A light ray from a laser passes from a glucose solution \((n=1.44)\) into the air \((n=1.00)\), as shown in Figure 12. --- 2 WORK AREA LINES (style=lined) --- --- 0 WORK AREA LINES (style=lined) --- --- 6 WORK AREA LINES (style=lined) --- a. \(\theta_c=44^{\circ}\) → When the light strikes the surface at an angle greater than the critical angle, Total Internal Reflection will occur. → As a result of the total internal reflection, all the light will be reflected off the boundary back into the glucose solution and therefore will not travel to the observer. c. Observer cannot see the laser: → When the light strikes the surface at an angle greater than the critical angle, Total Internal Reflection will occur. → As a result of the total internal reflection, all the light will be reflected off the boundary back into the glucose solution and therefore will not travel to the observer.
a.
\(\sin\theta_c\)
\(=\dfrac{n_2}{n_1}\)
\(\theta_c\)
\(=\sin^{-1}\Big{(}\dfrac{1.00}{1.44}\Big{)}\)
\(=44^{\circ}\)
BIOLOGY, M4 2021 VCE 8
Ancient cave drawings contribute evidence of cognitive changes that are unique to modern humans, Homo sapiens. Biologists argue that these unique cognitive changes in H. sapiens allowed cultural evolution that would have been impossible in other hominin species.
- Describe how ancient cave drawings contribute evidence of cultural evolution in H. sapiens. (2 marks)
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Cave drawings depicting animals have been found on stalagmites in the Ardales Cave in south-west Europe. A stalagmite is a rock formation that grows upwards from a cave floor, as shown in the image below. Over a long period of time, water, containing minerals, dripped from the cave roof, solidified and formed a transparent layer on top of the drawings on the stalagmites.
-
A team of scientists dated the mineral deposits in the solid, transparent layer using uranium-thorium dating. They found that some of the mineral deposits are 65 000 years old.
What conclusion can be made about the age of the ancient drawings on the stalagmites? Justify your response. (2 marks)
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- The table below shows the arrival dates of some hominin species to the European continent as well as their extinction dates. The dates are the best estimates based on fossil evidence from multiple sites and genetic data.
|
\( \textbf{Hominin species} \) |
\( \textbf{First appearance in Europe} \) \( \textbf{(years before present)} \) |
\( \textbf{Time of extinction} \) \( \textbf{(years before present)} \) |
| \( \text{Homo sapiens} \) | \(45\ 000\) | \( \text{not extinct}\) |
| \( \text{Homo neanderthalensis} \) | \(130\ 000\) | \(30\ 000\) |
| \( \text{Homo heidelbergensis} \) | \(800\ 000-600\ 000\) | \(400\ 000-200\ 000\) |
| \( \text{Homo erectus} \) | \(1\ 200\ 000-600\ 000\) | \(143\ 000\) |
- How does the discovery of the drawings in the Ardales Cave challenge the view that the art of cave drawing first arose in H. sapiens? In your response, refer to the evidence provided in the table and above. (2 marks)
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PHYSICS, M3 2017 VCE 15 MC
Lee listens while a police car with a loud siren comes towards her, travels past her and then continues on away from her.
Compared with the sound she would hear from the siren if the police car were stationary, the sound has.
- a higher frequency as the car comes towards her and a lower frequency when the car moves away.
- a lower frequency as the car comes towards her and a higher frequency when the car moves away.
- a lower intensity as the car comes towards her and a greater intensity when the car moves away.
- the same frequency at all times.
PHYSICS, M1 2017 VCE 9*
A model car of mass 2.0 kg is propelled from rest by a rocket motor that applies a constant horizontal force of 4.0 N, as shown below. Assume that friction is negligible.
With the same rocket motor, the car accelerates from rest for 10 seconds.
Calculate the the final speed of the model car? (2 marks)
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PHYSICS, M2 2017 VCE 8 MC
A model car of mass 2.0 kg is propelled from rest by a rocket motor that applies a constant horizontal force of 4.0 N, as shown below. Assume that friction is negligible.
Which one of the following best gives the magnitude of the impulse given to the car by the rocket motor in the first 5.0 seconds?
