’s rapid production enables explosive movements but depletes within 10-15 seconds.
  • Limited capacity forces reliance on less efficient systems for subsequent efforts.
  • Recovery requires several minutes, creating performance gaps between sprints.
  • Quick energy is essential but proves inadequate for continuous high-intensity demands.

High-Intensity Running

  • Glycolytic system produces ATP quickly but creates lactic acid as a by-product.
  • Lactic acid build-up makes muscles acidic and reduces their ability to contract after 30-90 seconds.
  • Repeated efforts cause increasing fatigue that slows sprint speed noticeably.
  • The trade-off between quick energy and fatigue build-up limits sustained performance.

Match Endurance

  • Aerobic system’s complete fuel breakdown provides the most ATP per glucose molecule.
  • This efficiency enables PCr recovery between efforts and helps clear lactic acid during lower intensity periods.
  • The aerobic system sustains most energy needs throughout the full match.
  • Superior efficiency allows midfielders to maintain work rate despite growing tiredness.

Final Evaluation

  • Aerobic efficiency proves most critical for repeated efforts throughout a match.
  • Midfielders with better aerobic fitness maintain higher work rates and recover faster between sprints.
  • While all systems contribute, aerobic efficiency ultimately determines sustainable performance level over 90 minutes.
Show Worked Solution

Sample Answer

Evaluation Statement

  • ATP production efficiency greatly affects a midfielder’s match performance.
  • Evaluation based on: energy system capacity, fatigue management, and performance sustainability.

Sprint Performance

  • ATP-PCr system’s rapid production enables explosive movements but depletes within 10-15 seconds.
  • Limited capacity forces reliance on less efficient systems for subsequent efforts.
  • Recovery requires several minutes, creating performance gaps between sprints.
  • Quick energy is essential but proves inadequate for continuous high-intensity demands.

High-Intensity Running

  • Glycolytic system produces ATP quickly but creates lactic acid as a by-product.
  • Lactic acid build-up makes muscles acidic and reduces their ability to contract after 30-90 seconds.
  • Repeated efforts cause increasing fatigue that slows sprint speed noticeably.
  • The trade-off between quick energy and fatigue build-up limits sustained performance.

Match Endurance

  • Aerobic system’s complete fuel breakdown provides the most ATP per glucose molecule.
  • This efficiency enables PCr recovery between efforts and helps clear lactic acid during lower intensity periods.
  • The aerobic system sustains most energy needs throughout the full match.
  • Superior efficiency allows midfielders to maintain work rate despite growing tiredness.

Final Evaluation

  • Aerobic efficiency proves most critical for repeated efforts throughout a match.
  • Midfielders with better aerobic fitness maintain higher work rates and recover faster between sprints.
  • While all systems contribute, aerobic efficiency ultimately determines sustainable performance level over 90 minutes.

HMS, BM EQ-Bank 772

A 400-metre runner requires significant energy production throughout the race, which typically lasts 45-60 seconds. Explain how the efficiency of ATP production in different energy systems affects the runner's performance throughout the race.   (4 marks)

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Sample Answer

  • The ATP-PCr system provides immediate energy for the first 2-3 seconds, enabling explosive acceleration from the blocks.
  • By 10 seconds, the glycolytic system becomes predominant, producing ATP rapidly but inefficiently (2 ATP per glucose), causing lactic acid accumulation.
  • Around 30 seconds, the aerobic system contributes more significantly with higher efficiency (36-38 ATP per glucose).
  • In the final 100 metres, glycolytic inefficiency and lactic acid accumulation reduce speed, requiring optimal development of all energy systems for success.
Show Worked Solution

Sample Answer 

  • The ATP-PCr system provides immediate energy for the first 2-3 seconds, enabling explosive acceleration from the blocks.
  • By 10 seconds, the glycolytic system becomes predominant, producing ATP rapidly but inefficiently (2 ATP per glucose), causing lactic acid accumulation.
  • Around 30 seconds, the aerobic system contributes more significantly with higher efficiency (36-38 ATP per glucose).
  • In the final 100 metres, glycolytic inefficiency and lactic acid accumulation reduce speed, requiring optimal development of all energy systems for success.

HMS, BM EQ-Bank 769 MC

Which energy system produces the MOST ATP molecules per molecule of glucose?

  1. ATP-PCr system
  2. Glycolytic (lactic acid) system
  3. Aerobic energy system
  4. None of these systems produce ATP from glucose
Show Answers Only

\(C\)

Show Worked Solution
  • C is correct: The aerobic system produces 36-38 ATP molecules per molecule of glucose through complete oxidation with oxygen, making it the most efficient system.

Other Options:

  • A is incorrect: The ATP-PCr system doesn’t directly use glucose as a fuel source; it uses phosphocreatine to regenerate ATP.
  • B is incorrect: The glycolytic (lactic acid) system produces only about 2 ATP molecules per glucose molecule through anaerobic glycolysis.
  • D is incorrect: Both the glycolytic and aerobic systems produce ATP from glucose, with different levels of efficiency.

HMS, BM EQ-Bank 768

To what extent do the causes of fatigue affect a tennis player's ability to maintain serve speed and accuracy throughout a long match?    (8 marks)

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Sample Answer

Position Statement:

  • Fatigue moderately affects serve performance, with impact increasing as matches extend beyond two hours.
  • Primary factors: phosphocreatine depletion for serves and glycogen reduction affecting overall match play.

ATP-PCr System and Serve Power:

  • Each serve requires maximum explosive power from the ATP-PCr system lasting 1-2 seconds.
  • Brief recovery between points allows substantial PCr replenishment before the next serve.
  • However, accumulated serves throughout a match create incomplete recovery cycles.
  • First serves typically maintain speed early but show slight decreases in later sets.
  • Second serves, requiring precise control, suffer more from fatigue than pure power serves.
  • The system’s quick recovery between points limits severe serve speed reduction.

Glycolytic and Aerobic Demands:

  • Extended rallies between serves engage glycolytic and aerobic systems substantially.
  • Lactic acid from intense rallies can affect serving motion and timing.
  • Long matches gradually deplete glycogen stores, reducing overall movement quality.
  • This indirect fatigue impacts serve preparation, footwork and balance.
  • Players compensate by reducing first-serve percentage to maintain control.

Reaffirmation:

  • Fatigue moderately impacts serving, with noticeable but not dramatic effects.
  • players maintain most serve speed through efficient PCr recovery between points.
  • Accuracy suffers more than raw power as fatigue affects coordination.
  • Match duration and rally intensity determine fatigue’s extent more than serve count alone.
  • Therefore, while fatigue influences serve performance, the impact remains manageable through tactical adjustments.
Show Worked Solution

Sample Answer

Position Statement:

  • Fatigue moderately affects serve performance, with impact increasing as matches extend beyond two hours.
  • Primary factors: phosphocreatine depletion for serves and glycogen reduction affecting overall match play.

ATP-PCr System and Serve Power:

  • Each serve requires maximum explosive power from the ATP-PCr system lasting 1-2 seconds.
  • Brief recovery between points allows substantial PCr replenishment before the next serve.
  • However, accumulated serves throughout a match create incomplete recovery cycles.
  • First serves typically maintain speed early but show slight decreases in later sets.
  • Second serves, requiring precise control, suffer more from fatigue than pure power serves.
  • The system’s quick recovery between points limits severe serve speed reduction.

Glycolytic and Aerobic Demands:

  • Extended rallies between serves engage glycolytic and aerobic systems substantially.
  • Lactic acid from intense rallies can affect serving motion and timing.
  • Long matches gradually deplete glycogen stores, reducing overall movement quality.
  • This indirect fatigue impacts serve preparation, footwork and balance.
  • Players compensate by reducing first-serve percentage to maintain control.

Reaffirmation:

  • Fatigue moderately impacts serving, with noticeable but not dramatic effects.
  • players maintain most serve speed through efficient PCr recovery between points.
  • Accuracy suffers more than raw power as fatigue affects coordination.
  • Match duration and rally intensity determine fatigue’s extent more than serve count alone.
  • Therefore, while fatigue influences serve performance, the impact remains manageable through tactical adjustments.

HMS, BM EQ-Bank 767

During a half-marathon (21.1km), many runners experience varying types of fatigue at different stages of the race. Explain the causes of fatigue in the aerobic energy system and how these impact performance.   (6 marks)

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Sample Answer

  • Glycogen depletion gradually affects the aerobic system during a half-marathon race.
  • After 60-90 minutes of running, muscle glycogen stores become partly used up, which forces the body to rely more on fat for fuel.
  • This causes problems as fat needs more oxygen to produce ATP than carbohydrate does.
  • Therefore, runners must slow their pace as energy becomes harder to produce efficiently.
  • Dehydration also impacts the aerobic system by reducing the body’s ability to deliver oxygen to muscles.
  • Sweating during the race decreases blood volume, which means less oxygen reaches working muscles.
  • As a result, the aerobic system cannot work as well despite the runner’s fitness level.
  • Rising body temperature further affects performance because heat makes it harder for muscles to produce energy.
  • This leads to decreased efficiency even when oxygen is available.
  • Mental tiredness develops separately from physical fatigue, causing runners to feel the effort is harder than it actually is.
  • Consequently, motivation drops and perceived effort increases during the race.
  • All these factors combine, making runners progressively slower as the race continues despite trying to maintain pace.
Show Worked Solution

Sample Answer 

  • Glycogen depletion gradually affects the aerobic system during a half-marathon race.
  • After 60-90 minutes of running, muscle glycogen stores become partly used up, which forces the body to rely more on fat for fuel.
  • This causes problems as fat needs more oxygen to produce ATP than carbohydrate does.
  • Therefore, runners must slow their pace as energy becomes harder to produce efficiently.
  • Dehydration also impacts the aerobic system by reducing the body’s ability to deliver oxygen to muscles.
  • Sweating during the race decreases blood volume, which means less oxygen reaches working muscles.
  • As a result, the aerobic system cannot work as well despite the runner’s fitness level.
  • Rising body temperature further affects performance because heat makes it harder for muscles to produce energy.
  • This leads to decreased efficiency even when oxygen is available.
  • Mental tiredness develops separately from physical fatigue, causing runners to feel the effort is harder than it actually is.
  • Consequently, motivation drops and perceived effort increases during the race.
  • All these factors combine, making runners progressively slower as the race continues despite trying to maintain pace.

HMS, BM EQ-Bank 763

Analyse how the availability of different fuel sources influences energy system dominance and fatigue during a 1500-metre running race.   (8 marks)

Show Answers Only

Sample Answer

Overview Statement

  • Fuel availability determines energy system dominance throughout the 1500m race.
  • Phosphocreatine, glucose and oxygen availability interact to shape pacing and fatigue patterns.

PCr Availability and Sprint Performance

  • Limited phosphocreatine stores enable explosive acceleration for only 10-15 seconds at the start.
  • This leads to rapid PCr depletion, forcing reliance on glycolytic system by the first curve.
  • PCr partially replenishes during the middle laps, allowing a final sprint if managed correctly.
  • Therefore, PCr availability dictates tactical positioning opportunities throughout the race.

Glucose Supply and Sustained Speed

  • Abundant muscle glucose supports high-intensity running through anaerobic glycolysis after PCr depletion.
  • This process generates lactic acid accumulation, which progressively impairs muscle contraction efficiency.
  • The glycolytic system depends on glucose availability but is limited by rising acidity, not fuel depletion.
  • Consequently, glucose availability permits sustained speed while lactic acid constrains maximum effort duration.

Oxygen and Aerobic Contribution

  • Increasing oxygen uptake enables aerobic metabolism to contribute more ATP as the race progresses.
  • The aerobic system utilises glucose more efficiently than glycolysis, producing more ATP per glucose molecule.
  • This efficiency allows sustained pace during middle laps while preserving some glucose for the finish.
  • Thus, oxygen availability determines the balance between efficient and inefficient fuel use.

Implications and Synthesis

  • Fuel availability creates a hierarchy: PCr exhausts first, glucose remains adequate, oxygen increases gradually.
  • This pattern means energy systems shift from ATP-PCr to glycolytic to increasingly aerobic dominance.
  • Fatigue results from PCr depletion initially, then lactic acid accumulation, rather than fuel exhaustion.
  • Therefore, understanding fuel availability reveals why pacing strategies must match energy system capabilities.
Show Worked Solution

Sample Answer

Overview Statement

  • Fuel availability determines energy system dominance throughout the 1500m race.
  • Phosphocreatine, glucose and oxygen availability interact to shape pacing and fatigue patterns.

PCr Availability and Sprint Performance

  • Limited phosphocreatine stores enable explosive acceleration for only 10-15 seconds at the start.
  • This leads to rapid PCr depletion, forcing reliance on glycolytic system by the first curve.
  • PCr partially replenishes during the middle laps, allowing a final sprint if managed correctly.
  • Therefore, PCr availability dictates tactical positioning opportunities throughout the race.

Glucose Supply and Sustained Speed

  • Abundant muscle glucose supports high-intensity running through anaerobic glycolysis after PCr depletion.
  • This process generates lactic acid accumulation, which progressively impairs muscle contraction efficiency.
  • The glycolytic system depends on glucose availability but is limited by rising acidity, not fuel depletion.
  • Consequently, glucose availability permits sustained speed while lactic acid constrains maximum effort duration.

Oxygen and Aerobic Contribution

  • Increasing oxygen uptake enables aerobic metabolism to contribute more ATP as the race progresses.
  • The aerobic system utilises glucose more efficiently than glycolysis, producing more ATP per glucose molecule.
  • This efficiency allows sustained pace during middle laps while preserving some glucose for the finish.
  • Thus, oxygen availability determines the balance between efficient and inefficient fuel use.

Implications and Synthesis

  • Fuel availability creates a hierarchy: PCr exhausts first, glucose remains adequate, oxygen increases gradually.
  • This pattern means energy systems shift from ATP-PCr to glycolytic to increasingly aerobic dominance.
  • Fatigue results from PCr depletion initially, then lactic acid accumulation, rather than fuel exhaustion.
  • Therefore, understanding fuel availability reveals why pacing strategies must match energy system capabilities.

HMS, BM EQ-Bank 762

How does the depletion of fuel sources in the aerobic energy system contribute to an athlete "hitting the wall" during a marathon at around the 32-kilometre mark?   (5 marks)

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Sample Answer

  • Marathon runners begin by using both carbohydrate and fat for fuel, with glycogen providing easy energy at steady pace.
  • After about 2 hours, muscle glycogen stores run very low, which forces the body to use mainly fat for energy.
  • Fat needs more oxygen to make ATP than carbohydrate does, resulting in higher oxygen demands that the body cannot meet at the same running speed.
  • This change causes runners to slow down immediately as their bodies cannot get enough oxygen for the pace.
  • Body temperature goes up because fat burning is less efficient, creating extra heat that makes runners feel hotter.
  • Breathing rate increases to get more oxygen for fat burning, which makes runners feel breathless even though they’ve slowed down.
  • The brain also lacks glucose, causing poor concentration and less motivation to continue.
  • These problems together create the sudden tiredness known as “hitting the wall”.
  • Therefore, glycogen depletion forces the body to use harder-to-burn fat for fuel.
Show Worked Solution

Sample Answer

  • Marathon runners begin by using both carbohydrate and fat for fuel, with glycogen providing easy energy at steady pace.
  • After about 2 hours, muscle glycogen stores run very low, which forces the body to use mainly fat for energy.
  • Fat needs more oxygen to make ATP than carbohydrate does, resulting in higher oxygen demands that the body cannot meet at the same running speed.
  • This change causes runners to slow down immediately as their bodies cannot get enough oxygen for the pace.
  • Body temperature goes up because fat burning is less efficient, creating extra heat that makes runners feel hotter.
  • Breathing rate increases to get more oxygen for fat burning, which makes runners feel breathless even though they’ve slowed down.
  • The brain also lacks glucose, causing poor concentration and less motivation to continue.
  • These problems together create the sudden tiredness known as “hitting the wall”.
  • Therefore, glycogen depletion forces the body to use harder-to-burn fat for fuel.

HMS, BM EQ-Bank 760

Evaluate the importance of different fuel sources and their efficiency of ATP production for athletes competing in different duration events.   (8 marks)

Show Answers Only

Sample Answer

Evaluation Statement

  • Fuel source selection and ATP production efficiency fundamentally determine athletic performance across different event durations.
  • Evaluation based on: fuel availability, ATP yield efficiency, and event-specific demands.

Short Duration Events (10-15 seconds)

  • Phosphocreatine provides the only fuel source for explosive efforts like shot put or 100m sprint starts.
  • This system produces ATP most rapidly, enabling maximum power output immediately.
  • However, limited PCr stores exhaust within seconds, making it unsuitable for longer efforts.
  • The trade-off between speed and capacity proves ideal for brief maximal performances.

Medium Duration Events (30 seconds – 2 minutes)

  • Glucose becomes the primary fuel through anaerobic breakdown during 400m runs or 100m swims.
  • This produces ATP quickly but inefficiently, with only partial glucose breakdown occurring.
  • Lactic acid accumulation limits duration despite adequate glucose availability.
  • Athletes must balance intensity against rapidly increasing fatigue from metabolic by-products.

Long Duration Events (over 3 minutes)

  • Both carbohydrates and fats fuel aerobic metabolism in marathons and distance cycling.
  • Complete fuel oxidation yields far more ATP per glucose molecule than anaerobic systems.
  • Fat provides virtually unlimited energy but requires more oxygen per ATP produced.
  • Efficiency allows sustained performance though at lower intensities than anaerobic metabolism permits.