- \(4.0 \text{ N s}\)
- \(8.0 \text{ N s}\)
- \(20 \text{ N s}\)
- \(40 \text{ N s}\)
PHYSICS, M4 2017 VCE 3*
Two large charged plates with equal and opposite charges are placed close together, as shown in the diagram below.
A distance of 5.0 mm separates the plates. The electric field between the plates is equal to 1000 N C\(^{-1}\).
Calculate the voltage difference between the plates. (2 marks)
PHYSICS, M3 2018 VCE 11
Figure 13 shows two speakers, \(\text{A}\) and \(\text{ B}\), facing each other. The speakers are connected to the same signal generator/amplifier and the speakers are simultaneously producing the same 340 Hz sound.
Take the speed of sound to be 340 ms\( ^{-1}\).
- Calculate the wavelength of the sound. (1 mark)
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- A student stands in the centre, equidistant from speakers \(\text{A}\) and \(\text{B}\). He then moves towards speaker \(\text{B}\) and experiences a sequence of loud and quiet regions. He stops at the second region of quietness.
- How far has the student moved from the centre? Explain your reasoning. (3 marks)
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PHYSICS, M3 2018 VCE 11 MC
Alex hears the siren from a stationary fire engine.
Compared with the sound Alex hears from the stationary fire engine, the sound Alex will hear as the fire engine approaches him will have increased
- speed.
- period.
- amplitude.
- frequency.
PHYSICS, M2 2018 VCE 8-9 MC
A railway truck \(\text{X}\) of mass 10 tonnes, moving at 6.0 m s\(^{-1}\), collides with a stationary railway truck \(\text{Y}\) of mass 5.0 tonnes. After the collision the trucks are joined together and move off as one. The situation is shown below.
\(\text{Question 8}\)
The final speed of the joined railway trucks after the collision is closest to
- \( 2.0 \text{ m s}^{-1}\)
- \( 3.0 \text{ m s} ^{-1}\)
- \( 4.0 \text{ m s} ^{-1}\)
- \( 6.0 \text{ m s} ^{-1}\)
\(\text{Question 9}\)
The collision of the railway trucks is best described as one where
- kinetic energy is conserved but momentum is not conserved.
- kinetic energy is not conserved but momentum is conserved.
- neither kinetic energy nor momentum is conserved.
- both kinetic energy and momentum are conserved.
PHYSICS, M4 2018 VCE 3 MC
A straight wire carries a current of 10 A.
Which one of the following diagrams best shows the magnetic field associated with this current?
PHYSICS, M3 2019 VCE 13
In an experimental set-up used to investigate standing waves, a 6.0 m length of string is fixed at both ends, as shown in Figure 12. The string is under constant tension, ensuring that the speed of the wave pulses created is a constant 40 ms\(^{-1}\). In an initial experiment, a continuous transverse wave of frequency 7.5 Hz is generated along the string. --- 3 WORK AREA LINES (style=lined) --- --- 4 WORK AREA LINES (style=lined) ---
BIOLOGY, M4 2021 VCE 22 MC
The graph below shows when the five major mass extinction events and several other mass extinction events occurred. It also shows the percentage of species that were lost in each event.
According to the graph, to be classified as a major mass extinction event, the percentage of species that are lost has to be at least
- 10%
- 50%
- 74%
- 97%
BIOLOGY, M1 2021 VCE 6 MC
In a series of experiments, the rate of photosynthesis in plant cells was measured in environments with different concentrations of carbon dioxide. All other variables were kept constant.
Which one of the following graphs reflects the trend that would be shown by the results of these experiments?
CHEMISTRY, M4 EQ-Bank 3
A 3.1g sample of \(\ce{CaCO3_{(s)}}\) decomposes into \(\ce{CaO_{(s)}}\) and \(\ce{CO2_{(g)}}\). Entropy values for these chemicals are given below and the molar enthalpy for the reaction is 360 kJ/mol.