Final Evaluation

  • Event duration dictates optimal fuel source selection more than any other factor.
  • ATP production efficiency inversely relates to production speed across all systems.
  • Athletes cannot choose their fuel source; duration and intensity determine it automatically.
  • Understanding these relationships helps athletes pace efforts appropriately for their event.
Show Worked Solution

Sample Answer 

Evaluation Statement

  • Fuel source selection and ATP production efficiency fundamentally determine athletic performance across different event durations.
  • Evaluation based on: fuel availability, ATP yield efficiency, and event-specific demands.

Short Duration Events (10-15 seconds)

  • Phosphocreatine provides the only fuel source for explosive efforts like shot put or 100m sprint starts.
  • This system produces ATP most rapidly, enabling maximum power output immediately.
  • However, limited PCr stores exhaust within seconds, making it unsuitable for longer efforts.
  • The trade-off between speed and capacity proves ideal for brief maximal performances.

Medium Duration Events (30 seconds – 2 minutes)

  • Glucose becomes the primary fuel through anaerobic breakdown during 400m runs or 100m swims.
  • This produces ATP quickly but inefficiently, with only partial glucose breakdown occurring.
  • Lactic acid accumulation limits duration despite adequate glucose availability.
  • Athletes must balance intensity against rapidly increasing fatigue from metabolic by-products.

Long Duration Events (over 3 minutes)

  • Both carbohydrates and fats fuel aerobic metabolism in marathons and distance cycling.
  • Complete fuel oxidation yields far more ATP per glucose molecule than anaerobic systems.
  • Fat provides virtually unlimited energy but requires more oxygen per ATP produced.
  • Efficiency allows sustained performance though at lower intensities than anaerobic metabolism permits.

Final Evaluation

  • Event duration dictates optimal fuel source selection more than any other factor.
  • ATP production efficiency inversely relates to production speed across all systems.
  • Athletes cannot choose their fuel source; duration and intensity determine it automatically.
  • Understanding these relationships helps athletes pace efforts appropriately for their event.

HMS, BM EQ-Bank 759

A netball centre typically performs high-intensity bursts of activity throughout a 60-minute game. Describe how the fuel sources used by this athlete would change during different phases of the game.   (6 marks)

Show Answers Only

Sample Answer

  • During explosive movements (jumping, quick directional changes), the centre primarily uses phosphocreatine through the ATP-PCr system for immediate energy.
  • In fast breaks or intense rallies lasting 10-30 seconds, the glycolytic system becomes dominant, using muscle glycogen and blood glucose as fuel sources.
  • During lower intensity periods of the game, the aerobic system predominates, using carbohydrates as the primary fuel source.
  • As the game progresses and glycogen stores become partially depleted, the body increases its reliance on fat metabolism during recovery phases between high-intensity efforts.
  • The interplay of energy systems allows the centre to perform repeated high-intensity efforts throughout the game by recovering phosphocreatine stores during periods of lower intensity.
  • The athlete’s ability to spare glycogen through efficient use of fats during lower intensity phases helps maintain carbohydrate availability for high-intensity efforts in the latter stages of the game.
Show Worked Solution

Sample Answer 

  • During explosive movements (jumping, quick directional changes), the centre primarily uses phosphocreatine through the ATP-PCr system for immediate energy.
  • In fast breaks or intense rallies lasting 10-30 seconds, the glycolytic system becomes dominant, using muscle glycogen and blood glucose as fuel sources.
  • During lower intensity periods of the game, the aerobic system predominates, using carbohydrates as the primary fuel source.
  • As the game progresses and glycogen stores become partially depleted, the body increases its reliance on fat metabolism during recovery phases between high-intensity efforts.
  • The interplay of energy systems allows the centre to perform repeated high-intensity efforts throughout the game by recovering phosphocreatine stores during periods of lower intensity.
  • The athlete’s ability to spare glycogen through efficient use of fats during lower intensity phases helps maintain carbohydrate availability for high-intensity efforts in the latter stages of the game.

HMS, BM EQ-Bank 758

Compare and contrast the efficiency of ATP production in the three energy systems and explain how this affects the duration and intensity of activities where each system is predominant.   (6 marks)

Show Answers Only

Sample Answer

  • ATP-PCr system produces ATP rapidly but has limited stores (approximately 90g of ATP and 120g of PCr), allowing only 10-15 seconds of high-intensity activity.
  • The glycolytic system produces ATP at a moderate rate by partially breaking down glucose anaerobically, supporting 30-45 seconds of high-intensity activity.
  • The aerobic system produces ATP efficiently but more slowly, enabling sustained energy production for activities lasting minutes to hours.
  • The ATP-PCr system supports maximal intensity (>95% of maximum heart rate) activities due to rapid ATP production, but quickly fatigues due to limited PCr stores.
  • The glycolytic system supports high, sub-maximal intensity (85-95% of maximum heart rate) activities but accumulates lactic acid, limiting duration to approximately 30 seconds at peak output.
  • The aerobic system supports sub-maximal intensity (\(\leq\)85% of maximum heart rate) activities due to its efficiency in completely metabolising fuels with oxygen, allowing for sustained energy production.
  • The interplay between rate of ATP production and total ATP production capacity determines the specific performance profile of each energy system.
  • The inverse relationship between ATP production rate and total capacity determines each system’s optimal application to specific activity demands.
Show Worked Solution

Sample Answer 

  • ATP-PCr system produces ATP rapidly but has limited stores (approximately 90g of ATP and 120g of PCr), allowing only 10-15 seconds of high-intensity activity.
  • The glycolytic system produces ATP at a moderate rate by partially breaking down glucose anaerobically, supporting 30-45 seconds of high-intensity activity.
  • The aerobic system produces ATP efficiently but more slowly, enabling sustained energy production for activities lasting minutes to hours.
  • The ATP-PCr system supports maximal intensity (>95% of maximum heart rate) activities due to rapid ATP production, but quickly fatigues due to limited PCr stores.
  • The glycolytic system supports high, sub-maximal intensity (85-95% of maximum heart rate) activities but accumulates lactic acid, limiting duration to approximately 30 seconds at peak output.
  • The aerobic system supports sub-maximal intensity (\(\leq\)85% of maximum heart rate) activities due to its efficiency in completely metabolising fuels with oxygen, allowing for sustained energy production.
  • The interplay between rate of ATP production and total ATP production capacity determines the specific performance profile of each energy system.
  • The inverse relationship between ATP production rate and total capacity determines each system’s optimal application to specific activity demands.

HMS, HIC EQ-Bank 022

Describe how socioeconomic status can contribute to risky health behaviours for Australians, and provide three specific examples.   (5 marks)

Show Answers Only

Sample Answer

  • Lower socioeconomic status often correlates with reduced access to health information, leading to lower health literacy and fewer resources to make informed health decisions.
  • Example 1: Individuals from lower socioeconomic backgrounds may engage in higher rates of tobacco smoking as a coping mechanism for financial and social stressors. 
  • Financial constraints can limit access to healthier food options, recreational facilities, and preventative healthcare, creating barriers to adopting protective health behaviours.
  • Example 2: Food insecurity in lower-income households can lead to reliance on nutrient-poor foods that are often cheaper and more accessible. This can contribute to higher rates of obesity and related health conditions in these communities.
  • Living environments associated with socioeconomic disadvantage often feature higher density of alcohol outlets and gambling venues, resulting in increased exposure and normalisation of these activities.
  • Example 3: Young people in disadvantaged communities have greater access to alcohol and gambling facilities, leading to earlier initiation and higher rates of binge drinking and excess alcohol consumption.

Show Worked Solution

Sample Answer

  • Lower socioeconomic status often correlates with reduced access to health information, leading to lower health literacy and fewer resources to make informed health decisions.
  • Example 1: Individuals from lower socioeconomic backgrounds may engage in higher rates of tobacco smoking as a coping mechanism for financial and social stressors. 
  • Financial constraints can limit access to healthier food options, recreational facilities, and preventative healthcare, creating barriers to adopting protective health behaviours.
  • Example 2: Food insecurity in lower-income households can lead to reliance on nutrient-poor foods that are often cheaper and more accessible. This can contribute to higher rates of obesity and related health conditions in these communities.
  • Living environments associated with socioeconomic disadvantage often feature higher density of alcohol outlets and gambling venues, resulting in increased exposure and normalisation of these activities.
  • Example 3: Young people in disadvantaged communities have greater access to alcohol and gambling facilities, leading to earlier initiation and higher rates of binge drinking and excess alcohol consumption.

HMS, HIC EQ-Bank 019

How do environmental factors and health behaviours interact to influence an individual's risk of developing skin cancer in Australia.   (5 marks)

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*Cause-and-effect language that directly addresses the “How” (unofficial) keyword is bolded in the answer below.

  • Australia’s location causes intense UV radiation exposure. This is due to our proximity to the equator combined with ozone depletion, resulting in UV levels 40% higher than Europe. This leads to Australia having the world’s highest melanoma rates.
  • Sun protection behaviours directly mitigate environmental risk. When people apply SPF30+ sunscreen, this blocks 97% of UV rays. As a result, regular users experience much lower melanoma risk.
  • Conversely, avoiding protection causes UV damage accumulation, triggering cancer development.
  • Built environments determine how exposure occurs. First, a lack of shade results in direct sunlight exposure. This then leads to increased peak-hour UV contact. Subsequently, shade structures reduce UV exposure, resulting in safer outdoor activities.
  • Cultural norms influence behaviours through social pressure. This works by beach culture promoting tanned skin, which causes sun-seeking behaviour. Despite education campaigns, this influence leads to many young people pursuing tans and thereby increasing their lifetime melanoma risk.

Show Worked Solution

*Cause-and-effect language that directly addresses the “How” (unofficial) keyword is bolded in the answer below.

  • Australia’s location causes intense UV radiation exposure. This is due to our proximity to the equator combined with ozone depletion, resulting in UV levels 40% higher than Europe. This leads to Australia having the world’s highest melanoma rates.
  • Sun protection behaviours directly mitigate environmental risk. When people apply SPF30+ sunscreen, this blocks 97% of UV rays. As a result, regular users experience much lower melanoma risk.
  • Conversely, avoiding protection causes UV damage accumulation, triggering cancer development.
  • Built environments determine how exposure occurs. First, a lack of shade results in direct sunlight exposure. This then leads to increased peak-hour UV contact. Subsequently, shade structures reduce UV exposure, resulting in safer outdoor activities.
  • Cultural norms influence behaviours through social pressure. This works by beach culture promoting tanned skin, which causes sun-seeking behaviour. Despite education campaigns, this influence leads to many young people pursuing tans and thereby increasing their lifetime melanoma risk.

HMS, HIC EQ-Bank 018 MC

A long-term study of Australian adults found that individuals who experienced childhood trauma were more likely to develop anxiety disorders in adulthood. This relationship remained significant even when controlling for education level, income and current lifestyle factors.

Further analysis revealed that these individuals exhibited altered stress hormone responses and changes in brain structure compared to those without trauma history.

Which combination of health determinants best explains this complex health outcome?

  1. Biomedical factors and environmental factors
  2. Health behaviours and socioeconomic characteristics
  3. Broad features of society and health behaviours
  4. Environmental factors and health behaviours

Show Answers Only

\(A\)

Show Worked Solution

  • A is correct. The altered stress hormone responses and brain changes represent biomedical factors (physiological changes), while childhood trauma represents environmental factors (early life exposures). 

    Other options:

  • B is incorrect because while education and income (socioeconomic characteristics) are mentioned, the study controlled for these factors, indicating they aren’t the primary explanatory variables. 
  • C is incorrect because broad features of society aren’t specifically addressed, and health behaviours were controlled for in the analysis.
  • D is incorrect because while environmental factors (childhood trauma) are key, health behaviours were controlled for, suggesting they aren’t primary explanatory factors for the relationship.

HMS, HIC EQ-Bank 017 MC

Research indicates that Australian communities with high walkability scores tend to have lower rates of cardiovascular disease and obesity. However, these neighbourhoods often experience rising property values, which can lead to the displacement of lower-income residents to areas with fewer recreational facilities and poorer transport connections.

This scenario most comprehensively illustrates the interaction between which TWO determinants of health?

  1. Health behaviours and biomedical factors
  2. Environmental factors and socioeconomic characteristics
  3. Broad features of society and health behaviours
  4. Biomedical factors and environmental factors

Show Answers Only

\(B\)

Show Worked Solution

  • B is correct as the scenario describes how the built environment (walkability) interacts with socioeconomic factors (property values) to influence health outcomes. 

Other options:

  • A is incorrect because while health behaviours (like walking) are implied, the scenario primarily focuses on the structural determinants rather than individual choices or biomedical factors.
  • C is incorrect because although broad features of society might indirectly relate to urban planning, the scenario directly addresses environmental design and socioeconomic impacts.
  • D is incorrect because biomedical factors (genetic or physiological characteristics) are not mentioned in the scenario.

HMS, BM EQ-Bank 754

Evaluate how the design of contemporary exercise environments influences social interaction and group cohesion among participants. In your response, consider both physical and psychological aspects of exercise environments.   (8 marks)

Show Answers Only

This answer uses the criteria-based structure for “Evaluate”: State overall evaluation and preview criteria, then examine each criterion with evidence and judgment, before making final weighted evaluation.

Evaluation Statement

  • Contemporary exercise environment design demonstrates highly effective influence on social interaction and group cohesion.
  • Evidence shows combining strategic physical layouts with supportive psychological elements produces optimal community building.
  • Evaluation examines physical design effectiveness and psychological environment impact as key criteria.

Physical Design Effectiveness

  • Physical arrangements strongly meet criteria for promoting face-to-face participant interaction during workouts.
  • Circular equipment positioning allows natural conversation opportunities that enhance group dynamics significantly.
  • Outdoor fitness groups using open spaces enable participants to encourage each other during exercises.
  • However, mirror-heavy facilities can intimidate newcomers who avoid interaction through self-consciousness.
  • Assessment reveals physical design achieves moderate effectiveness – successful for confident participants but inadequate for beginners.

Psychological Environment Impact

  • Psychological factors comprehensively fulfil criteria for creating lasting bonds through shared challenge experiences.
  • CrossFit and HIIT sessions create shared challenge mentality through modified exercises accommodating all fitness levels.
  • Participants establish rapport with training partners of similar abilities, increasing commitment and accountability.
  • Positive reinforcement through cheers and recognition creates supportive atmospheres that motivate continued participation.
  • Research demonstrates psychological elements achieve superior effectiveness in building genuine community connections.

Final Evaluation

  • Weighing both criteria reveals contemporary exercise environments are highly effective overall.
  • Psychological support systems successfully compensate for physical design limitations in most scenarios.
  • Strong community environments create inclusive spaces where diverse fitness levels feel valued and supported.
  • Overall judgement confirms contemporary exercise design successfully influences social interaction primarily through psychological rather than physical factors.

Show Worked Solution

This answer uses the criteria-based structure for “Evaluate”: State overall evaluation and preview criteria, then examine each criterion with evidence and judgment, before making final weighted evaluation.

Evaluation Statement

  • Contemporary exercise environment design demonstrates highly effective influence on social interaction and group cohesion.
  • Evidence shows combining strategic physical layouts with supportive psychological elements produces optimal community building.
  • Evaluation examines physical design effectiveness and psychological environment impact as key criteria.

Physical Design Effectiveness

  • Physical arrangements strongly meet criteria for promoting face-to-face participant interaction during workouts.
  • Circular equipment positioning allows natural conversation opportunities that enhance group dynamics significantly.
  • Outdoor fitness groups using open spaces enable participants to encourage each other during exercises.
  • However, mirror-heavy facilities can intimidate newcomers who avoid interaction through self-consciousness.
  • Assessment reveals physical design achieves moderate effectiveness – successful for confident participants but inadequate for beginners.

Psychological Environment Impact

  • Psychological factors comprehensively fulfil criteria for creating lasting bonds through shared challenge experiences.
  • CrossFit and HIIT sessions create shared challenge mentality through modified exercises accommodating all fitness levels.
  • Participants establish rapport with training partners of similar abilities, increasing commitment and accountability.
  • Positive reinforcement through cheers and recognition creates supportive atmospheres that motivate continued participation.
  • Research demonstrates psychological elements achieve superior effectiveness in building genuine community connections.

Final Evaluation

  • Weighing both criteria reveals contemporary exercise environments are highly effective overall.
  • Psychological support systems successfully compensate for physical design limitations in most scenarios.
  • Strong community environments create inclusive spaces where diverse fitness levels feel valued and supported.
  • Overall judgement confirms contemporary exercise design successfully influences social interaction primarily through psychological rather than physical factors.

HMS, BM EQ-Bank 751

Evaluate how group challenges in contemporary exercise forms contribute to both individual performance and group cohesion.   (8 marks)

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Evaluation Statement

  • Group challenges prove highly effective at simultaneously enhancing individual performance and strengthening group bonds.
  • This evaluation examines performance improvement mechanisms and social bonding outcomes.

Individual Performance Enhancement

  • Group challenges strongly meet performance improvement goals through accountability mechanisms.
  • Evidence supporting this includes individuals training harder to avoid disappointing teammates in obstacle races.
  • The fear of letting others down creates powerful motivation beyond personal goals.
  • However, this pressure can prove counterproductive for some individuals who perform worse under stress.
  • Group dynamics may intimidate beginners or less confident members, potentially hindering their progress.
  • Despite these limitations, peer accountability generally elevates achievement levels significantly.

Social Bonding and Cohesion

  • Group challenges partially fulfil community-building objectives through shared experiences.
  • The evidence indicates that preparing together creates multiple bonding opportunities.
  • Overcoming obstacles collectively produces lasting memories and strengthens relationships.
  • Nevertheless, competitive tensions can emerge when skill levels vary significantly within groups.
  • Stronger members may feel held back while weaker ones experience exclusion.
  • Although effective for compatible groups, cohesion proves less reliable with mismatched abilities.