\begin{array} {|l|c|}
\hline
\rule{0pt}{2.5ex}\text{Substance}\rule[-1ex]{0pt}{0pt} & \text{Standard Entropy}\ (\Delta S) \\
\hline
\rule{0pt}{2.5ex}\ce{CaCO3}\rule[-1ex]{0pt}{0pt} & \text{92.88 J/K} \\
\hline
\rule{0pt}{2.5ex}\ce{CaO(s)}\rule[-1ex]{0pt}{0pt} & \text{39.75 J/K} \\
\hline
\rule{0pt}{2.5ex}\ce{CO2(g)}\rule[-1ex]{0pt}{0pt} & \text{213.6 J/K} \\
\hline
\end{array}
- Write a chemical equation for the above reaction. (1 mark)
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- Calculate the entropy change for this reaction. (2 marks)
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- Determine whether the reaction is spontaneous or non-spontaneous at room temperature. (2 marks)
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CHEMISTRY, M4 EQ-Bank 2
In the following reactions, predict whether entropy will increase or decrease, giving reasons. (3 marks)
- \(\ce{N2(g) + 3H2(g) \rightleftharpoons 2NH3(g)}\) (1 mark)
- \(\ce{CaCO3(s) \rightleftharpoons CaO(g) + CO2(g)}\) (1 mark)
- \(\ce{2HCl(aq) + Zn(s) \rightleftharpoons ZnCl2(aq) + H2(g)}\) (1 mark)
CHEMISTRY, M3 EQ-Bank 1
Find the oxidation state of each element in the compound \(\ce{CuSO4}\). (2 marks)
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CHEMISTRY, M3 2012 VCE 19 MC
The oxidation state of phosphorus in the pyrophosphate ion \(\ce{P2O7^{4-}}\) is
- \(+3.5\)
- \(+5\)
- \(+7\)
- \(+10\)
CHEMISTRY, M3 2013 VCE 14-15 MC
\(\ce{Cu(s) + 4HNO3(aq)\rightarrow Cu(NO3)2(aq) + 2NO2(g) + 2H2O(l)}\)
\(\text{Question 14}\)
Which one of the following will not increase the rate of the above reaction?
- decreasing the size of the solid copper particles
- increasing the temperature of \(\ce{HNO3}\) by 20 °C
- increasing the concentration of \(\ce{HNO3}\)
- allowing \(\ce{NO2}\) gas to escape
\(\text{Question 15}\)
In the above reaction, the number of successful collisions per second is a small fraction of the total number of collisions.
The major reason for this is that
- the nitric acid is ionised in solution.
- some reactant particles have too much kinetic energy.
- the kinetic energy of the particles is reduced when they collide with the container’s walls.
- not all reactant particles have the minimum kinetic energy required to initiate the reaction.
CHEMISTRY, M2 2012 16*
A helium balloon is inflated to a volume of 5.65 L and a pressure of 10.2 atm at a temperature of 25°C.
Calculate the amount of helium, in moles, in the balloon. (2 marks)
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PHYSICS, M4 2019 VCE 6a
A home owner on a large property creates a backyard entertainment area. The entertainment area has a low-voltage lighting system. To operate correctly, the lighting system requires a voltage of 12 \(\text{V}\). The lighting system has a resistance of 12 \(\Omega\).
Calculate the power drawn by the lighting system. (3 mark) --- 4 WORK AREA LINES (style=lined) ---
PHYSICS, M4 2019 VCE 2
Figure 2 shows two equal positive stationary point charges placed near each other.
Sketch on Figure 2 the shape and direction of the electric field lines. Use at least eight field lines. (2 marks)
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Show Answers Only
Show Worked Solution
→ Field lines must not touch.
→ Fields will repel one another.
CHEMISTRY, M2 2014 VCE 9*
An aerosol can with a volume of 300.0 mL contains 2.80 g of propane gas as a propellant. The warning label says the aerosol may explode at temperatures above 60.0 °C.
What is the pressure in the can at a temperature of 60.0 °C? (2 marks)
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CHEMISTRY M2 2015 VCE 2*
When concentrated sulfuric acid is added to dry sucrose, \(\ce{C12H22O11}\), a black residue of pure carbon is produced.
An equation for the reaction is
\(\ce{2C12H22O11(s)+ 2H2SO4(aq) + O2(g)\rightarrow 22C(s) + 2CO2(g) + 24H2O(g) + 2SO2(g)}\)
\(\text{Molar mass}\ \ce{(C12H22O11) = 342.0 \text{ g mol}^{–1}}\)
Calculate the mass of carbon residue that could be produced by the reaction of 50.0 g of sucrose with excess concentrated sulfuric acid. (2 marks)
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PHYSICS, M4 2019 VCE 2*
The electric field between two parallel plates that are 1.0 × 10\(^{-2}\) m apart is 2.0 × 10\(^{-4}\) N C\(^{-1}\).
Calculate the voltage between the plates? (2 marks)
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PHYSICS, M3 2020 VCE 13
A 0.8 m long guitar string is set vibrating at a frequency of 250 Hz. The standing wave envelope created in the guitar string is shown in Figure 12.
- Calculate the speed of the wave in the guitar string. (2 marks)
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- The frequency of the vibration in the guitar string is tripled to 750 Hz.
- On the guitar string below, draw the shape of the standing wave envelope now created. (2 marks)
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Show Answers Only
a. \(v=400\ \text{ms}^{-1}\)
b.
Show Worked Solution
| a. \(v\) | \(=f\lambda\) | |
| \(=250 \times 1.6 \) | ||
| \(=400\ \text{ms}^{-1}\) |
b.
→ Tripling the frequency means decreasing the wavelength by a factor of 3, hence three half wavelengths will now fit on the string.
PHYSICS, M4 2020 VCE 1
Two bar magnets are placed close to each other, as shown in Figure 1.
Sketch the shape and the direction of at least four magnetic field lines between the two poles within the dashed border shown in Figure 1. (2 marks)
Show Answers Only
Show Worked Solution
PHYSICS, M2 2020 VCE 9-10 MC
Two blocks of mass 5 kg and 10 kg are placed in contact on a frictionless horizontal surface, as shown in the diagram below. A constant horizontal force, \(F\), is applied to the 5 kg block.
\(\text{Question 9}\)
Which one of the following statements is correct?
- The net force on each block is the same.
- The acceleration experienced by the 5 kg block is twice the acceleration experienced by the 10 kg block.
- The magnitude of the net force on the 5 kg block is half the magnitude of the net force on the 10 kg block.
- The magnitude of the net force on the 5 kg block is twice the magnitude of the net force on the 10 kg block.
\(\text{Question 10}\)
If the force \(F\) has a magnitude of 250 N, what is the work done by the force in moving the blocks in a straight line for a distance of 20 m?
- \(5 \text{ kJ}\)
- \(25 \text{ kJ}\)
- \(50 \text{ kJ}\)
- \(500 \text{ kJ}\)
PHYSICS, M3 2021 VCE 14
A distant fire truck travelling at 20 ms\(^{-1}\) to a fire has its siren emitting sound at a constant frequency of 500 Hz.
Chris is standing on the edge of the road. Assume that the fire truck is travelling directly towards him as it approaches and directly away from him as it goes past. The arrangement is shown in Figure 14.
- On the diagram below, sketch the frequency that Chris will hear as the truck moves towards him and then moves away from him. The \(500 \text{ Hz}\) siren signal is shown as a dotted line for reference. No calculations are required. (2 marks)
- Name the physics principle involved in Chris’s experience. (1 mark)
Show Answers Only
a.
b. The Doppler effect
Show Worked Solution
a.
♦♦♦ Mean mark (a) 13%.
COMMENT: Poorly completed by most students, many incorrectly drew a smooth line that passed Chris at 500 Hz.
COMMENT: Poorly completed by most students, many incorrectly drew a smooth line that passed Chris at 500 Hz.
b. The Doppler effect
PHYSICS, M3 2022 VCE 16
A small sodium lamp, emitting light of wavelength 589 nm, is viewed at night through two windows from across a street. The glass of one window has a fine steel mesh covering it and the other window is open, as shown in Figure 18. Assume that the sodium lamp is a point source at a distance.
A Physics student is surprised to see a pattern formed by the light passing through the steel mesh but no pattern for the light passing through the open window. She takes a photograph of the observed pattern to show her teacher, who assures her that it is a diffraction pattern.