Final Evaluation

  • Weighing these factors shows group challenges achieve mixed but generally positive outcomes.
  • The strengths outweigh the weaknesses because proper group composition can minimise negative effects.
  • While strong in motivation and bonding, effectiveness depends heavily on group dynamics.
  • The overall evaluation demonstrates superior outcomes when groups are well-matched.
  • Careful implementation remains crucial for maximising benefits while minimising potential drawbacks.
Show Worked Solution

Evaluation Statement

  • Group challenges prove highly effective at simultaneously enhancing individual performance and strengthening group bonds.
  • This evaluation examines performance improvement mechanisms and social bonding outcomes.

Individual Performance Enhancement

  • Group challenges strongly meet performance improvement goals through accountability mechanisms.
  • Evidence supporting this includes individuals training harder to avoid disappointing teammates in obstacle races.
  • The fear of letting others down creates powerful motivation beyond personal goals.
  • However, this pressure can prove counterproductive for some individuals who perform worse under stress.
  • Group dynamics may intimidate beginners or less confident members, potentially hindering their progress.
  • Despite these limitations, peer accountability generally elevates achievement levels significantly.

Social Bonding and Cohesion

  • Group challenges partially fulfil community-building objectives through shared experiences.
  • The evidence indicates that preparing together creates multiple bonding opportunities.
  • Overcoming obstacles collectively produces lasting memories and strengthens relationships.
  • Nevertheless, competitive tensions can emerge when skill levels vary significantly within groups.
  • Stronger members may feel held back while weaker ones experience exclusion.
  • Although effective for compatible groups, cohesion proves less reliable with mismatched abilities.

Final Evaluation

  • Weighing these factors shows group challenges achieve mixed but generally positive outcomes.
  • The strengths outweigh the weaknesses because proper group composition can minimise negative effects.
  • While strong in motivation and bonding, effectiveness depends heavily on group dynamics.
  • The overall evaluation demonstrates superior outcomes when groups are well-matched.
  • Careful implementation remains crucial for maximising benefits while minimising potential drawbacks.

HMS, BM EQ-Bank 749

Analyse how contemporary forms of exercise foster motivation through both internal and external factors.   (8 marks)

Show Answers Only

Sample Answer

Overview Statement

  • Intrinsic and extrinsic motivational factors interact with social recognition and performance tracking systems. These relationships create interdependent cycles that sustain contemporary exercise participation.

Component Relationship 1

  • Extrinsic recognition triggers intrinsic satisfaction, which reinforces continued participation in group-based contemporary exercise.
  • The relationship operates because external validation from peers enhances internal feelings of competence and belonging rather than replacing them.
  • HIIT participants receiving group encouragement develop stronger intrinsic motivation for personal achievement than solo exercisers, creating a cycle where external support builds internal drive.
  • Such interactions demonstrate how contemporary exercise transforms extrinsic motivation into sustainable intrinsic engagement, explaining superior adherence rates compared to traditional gym environments.

Component Relationship 2

  • Digital performance tracking connects extrinsic social sharing with intrinsic goal achievement to amplify both motivational types simultaneously.
  • The interaction occurs when wearable technology and apps combine visible progress data with social validation features and personal milestone recognition.
  • Strava users experience both internal pride from personal records and external recognition through community kudos, resulting in 70% higher program completion than non-social fitness tracking.
  • Evidence reveals how contemporary exercise leverages technological integration to maximise motivational impact across multiple psychological needs.

Implications and Synthesis

  • These interdependent relationships create exercise ecosystems where motivational factors strengthen each other rather than competing.
  • The significance is that contemporary exercise succeeds by addressing the full spectrum of human motivational psychology.
  • Therefore, integrated approaches such as this represent a fundamental shift from traditional exercise models toward sustainable participation systems.

Show Worked Solution

Sample Answer

Overview Statement

  • Intrinsic and extrinsic motivational factors interact with social recognition and performance tracking systems. These relationships create interdependent cycles that sustain contemporary exercise participation.

Component Relationship 1

  • Extrinsic recognition triggers intrinsic satisfaction, which reinforces continued participation in group-based contemporary exercise.
  • The relationship operates because external validation from peers enhances internal feelings of competence and belonging rather than replacing them.
  • HIIT participants receiving group encouragement develop stronger intrinsic motivation for personal achievement than solo exercisers, creating a cycle where external support builds internal drive.
  • Such interactions demonstrate how contemporary exercise transforms extrinsic motivation into sustainable intrinsic engagement, explaining superior adherence rates compared to traditional gym environments.

Component Relationship 2

  • Digital performance tracking connects extrinsic social sharing with intrinsic goal achievement to amplify both motivational types simultaneously.
  • The interaction occurs when wearable technology and apps combine visible progress data with social validation features and personal milestone recognition.
  • Strava users experience both internal pride from personal records and external recognition through community kudos, resulting in 70% higher program completion than non-social fitness tracking.
  • Evidence reveals how contemporary exercise leverages technological integration to maximise motivational impact across multiple psychological needs.

Implications and Synthesis

  • These interdependent relationships create exercise ecosystems where motivational factors strengthen each other rather than competing.
  • The significance is that contemporary exercise succeeds by addressing the full spectrum of human motivational psychology.
  • Therefore, integrated approaches such as this represent a fundamental shift from traditional exercise models toward sustainable participation systems.

HMS, BM EQ-Bank 746

Assess how apps like Strava enhance both competitiveness and group cohesion in contemporary exercise communities.   (6 marks)

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Judgment Statement

  • Strava proves highly effective at enhancing both competitive drive and social bonds within exercise communities.
  • This assessment examines Stava’s competitive features and community-building functions.

Competitive Enhancement

  • Strava demonstrates strong effectiveness in fostering healthy competition through innovative features.
  • The segment leaderboards allow users to compete on specific routes against thousands of athletes globally.
  • Personal records and performance metrics create self-competition, driving continuous improvement.
  • This achieves significant motivational outcomes as users push harder knowing times are publicly visible.
  • The app shows excellent results in transforming solo activities into competitive experiences.

Community Building Functions

  • Strava achieves considerable success in strengthening group connections through social features.
  • Club functions unite members around shared goals while challenge features promote collective achievements.
  • The kudos and comment system creates supportive interactions after every activity.
  • This produces measurable results in maintaining exercise adherence through peer encouragement.
  • Group cohesion shows optimal outcomes when members celebrate each other’s progress.

Overall Assessment

  • In summary, Strava successfully balances competitive elements with community support.
  • The app demonstrates high effectiveness by satisfying both individual achievement needs and social connection desires.
  • This dual approach proves more valuable than traditional exercise tracking methods.
  • When all factors are considered, Strava significantly enhances contemporary exercise community dynamics.
Show Worked Solution

Judgment Statement

  • Strava proves highly effective at enhancing both competitive drive and social bonds within exercise communities.
  • This assessment examines Stava’s competitive features and community-building functions.

Competitive Enhancement

  • Strava demonstrates strong effectiveness in fostering healthy competition through innovative features.
  • The segment leaderboards allow users to compete on specific routes against thousands of athletes globally.
  • Personal records and performance metrics create self-competition, driving continuous improvement.
  • This achieves significant motivational outcomes as users push harder knowing times are publicly visible.
  • The app shows excellent results in transforming solo activities into competitive experiences.

Community Building Functions

  • Strava achieves considerable success in strengthening group connections through social features.
  • Club functions unite members around shared goals while challenge features promote collective achievements.
  • The kudos and comment system creates supportive interactions after every activity.
  • This produces measurable results in maintaining exercise adherence through peer encouragement.
  • Group cohesion shows optimal outcomes when members celebrate each other’s progress.

Overall Assessment

  • In summary, Strava successfully balances competitive elements with community support.
  • The app demonstrates high effectiveness by satisfying both individual achievement needs and social connection desires.
  • This dual approach proves more valuable than traditional exercise tracking methods.
  • When all factors are considered, Strava significantly enhances contemporary exercise community dynamics.

HMS, BM EQ-Bank 743 MC

When attending a parkrun, participants are more likely to continue attending regularly due to:

  1. The absence of formal competition reducing anxiety
  2. The abilities catered for through shared experiences
  3. The formal timing system recording their personal improvements
  4. The consistent rule system ensuring fairness across all participants
Show Answers Only

\(B\)

Show Worked Solution
  • B is correct: Inclusive approach for multiple abilities creates shared experiences encouraging participation.

Other Options:

  • A is incorrect: Parkrun still includes competitive elements through timing.
  • C is incorrect: Timing exists but social aspects are more significant for retention.
  • D is incorrect: Consistent rules don’t primarily drive continued participation.