- State the condition that the fine steel mesh must satisfy for a diffraction pattern to form. (1 mark)
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- Explain why the condition stated in part a. does not apply to the open window. (2 marks)
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PHYSICS, M2 2022 VCE 7
Kym and Kelly are experimenting with trolleys on a ramp inclined at 25°, as shown in Figure 7. They release a trolley with a mass of 2.0 kg from the top of the ramp. The trolley moves down the ramp, through two light gates and onto a horizontal, frictionless surface. Kym and Kelly calculate the acceleration of the trolley to be 3.2 m s\(^{-2}\) using the information from the light gates.
- i. Show that the component of the gravitational force of the trolley down the slope is \(8.3 \text{ N}\). Use \(g=9.8 \text{ m s}^{-2}\). (2 marks)
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- ii. Assume that on the ramp there is a constant frictional force acting on the trolley and opposing its motion.
- Calculate the magnitude of the constant frictional force acting on the trolley. (2 marks)
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- When it reaches the bottom of the ramp, the trolley travels along the horizontal, frictionless surface at a speed of 4.0 m s\(^{-1}\) until it collides with a stationary identical trolley. The two trolleys stick together and continue in the same direction as the first trolley.
-
- Calculate the speed of the two trolleys after the collision. Show your working and clearly state the physics principle that you have used. (3 marks)
- Calculate the speed of the two trolleys after the collision. Show your working and clearly state the physics principle that you have used. (3 marks)
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-
- Determine, with calculations, whether this collision is an elastic or inelastic collision. Show your working. (3 marks)
- Determine, with calculations, whether this collision is an elastic or inelastic collision. Show your working. (3 marks)
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PHYSICS, M3 2022 VCE 11 MC
Which one of the following statements best describes transverse and longitudinal waves?
- Both transverse waves and longitudinal waves travel in a direction parallel to their vibrations.
- Both transverse waves and longitudinal waves travel in a direction perpendicular to their vibrations.
- Transverse waves travel in a direction perpendicular to their vibrations; longitudinal waves travel parallel to their vibrations.
- Transverse waves travel in a direction parallel to their vibrations; longitudinal waves travel perpendicular to their vibrations.
Show Worked Solution
→ The energy transfer through transverse waves is perpendicular to the direction of vibrations.
→ The energy transfer through longitudinal waves is parallel to the direction of vibrations.
\( \Rightarrow C\)
PHYSICS, M3 2022 VCE 10 MC
Which one of the following statements best describes an observation of the Doppler effect for sound?
- a decrease in frequency received when a source of sound moves towards you
- a decrease in frequency received when moving towards a stationary source of sound
- an increase in frequency received when moving towards a stationary source of sound
- a decrease in wavelength received when moving away from a stationary source of sound
PHYSICS, M2 2022 VCE 6-7 MC
A railway truck \(\text{(X)}\) of mass 10 tonnes, moving at 3.0 m s\(^{-1}\), collides with a stationary railway truck \(\text{(Y)}\), as shown in the diagram below.
After the collision, they are joined together and move off at speed \(v= 2.0\ \text{m s}^{-1}\).
\(\text{Question 6}\)
Which one of the following is closest to the mass of railway truck \(\text{Y}\)?
- 3 tonnes
- 5 tonnes
- 6.7 tonnes
- 15 tonnes
\(\text{Question 7}\)
Which one of the following best describes the force exerted by the railway truck \(\text{X}\) on the railway truck \(\text{Y} \left(F_{\text { X on Y}}\right)\) and the force exerted by the railway truck \(\text{Y}\) on the railway truck \(\text{X} \left(F_{\text {Y on X}}\right)\) at the instant of collision?
- \(F_{ \text { X on Y } }<F_{ \text {Y on X} }\)
- \(F_{ \text { X on Y } }=F_{ \text { Y on X} }\)
- \(F_{ \text { X on Y } }=-F_{ \text { Y on X} }\)
- \(F_{ \text {X on Y } }>F_{ \text {Y on X} }\)
BIOLOGY, M3 2022 VCE 32-33 MC
Victoria’s fossil emblem Koolasuchus cleelandi, shown on the stamp above, was chosen in January 2022.
K. cleelandi fossils have been found in Boonwurrung country in Gippsland. Studies of K. cleelandi fossils have revealed many interesting findings. Several of these findings are summarised below.
K. cleelandi findings
-
- It was an amphibian that lived 125 million years ago.
- It had a jaw, a skull, vertebrae and ribs made of bone.
- It was covered in scales and had fangs on the roof of its mouth.
- It lived in rivers carrying many sediments.
- It lived in Victoria for 50 million years after its closest relatives in the rest of the world became extinct.
- It fed on small dinosaurs, turtles and fish.
- It was the size of a small car, 4 m long and weighed 500 kg.
Part 1
Which combination of findings from the list above is most likely to be associated with an increased chance of formation of K. cleelandi fossils?
- findings 1 and 6
- findings 2 and 4
- findings 3 and 5
- findings 2 and 7
Part 2
It is most likely that scientists determined the absolute age of K. cleelandi fossils
- through mtDNA analysis of K. cleelandi scales and fangs.
- through carbon-14 dating of jaw bones, skull, vertebrae and ribs.
- by finding index fossils nearby, such as those of small dinosaurs and turtles.
- through radioisotope dating of rock surrounding the fossils.
BIOLOGY, M1 2022 VCE 19 MC
Enzymes are associated with the biochemical pathways of cellular respiration and photosynthesis.
Consider a cell that carries out both cellular respiration and photosynthesis.
Which one of the following is a correct statement about the enzymes associated with these pathways?
- Both pathways are catalysed by the same enzymes.
- An increase in pH above the optimal pH for cellular respiration may cause the enzymes to denature.
- The rates of these biochemical pathway reactions are not affected by changes in the concentrations of the enzymes.
- A drastic increase in temperature above the optimal temperature for photosynthesis will cause an increase in the rate of photosynthesis.
CHEMISTRY, M4 2014 VCE 1
The decomposition of ammonia is represented by the following equation.
\(\ce{2NH3(g)\rightleftharpoons N2(g) + 3H2(g) \quad \quad \Delta H = 92.4 \text{kJ mol}^{–1}}\)
- The activation energy for the uncatalysed reaction is 335 kJ mol\(^{-1}\).
- The activation energy for the reaction when tungsten is used as a catalyst is 163 kJ mol\(^{-1}\).
- On the grid provided below, draw a labelled energy profile diagram for the uncatalysed and catalysed reactions. (3 marks)
- When osmium is used as a catalyst, the activation energy is 197 kJ mol\(^{-1}\).
- Which catalyst – osmium or tungsten – will cause ammonia to decompose at a faster rate? Justify your answer in terms of the chemical principles you have studied this year. (2 marks)
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Show Answers Only
a.
b. → Tungsten will cause ammonia to decompose faster.
→ Faster rate due to lower activation energy.
→ Lower activation energy results in a greater proportion of successful collisions.
Show Worked Solution
a.
b. → Tungsten will cause ammonia to decompose faster.
→ Faster rate due to lower activation energy.
→ Lower activation energy results in a greater proportion of successful collisions.
CHEMISTRY, M4 2019 VCE 9 MC
A reaction has the energy profile diagram shown below.
Which of the following represents the energy profile of the reverse reaction.
| \(\text{Final product energy}\) \(\text{(kJ mol}^{−1})\) |
\(\Delta H\) \(\text{(kJ mol}^{−1})\) |
|
| A. | \(40\) | \(+10\) |
| B. | \(50\) | \(+10\) |
| C. | \(50\) | \(-10\) |
| D. | \(40\) | \(-10\) |
CHEMISTRY, M4 2018 VCE 13 MC
The energy profile diagram below represents a particular reaction. One graph represents the uncatalysed reaction and
the other graph represents the catalysed reaction.
Which of the following best matches the energy profile diagram?
| \(E_\text{a}\) \(\text{uncatalysed reaction}\) \(\text{(kJ mol}^{-1})\) |
\(\Delta H\) \(\text{catalysed reaction}\) \(\text{(kJ mol}^{-1}) \) |
|
| A. | \(40\) | \(-140\) |
| B. | \(90\) | \(-140\) |
| C. | \(40\) | \(-50\) |
| D. | \(90\) | \(-50\) |
CHEMISTRY, M4 2017 VCE 29 MC
The following energy profile shows the results obtained during an enzyme-catalysed reaction. Each stage of the reaction is labelled: M represents the initial reactants, N represents a stable intermediate and P represents the final products.