HMS, BM EQ-Bank 736

Assess the role that technology plays in contemporary forms of exercise.   (8 marks)

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Sample Answer

Judgment Statement

  • Technology plays a highly valuable role in contemporary exercise.
  • This assessment examines two criteria: how technology improves exercise accessibility and its influence on participation behaviours

Accessibility 

  • Technology demonstrates strong effectiveness in removing traditional exercise barriers.
  • Free workout apps provide professional guidance previously costing hundreds in trainer fees.
  • YouTube fitness channels reach millions who lack gym access or exercise knowledge.
  • Wearable devices achieve significant democratisation by making performance tracking available to all fitness levels.
  • This excellent accessibility transforms exercise from exclusive activity to inclusive opportunity.
  • Technology rates as highly successful in broadening participation across demographics.

Behavioural Impact

  • Technology produces substantial quality outcomes in motivation and adherence.
  • Fitness apps using gamification show 60% higher program completion than traditional methods.
  • Virtual communities create considerable social support replacing geographical limitations.
  • Achievement badges and progress tracking generate optimal psychological engagement.
  • However, some users show limited long-term results when external validation replaces intrinsic motivation.
  • Overall, behavioural impact proves moderately successful with some dependency concerns.

Overall Assessment

  • Technology’s role in contemporary exercise proves highly valuable across both criteria.
  • The substantial accessibility improvements outweigh moderate behavioural limitations.
  • This assessment shows that technology as a transformative force, makes exercise more engaging and available.
  • When all factors are considered, technology significantly enhances contemporary exercise participation.
  • The implications suggest continued integration will further revolutionise how people approach fitness.
Show Worked Solution

Sample Answer

Judgment Statement

  • Technology plays a highly valuable role in contemporary exercise.
  • This assessment examines two criteria: how technology improves exercise accessibility and its influence on participation behaviours

Accessibility 

  • Technology demonstrates strong effectiveness in removing traditional exercise barriers.
  • Free workout apps provide professional guidance previously costing hundreds in trainer fees.
  • YouTube fitness channels reach millions who lack gym access or exercise knowledge.
  • Wearable devices achieve significant democratisation by making performance tracking available to all fitness levels.
  • This excellent accessibility transforms exercise from exclusive activity to inclusive opportunity.
  • Technology rates as highly successful in broadening participation across demographics.

Behavioural Impact

  • Technology produces substantial quality outcomes in motivation and adherence.
  • Fitness apps using gamification show 60% higher program completion than traditional methods.
  • Virtual communities create considerable social support replacing geographical limitations.
  • Achievement badges and progress tracking generate optimal psychological engagement.
  • However, some users show limited long-term results when external validation replaces intrinsic motivation.
  • Overall, behavioural impact proves moderately successful with some dependency concerns.

Overall Assessment

  • Technology’s role in contemporary exercise proves highly valuable across both criteria.
  • The substantial accessibility improvements outweigh moderate behavioural limitations.
  • This assessment shows that technology as a transformative force, makes exercise more engaging and available.
  • When all factors are considered, technology significantly enhances contemporary exercise participation.
  • The implications suggest continued integration will further revolutionise how people approach fitness.

HMS, BM EQ-Bank 734

Evaluate how contemporary forms of exercise address barriers that may exist with traditional exercise approaches.   (8 marks)

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Evaluation Statement

  • Contemporary exercise forms are highly effective at addressing traditional exercise barriers.
  • This evaluation uses three criteria: accessibility improvements, motivation enhancement, and sustainability of participation.

Accessibility (Physical and Financial)

  • Contemporary exercise strongly meets accessibility needs through innovative approaches.
  • Evidence supporting this includes HIIT workouts requiring only 20-30 minutes versus traditional 60-minute sessions, addressing time constraints.
  • Home workouts and outdoor fitness parks eliminate expensive gym memberships.
  • Low-impact options like SUP accommodate injuries while scaled movements suit all fitness levels.
  • In these ways, accessibility issues are addressed as contemporary forms remove major participation obstacles.

Motivation and Sustainability of Participation

  • Contemporary exercise strongly meets long-term participation needs through enhanced engagement strategies.
  • CrossFit’s constantly varied WODs prevent boredom, a major cause of exercise dropout.
  • Technology provides continuous feedback and achievement tracking, maintaining interest over time.
  • The shift from strict performance metrics to enjoyment-based experiences reduces burnout.
  • Virtual communities create accountability that sustains participation beyond initial enthusiasm.
  • This criterion is highly effective in promoting adherence compared to repetitive traditional routines.

Final Evaluation

  • Weighing these factors shows contemporary exercise significantly outperforms traditional approaches.
  • The strengths in accessibility and motivation substantially outweigh minor technological limitations.
  • Contemporary forms prove highly effective because they address multiple barriers simultaneously.
  • This effectiveness depends on proper implementation and individual preferences.
  • Overall, contemporary exercise successfully removes historical obstacles to regular physical activity participation.
Show Worked Solution

Evaluation Statement

  • Contemporary exercise forms are highly effective at addressing traditional exercise barriers.
  • This evaluation uses three criteria: accessibility improvements, motivation enhancement, and sustainability of participation.

Accessibility (Physical and Financial)

  • Contemporary exercise strongly meets accessibility needs through innovative approaches.
  • Evidence supporting this includes HIIT workouts requiring only 20-30 minutes versus traditional 60-minute sessions, addressing time constraints.
  • Home workouts and outdoor fitness parks eliminate expensive gym memberships.
  • Low-impact options like SUP accommodate injuries while scaled movements suit all fitness levels.
  • In these ways, accessibility issues are addressed as contemporary forms remove major participation obstacles.

Motivation and Sustainability of Participation

  • Contemporary exercise strongly meets long-term participation needs through enhanced engagement strategies.
  • CrossFit’s constantly varied WODs prevent boredom, a major cause of exercise dropout.
  • Technology provides continuous feedback and achievement tracking, maintaining interest over time.
  • The shift from strict performance metrics to enjoyment-based experiences reduces burnout.
  • Virtual communities create accountability that sustains participation beyond initial enthusiasm.
  • This criterion is highly effective in promoting adherence compared to repetitive traditional routines.

Final Evaluation

  • Weighing these factors shows contemporary exercise significantly outperforms traditional approaches.
  • The strengths in accessibility and motivation substantially outweigh minor technological limitations.
  • Contemporary forms prove highly effective because they address multiple barriers simultaneously.
  • This effectiveness depends on proper implementation and individual preferences.
  • Overall, contemporary exercise successfully removes historical obstacles to regular physical activity participation.

HMS, BM EQ-Bank 731

Analyse why High-Intensity Interval Training (HIIT) and Sprint Interval Training (SIT) have become popular contemporary forms of exercise.   (8 marks)

Show Answers Only

Sample Answer

Overview Statement

  • Time efficiency, accessibility features, psychological appeal and digital availability interact with modern lifestyle demands to drive HIIT/SIT popularity as contemporary exercise solutions.

Component Relationship 1

  • Time efficiency and physiological benefits combine to create powerful appeal for busy individuals.
  • This relationship leads to significant adoption because 20-minute HIIT sessions produce similar cardiovascular improvements to 60-minute steady-state workouts.
  • As a result, busy professionals are attracted to these methods that maximise health gains while minimising time investment.
  • This demonstrates how the time-benefit relationship directly influences exercise participation in contemporary society.

Component Relationship 2

  • Accessibility components interact with modifiability features to enable widespread participation across different demographics.
  • Minimal equipment requirements connect to flexible home settings, which allows participation regardless of socioeconomic status.
  • Bodyweight HIIT workouts in small apartments achieve results equal to gym-based programs, thus removing financial and location barriers.
  • This relationship shows how HIIT/SIT democratises effective exercise by making it available to all populations.

Implications and Synthesis

  • These relationships work together to create a system where convenience meets effectiveness.
  • The significance is that HIIT/SIT popularity results from multiple interconnected factors addressing modern lifestyle challenges.
  • Therefore, these methods have become dominant contemporary exercise forms.

Show Worked Solution

Sample Answer

Overview Statement

  • Time efficiency, accessibility features, psychological appeal and digital availability interact with modern lifestyle demands to drive HIIT/SIT popularity as contemporary exercise solutions.

Component Relationship 1

  • Time efficiency and physiological benefits combine to create powerful appeal for busy individuals.
  • This relationship leads to significant adoption because 20-minute HIIT sessions produce similar cardiovascular improvements to 60-minute steady-state workouts.
  • As a result, busy professionals are attracted to these methods that maximise health gains while minimising time investment.
  • This demonstrates how the time-benefit relationship directly influences exercise participation in contemporary society.

Component Relationship 2

  • Accessibility components interact with modifiability features to enable widespread participation across different demographics.
  • Minimal equipment requirements connect to flexible home settings, which allows participation regardless of socioeconomic status.
  • Bodyweight HIIT workouts in small apartments achieve results equal to gym-based programs, thus removing financial and location barriers.
  • This relationship shows how HIIT/SIT democratises effective exercise by making it available to all populations.

Implications and Synthesis

  • These relationships work together to create a system where convenience meets effectiveness.
  • The significance is that HIIT/SIT popularity results from multiple interconnected factors addressing modern lifestyle challenges.
  • Therefore, these methods have become dominant contemporary exercise forms.