Which one of the following statements is correct?
- The energy change from M to N is exothermic and the energy change from N to P is exothermic.
- The energy change from M to P is exothermic and the energy change from N to P is endothermic.
- The energy change from M to N is endothermic and the energy change from N to P is endothermic.
- The energy change from M to N is endothermic and the energy change from M to P is endothermic.
CHEMISTRY, M4 2005 HSC 17
- The heat of combustion of ethanol is 1367 kJ mol\(^{-1}\). In a first-hand investigation to determine the heat of combustion of ethanol, the experimental value differed from the theoretical value.
- Identify a reason for this difference. (1 mark)
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- Calculate the theoretical mass of ethanol \(\ce{(C2H6O)}\) required to heat 200 mL of water from 21.0°C to 45.0°C. (2 marks)
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CHEMISTRY, M4 EQ-Bank 10 MC
Which statement explains why catalysts are often used in chemical reactions?
- Catalysts increase the activation energies of reactions.
- Catalysts increase the rate of reactions.
- Catalysts increase the yield of products of reactions.
- Catalysts increase the purity of products of reactions.
CHEMISTRY, M3 2018 VCE 2
Hydrogen peroxide, \(\ce{H2O2}\), in aqueous solution at room temperature decomposes slowly and irreversibly to form water, \(\ce{H2O}\), and oxygen, \(\ce{O2}\), according to the following equation. \(\ce{2H2O2(aq)\rightarrow 2H2O(l) + O2(g)}\) \(\Delta H < 0\) --- 6 WORK AREA LINES (style=lined) --- --- 1 WORK AREA LINES (style=lined) ---
CHEMISTRY, M2 2022 VCE 3* MC
The correct equation for the incomplete combustion of ethanol is
- \(\ce{C2H5OH(l) + O2(g)\rightarrow CO(g) + H2O(l)}\)
- \(\ce{C2H5OH(l) + 2O2(g)\rightarrow 2CO(g) + 4H2O(l)}\)
- \(\ce{C2H5OH(l) + 2O2(g)\rightarrow 2CO(g) + 3H2O(l)}\)
- \(\ce{2C2H5OH(l) + 4O2(g)\rightarrow 4CO(g) + 5H2O(l)}\)
CHEMISTRY, M2 2020 VCE 6a*
Methane gas, \(\ce{CH4}\), can be captured from the breakdown of waste in landfills. \(\ce{CH4}\) is also a primary component of natural gas. \(\ce{CH4}\) can be used to produce energy through combustion.
Write the balanced equation for the complete combustion of \(\ce{CH4}\) to produce carbon dioxide, \(\ce{CO2}\) given the unbalanced equation below. (1 mark)
\(\ce{CH4(g) + O2 \rightarrow CO2(g) + H2O(l)}\)
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CHEMISTRY, M2 2018 VCE 10 MC
Bioethanol, \(\ce{C2H5OH}\), is produced by the fermentation of glucose, \(\ce{C6H12O6}\), according to the following equation.
\(\ce{C6H12O6(aq)->2C2H5OH(aq) + 2CO2(g)}\)
The mass of \(\ce{C2H5OH}\) obtained when 5.68 g of carbon dioxide, \(\ce{CO2}\), is produced is
- 0.168 g
- 0.337 g
- 2.97 g
- 5.94 g
PHYSICS, M1 2012 HSC 21
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PHYSICS, M4 2012 HSC 6 MC
The diagram represents the electric field around a negative charge.
If the magnitude of the charge were doubled, which diagram would best represent the new electric field?
CHEMISTRY, M5 2023 HSC 12 MC
The industrial production of ammonia is represented by the Haber process reaction shown.
\( \ce{N2(g)} + 3 \ce{H2(g)} \rightleftharpoons \ce{2NH3(g)} \quad \Delta H=-91.8 \ \text{kJ} \ \text{mol}^{-1}\)
Factors such as temperature and pressure need to be considered in order to maximise yield.
Which of the following is correct?
- A lower pressure would result in a higher yield.
- A higher pressure would result in a higher yield.
- A lower temperature would result in a lower yield.
- A higher temperature would result in a higher yield.
CHEMISTRY, M5 2023 HSC 4 MC
Sodium chloride dissolves in water according to the following equation.