HMS, BM EQ-Bank 730

Explain how wearable fitness technology has transformed traditional exercise forms into contemporary ones.   (5 marks)

Show Answers Only

Sample Answer

  • Wearable technology provides immediate feedback on performance metrics in real-time. This enables users to monitor heart rate zones and adjust intensity instantly. Manual checks are replaced by continuous data monitoring, transforming traditional guesswork into precise exercise management.
  • Apps connected to wearables create virtual communities where participants share workouts and achievements. Consequently, solitary activities like running transform into social experiences. Traditional isolated exercise becomes connected group participation through digital platforms.
  • GPS tracking in wearables enables users to map routes precisely and compare performances over time. Therefore, participants can compete virtually with others worldwide without physical presence. Geographic limitations no longer restrict competitive exercise participation.
  • Data collection and analysis capabilities help users set personalised goals and track progress objectively. Thus reshaping generic exercise routines into tailored fitness programs. Traditional one-size-fits-all approaches evolve into customised training based on individual data patterns.
  • Automated prompts and behaviour modification features encourage consistent activity throughout the day. As a result, exercise extends from scheduled sessions to lifestyle integration. Traditional time-bound workouts expand into continuous movement awareness and encouragement.
Show Worked Solution

Sample Answer

  • Wearable technology provides immediate feedback on performance metrics in real-time. This enables users to monitor heart rate zones and adjust intensity instantly. Manual checks are replaced by continuous data monitoring, transforming traditional guesswork into precise exercise management.
  • Apps connected to wearables create virtual communities where participants share workouts and achievements. Consequently, solitary activities like running transform into social experiences. Traditional isolated exercise becomes connected group participation through digital platforms.
  • GPS tracking in wearables enables users to map routes precisely and compare performances over time. Therefore, participants can compete virtually with others worldwide without physical presence. Geographic limitations no longer restrict competitive exercise participation.
  • Data collection and analysis capabilities help users set personalised goals and track progress objectively. Thus reshaping generic exercise routines into tailored fitness programs. Traditional one-size-fits-all approaches evolve into customised training based on individual data patterns.
  • Automated prompts and behaviour modification features encourage consistent activity throughout the day. As a result, exercise extends from scheduled sessions to lifestyle integration. Traditional time-bound workouts expand into continuous movement awareness and encouragement.

HMS, BM EQ-Bank 726 MC

Sarah is looking for a contemporary form of exercise that would be accessible despite her recent knee injury.

Which of the following would be most appropriate for her to consider?

  1. CrossFit
  2. Stand-up paddle boarding (SUP)
  3. Outdoor bootcamp
  4. Sprint Interval Training (SIT)
Show Answers Only

\(B\)

Show Worked Solution
  • B is correct: SUP is a low-impact activity suitable for people with knee or hip issues.

Other Options:

  • A is incorrect: CrossFit involves high-impact movements and weightlifting that could aggravate knee injuries.
  • C is incorrect: Outdoor bootcamps typically include high-impact activities like running and jumping.
  • D is incorrect: SIT involves maximum intensity sprinting so inappropriate for knee injuries..

HMS, BM EQ-Bank 722 MC

Which aspect of outdoor bootcamp training most effectively promotes adherence to regular exercise?

  1. The constantly changing outdoor environments
  2. The military-style discipline imposed by trainers
  3. The social support and group accountability
  4. The use of minimal equipment
Show Answers Only

\(C\)

Show Worked Solution
  • C is correct: Social support and group accountability creates commitment, encourages attendance and fosters community connections that motivate continued participation.

Other Options:

  • A is incorrect: Changing environments provide variety but don’t promote social motivation.
  • B is incorrect: Military-style discipline can discourage participation for some people.
  • D is incorrect: Minimal equipment is about accessibility rather than motivation for adherence.

HMS, BM EQ-Bank 719

Explain the role of self-efficacy in developing effective self-regulation for sports performance and exercise behaviour change.   (5 marks)

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Sample Answer 

  • Self-efficacy provides the foundational confidence needed for effective self-regulation. Athletes with strong belief in their abilities are more likely to persist through challenging self-control situations during competition.
  • High self-efficacy influences goal-setting quality for both sports and exercise contexts. This occurs because confident individuals set challenging but achievable targets that optimise self-regulation demands rather than avoiding difficult tasks.
  • Successful self-regulation experiences strengthen self-efficacy through positive feedback loops. As a result, athletes who effectively control emotions during pressure situations develop greater confidence in their regulatory abilities for future challenges.
  • In exercise contexts, self-efficacy determines whether individuals believe they can successfully incorporate physical activity into their lifestyle. Beginning exercisers with low confidence often quit when facing initial discomfort or slow progress.
  • The relationship creates a positive cycle where effective self-regulation leads to performance success. Subsequently, enhanced self-efficacy from these achievements enables even stronger self-regulatory capacity, creating sustained improvement in both sports performance and exercise adherence over time.
Show Worked Solution

Sample Answer 

  • Self-efficacy provides the foundational confidence needed for effective self-regulation. Athletes with strong belief in their abilities are more likely to persist through challenging self-control situations during competition.
  • High self-efficacy influences goal-setting quality for both sports and exercise contexts. This occurs because confident individuals set challenging but achievable targets that optimise self-regulation demands rather than avoiding difficult tasks.
  • Successful self-regulation experiences strengthen self-efficacy through positive feedback loops. As a result, athletes who effectively control emotions during pressure situations develop greater confidence in their regulatory abilities for future challenges.
  • In exercise contexts, self-efficacy determines whether individuals believe they can successfully incorporate physical activity into their lifestyle. Beginning exercisers with low confidence often quit when facing initial discomfort or slow progress.
  • The relationship creates a positive cycle where effective self-regulation leads to performance success. Subsequently, enhanced self-efficacy from these achievements enables even stronger self-regulatory capacity, creating sustained improvement in both sports performance and exercise adherence over time.

HMS, BM EQ-Bank 718

Evaluate the effectiveness of self-regulation strategies for both elite athletes and beginning exercisers. Provide examples to support your answer.   (8 marks)

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Evaluation Statement

  • Self-regulation strategies are highly effective for elite athletes but only moderately effective for beginning exercisers.
  • This evaluation examines two criteria; consistency of application and long-term adherence rates.

Criterion 1 – Consistency of Application

  • Elite athletes strongly meet consistency requirements through established self-regulation habits.
  • Tennis players maintain composure after bad calls while basketball players adjust tactics mid-game without losing focus.
  • Years of practice create automatic self-regulation responses even under extreme pressure.
  • Beginning exercisers partially fulfil consistency needs.
  • They successfully self-regulate initially but struggle maintaining strategies when motivation drops.
  • New runners might skip morning sessions after two weeks despite good intentions.
  • This criterion reveals major effectiveness differences between groups.

Criterion 2 – Long-term Adherence

  • Elite athletes demonstrate excellent long-term adherence to self-regulation strategies.
  • Professional swimmers follow strict nutrition and sleep protocols for years despite social temptations.
  • Self-regulation becomes integrated into their athletic identity.
  • Beginning exercisers show limited long-term success rates.
  • Research indicates 80% abandon exercise routines within three months when relying solely on self-regulation.
  • Those combining self-regulation with social support show better outcomes.
  • This stark contrast in adherence rates significantly impacts overall effectiveness.

Final Evaluation

  • Self-regulation proves highly effective for elite athletes due to ingrained habits and identity integration.
  • For beginners, moderate effectiveness requires supplementary support systems.
  • Implications suggest beginners need external accountability while developing self-regulation skills.
Show Worked Solution

Evaluation Statement

  • Self-regulation strategies are highly effective for elite athletes but only moderately effective for beginning exercisers.
  • This evaluation examines two criteria; consistency of application and long-term adherence rates.

Criterion 1 – Consistency of Application

  • Elite athletes strongly meet consistency requirements through established self-regulation habits.
  • Tennis players maintain composure after bad calls while basketball players adjust tactics mid-game without losing focus.
  • Years of practice create automatic self-regulation responses even under extreme pressure.
  • Beginning exercisers partially fulfil consistency needs.
  • They successfully self-regulate initially but struggle maintaining strategies when motivation drops.
  • New runners might skip morning sessions after two weeks despite good intentions.
  • This criterion reveals major effectiveness differences between groups.

Criterion 2 – Long-term Adherence

  • Elite athletes demonstrate excellent long-term adherence to self-regulation strategies.
  • Professional swimmers follow strict nutrition and sleep protocols for years despite social temptations.
  • Self-regulation becomes integrated into their athletic identity.
  • Beginning exercisers show limited long-term success rates.
  • Research indicates 80% abandon exercise routines within three months when relying solely on self-regulation.
  • Those combining self-regulation with social support show better outcomes.
  • This stark contrast in adherence rates significantly impacts overall effectiveness.

Final Evaluation

  • Self-regulation proves highly effective for elite athletes due to ingrained habits and identity integration.
  • For beginners, moderate effectiveness requires supplementary support systems.
  • Implications suggest beginners need external accountability while developing self-regulation skills.

HMS, BM EQ-Bank 717

Analyse the relationship between self-regulation, habit formation, and long-term exercise adherence.   (6 marks)

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Sample Answer

  • Self-regulation is initially crucial for exercise adherence as individuals must consciously override established sedentary patterns.
  • Regular application of self-regulation during early exercise adoption helps manage resistance to the discomfort and inconvenience of new routines
  • With consistent practice, self-regulation demand gradually decreases as exercise behaviors become more automatic and habitual.
  • Habit formation represents the transition from conscious self-regulation to automatic behavior patterns.
  • Once exercise becomes habitual, it requires less decision-making and mental resources, significantly increasing adherence likelihood.
  • The self-regulation capacity developed through consistent exercise practice transfers to other health behaviours, creating positive behavioural spillover.
  • This cycle creates positive reinforcement as improved self-regulation facilitates better habit formation, which further enhances long-term adherence.
Show Worked Solution

Sample Answer 

  • Self-regulation is initially crucial for exercise adherence as individuals must consciously override established sedentary patterns.
  • Regular application of self-regulation during early exercise adoption helps manage resistance to the discomfort and inconvenience of new routines
  • With consistent practice, self-regulation demand gradually decreases as exercise behaviors become more automatic and habitual.
  • Habit formation represents the transition from conscious self-regulation to automatic behavior patterns.
  • Once exercise becomes habitual, it requires less decision-making and mental resources, significantly increasing adherence likelihood.
  • The self-regulation capacity developed through consistent exercise practice transfers to other health behaviours, creating positive behavioural spillover.
  • This cycle creates positive reinforcement as improved self-regulation facilitates better habit formation, which further enhances long-term adherence.

HMS, BM EQ-Bank 713

Discuss the factors that can positively and negatively impact self-regulation for sports performance and exercise behaviour change.   (8 marks)

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*PEEL – Structure solution using separate PEEL methods for each side of the argument; [P] Identify the point, [E] expand on the point with a link to question asked, [Ev] apply evidence/examples, [L] linking sentence back to question.

Sample Answer:

Benefits of Supportive Conditions:

  • [P] Adequate sleep and recovery form the foundation for effective self-regulation in both sports and exercise contexts.
  • [E] Well-rested individuals maintain optimal mental resources needed for self-control during challenging situations.
  • [Ev] Elite swimmers who prioritise 8+ hours sleep demonstrate superior emotional control during high-pressure races compared to sleep-deprived competitors.
  • [L] This demonstrates how physiological factors directly support psychological self-regulation abilities.
      
  • [P] Social support systems further strengthen self-regulatory capacity when personal resources become strained.
  • [E] External accountability from coaches, trainers and peers provides crucial reinforcement during moments of low motivation.
  • [Ev] Recreational exercisers with personal trainers maintain programme adherence rates 60% higher than those training independently.
  • [L] Therefore, environmental support significantly enhances individual self-regulation efforts.

Challenges Undermining Self-Regulation:

  • [P] However, the absence of these supportive conditions creates substantial barriers to effective self-regulation.
  • [E] Sleep deprivation directly undermines the cognitive resources required for self-control and strategic decision-making.
  • [Ev] Athletes training on less than six hours sleep frequently exhibit emotional outbursts and poor tactical choices during competition.
  • [L] This reveals how compromised recovery sabotages even well-developed self-regulatory skills.
      
  • [P] Similarly, excessive demands can overwhelm self-regulatory capacity regardless of external support.
  • [E] Unrealistic exercise programmes place unsustainable strain on willpower without allowing gradual skill development.
  • [Ev] Beginning exercisers attempting intensive daily routines typically abandon programmes within three weeks due to self-regulation fatigue.
  • [L] Consequently, poorly structured demands can undermine long-term behaviour change despite initial motivation.
Show Worked Solution

*PEEL – Structure solution using separate PEEL methods for each side of the argument; [P] Identify the point, [E] expand on the point with a link to question asked, [Ev] apply evidence/examples, [L] linking sentence back to question.

Sample Answer

Benefits of Supportive Conditions:

  • [P] Adequate sleep and recovery form the foundation for effective self-regulation in both sports and exercise contexts.
  • [E] Well-rested individuals maintain optimal mental resources needed for self-control during challenging situations.
  • [Ev] Elite swimmers who prioritise 8+ hours sleep demonstrate superior emotional control during high-pressure races compared to sleep-deprived competitors.
  • [L] This demonstrates how physiological factors directly support psychological self-regulation abilities.
      
  • [P] Social support systems further strengthen self-regulatory capacity when personal resources become strained.
  • [E] External accountability from coaches, trainers and peers provides crucial reinforcement during moments of low motivation.
  • [Ev] Recreational exercisers with personal trainers maintain programme adherence rates 60% higher than those training independently.
  • [L] Therefore, environmental support significantly enhances individual self-regulation efforts.

Challenges Undermining Self-Regulation:

  • [P] However, the absence of these supportive conditions creates substantial barriers to effective self-regulation.
  • [E] Sleep deprivation directly undermines the cognitive resources required for self-control and strategic decision-making.
  • [Ev] Athletes training on less than six hours sleep frequently exhibit emotional outbursts and poor tactical choices during competition.
  • [L] This reveals how compromised recovery sabotages even well-developed self-regulatory skills.
      
  • [P] Similarly, excessive demands can overwhelm self-regulatory capacity regardless of external support.
  • [E] Unrealistic exercise programmes place unsustainable strain on willpower without allowing gradual skill development.
  • [Ev] Beginning exercisers attempting intensive daily routines typically abandon programmes within three weeks due to self-regulation fatigue.
  • [L] Consequently, poorly structured demands can undermine long-term behaviour change despite initial motivation.

HMS, BM EQ-Bank 708 MC

A person who has been sedentary decides to start exercising regularly. After a few weeks, they find it easier to maintain their exercise routine despite initial resistance.

This example illustrates:

  1. Ego depletion
  2. Self-efficacy development
  3. The elimination of all barriers to exercise
  4. Habit formation through continued self-regulation
Show Answers Only

\(D\)

Show Worked Solution
  • D is correct: Continued self-regulation creates automatic exercise behaviours and habits.

Other Options:

  • A is incorrect: Describes mental resource depletion, not habit formation.
  • B is incorrect: Scenario primarily demonstrates habit formation through self-regulation.
  • C is incorrect: Barriers become easier to overcome, not eliminated.

HMS, HIC EQ-Bank 018

Explain how health inequities affect Indigenous Australians compared to non-Indigenous Australians and propose TWO specific strategies to address these inequities.    (6 marks)

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*Cause-and-effect language that directly addresses the “Explain” keyword is bolded in the answer below.

Gap in life expectancy:

  • Indigenous Australians have a lower life expectancy than non-Indigenous Australians. This occurs because of ongoing health inequities resulting from colonisation and systemic discrimination.

Higher chronic disease rates:

  • Indigenous Australians experience disproportionately higher rates of chronic conditions. This happens when social disadvantage combines with limited healthcare access.
  • As a result, diabetes rates are 3-4 times higher among Indigenous Australians. This is due to historical disruption of traditional diets which led to reliance on processed foods.

Strategy 1

  • Expanding Aboriginal Community Controlled Health Organisations (ACCHOs) would lead to improved health outcomes. This works by providing culturally safe healthcare which causes increased trust and service use.
  • Nunkuwarrin Yunti in South Australia demonstrates how Indigenous-led healthcare results in better health. This occurs because patients feel understood and respected.

Strategy 2

  • Housing improvement programs would cause reduced disease rates. This happens when better infrastructure prevents overcrowding and poor sanitation.
  • The Housing for Health program shows how fixing houses directly leads to fewer infectious diseases. This relationship results from improved living conditions enabling better hygiene practices.

Show Worked Solution

*Cause-and-effect language that directly addresses the “Explain” keyword is bolded in the answer below.

Gap in life expectancy:

  • Indigenous Australians have a lower life expectancy than non-Indigenous Australians. This occurs because of ongoing health inequities resulting from colonisation and systemic discrimination.

Higher chronic disease rates:

  • Indigenous Australians experience disproportionately higher rates of chronic conditions. This happens when social disadvantage combines with limited healthcare access.
  • As a result, diabetes rates are 3-4 times higher among Indigenous Australians. This is due to historical disruption of traditional diets which led to reliance on processed foods.

Strategy 1

  • Expanding Aboriginal Community Controlled Health Organisations (ACCHOs) would lead to improved health outcomes. This works by providing culturally safe healthcare which causes increased trust and service use.
  • Nunkuwarrin Yunti in South Australia demonstrates how Indigenous-led healthcare results in better health. This occurs because patients feel understood and respected.

Strategy 2

  • Housing improvement programs would cause reduced disease rates. This happens when better infrastructure prevents overcrowding and poor sanitation.
  • The Housing for Health program shows how fixing houses directly leads to fewer infectious diseases. This relationship results from improved living conditions enabling better hygiene practices.