\( \ce{NaCl}(s) \rightleftharpoons \ce{Na^{+}} (aq) + \ce{Cl^{-}}(aq) \)
A saturated solution of \(\ce{NaCl}\) in water contains sodium and chloride ions at the following concentrations.
| \( Ion \) | \( Concentration \) \( \left(\text{mol L}^{-1}\right) \) |
| \( \ce{Na}^{+}\) | \(6.13\) |
| \( \ce{Cl}^{-}\) | \(6.13\) |
What is the \(K_{s p}\) of sodium chloride?
- \(2.65 \times 10^{-2}\)
- \(8.16 \times 10^{-2}\)
- \(12.26\)
- \(37.6\)
CHEMISTRY, M7 2023 HSC 3 MC
The structural formula of a compound is given.
What is the preferred IUPAC name of this compound?
- Pent-2-ene
- Pent-2-yne
- Pent-3-ene
- Pent-3-yne
PHYSICS, M1 2013 HSC 4 MC
Students performed an investigation to determine the initial velocity of a projectile.
Which row correctly identifies a hazard of this investigation and a related precaution?
| Hazard | Safety precaution | |
| A. | flying projectile | wearing safety glasses |
| B. | range of projectile | measuring the range with a tape measure |
| C. | enclosed shoes | limiting the range of the projectile |
| D. | safety glasses | flying projectile |
PHYSICS, M4 2015 HSC 24b
A part of a cathode ray oscilloscope was represented on a website as shown.
Electrons leave the cathode and are accelerated towards the anode.
Calculate the force on an electron due to the electric field between the cathode and the anode. (2 marks)
PHYSICS, M4 2015 HSC 5 MC
Why does the electrical resistance of a metal increase as temperature increases?
- Lattice vibrations increase, scattering more electrons.
- Electrons pair up, increasing their interactions with the crystal lattice.
- Fewer electrons are free to move, as they fill the holes in the conduction band.
- Electrons move more freely through the metal, unimpeded by the crystal lattice.
PHYSICS, M3 2017 HSC 21a
A laser emits light of wavelength 550 nm. (\(v=3 \times 10^8\) ms\(^{-1}\))
Calculate the frequency of this light. (2 marks)
Proof, EXT2 P1 2023 HSC 4 MC
Consider the following statement about real numbers.
"Whichever positive number \(r\) you pick, it is possible to find a number \(x\) greater than 1 such that
\(\dfrac{\ln x}{x^3}<r\). "
When this statement is written in the formal language of proof, which of the following is obtained?
- \(\forall x>1 \quad \exists r>0 \quad \dfrac{\ln x}{x^3}<r\)
- \(\exists x>1 \quad \forall r>0 \quad \dfrac{\ln x}{x^3}<r\)
- \(\forall r>0 \quad \exists x>1 \quad \dfrac{\ln x}{x^3}<r\)
- \(\exists r>0 \quad \forall x>1 \quad \dfrac{\ln x}{x^3}<r\)
PHYSICS, M4 2017 HSC 3 MC
Which of the following correctly shows the electric field between two parallel, charged plates?
CHEMISTRY, M7 2023 HSC 21
Some isomers with the formula \( \ce{C4H8O} \) are shown.
Name ONE pair of functional group isomers and ONE pair of chain isomers from the structures above. (2 marks)
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PHYSICS, M6 2023 HSC 28
An ideal transformer is connected to a 240 V AC supply. It has 300 turns on the primary coil and 50 turns on the secondary coil. It is connected in the circuit with two identical light globes, \(X\) and \(Y\), as shown. --- 4 WORK AREA LINES (style=lined) --- --- 7 WORK AREA LINES (style=lined) ---
PHYSICS, M6 2023 HSC 25a
The diagram represents one type of electric motor. Describe the function of part \( X \). (2 marks) --- 5 WORK AREA LINES (style=lined) ---
PHYSICS, M7 2023 HSC 23c
The James Webb Space Telescope observed an exoplanet emitting a peak wavelength of 1.14 \(\times\) 10\(^{-5}\) m. Calculate the temperature of the exoplanet. (2 marks) --- 4 WORK AREA LINES (style=lined) ---
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