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HMS, BM EQ-Bank 168 MC

During a marathon run lasting over 3 hours, which energy system contribution would be most accurate?

  1. 70% aerobic, 20% glycolytic, 10% ATP-PCr
  2. 95% aerobic, 4% glycolytic, 1% ATP-PCr
  3. 85% aerobic, 10% glycolytic, 5% ATP-PCr
  4. 60% aerobic, 30% glycolytic, 10% ATP-PCr
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Show Worked Solution

Consider Option B: 95% aerobic, 4% glycolytic, 1% ATP-PCr

  • Marathon running is an endurance activity requiring sustained energy production over 3+ hours, which can only be achieved through the aerobic system’s efficient use of oxygen and fuel substrates.

Other Options: 

  • A is incorrect: Glycolytic contribution too high for endurance event
  • C is incorrect: Percentages don’t reflect true duration demands
  • D is incorrect: Anaerobic contribution too high for marathon

HMS, BM EQ-Bank 164

Analyse how different intensities of training can affect energy system adaptations.   (5 marks)

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Sample Answer

  • High intensity interval training increases ATP-PCr stores and enzyme activity for immediate energy production
  • Training at lactate threshold improves lactate buffering capacity and tolerance during glycolytic system use
  • Aerobic training at moderate intensities increases mitochondrial density and oxygen utilisation
  • Varied intensity training improves overall energy system efficiency and interaction between systems
  • Specific intensity training leads to specific metabolic adaptations within targeted energy system
Show Worked Solution

Sample Answer

  • High intensity interval training increases ATP-PCr stores and enzyme activity for immediate energy production
  • Training at lactate threshold improves lactate buffering capacity and tolerance during glycolytic system use
  • Aerobic training at moderate intensities increases mitochondrial density and oxygen utilisation
  • Varied intensity training improves overall energy system efficiency and interaction between systems
  • Specific intensity training leads to specific metabolic adaptations within targeted energy system

EXAMCOPY Algebra, STD2 A4 2004 HSC 28a

A health rating, , is calculated by dividing a person’s weight, , in kilograms by the square of the person’s height, , in metres.

  1. Fred is 150 cm and weighs 72 kg. Calculate Fred’s health rating.  (1 mark)

  2. Over several years, Fred expects to grow 10 cm taller. By this time he wants his health rating to be 25. How much weight should he gain or lose to achieve his aim? Justify your answer with mathematical calculations.  (2 marks)

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Show Worked Solution

i. 

 

 

ii. 

 

 

EXAMCOPY Algebra, STD2 A4 2014 HSC 29a

The cost of hiring an open space for a music festival is  $120 000. The cost will be shared equally by the people attending the festival, so that    (in dollars) is the cost per person when    people attend the festival.

  1. Complete the table below by filling in the THREE missing values.   (1 mark)
  2. Using the values from the table, draw the graph showing the relationship between    and  .   (2 marks)
     
  3. What equation represents the relationship between and ?   (1 mark)

  4. Give ONE limitation of this equation in relation to this context.   (1 mark)

  5. Is it possible for the cost per person to be $94? Support your answer with appropriate calculations.   (1 mark)

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i.   


 

ii. 

iii.   


 

iv.  

 

 
 

v.   

 

 

Show Worked Solution

i.   


 

ii. 

 

♦ Mean mark (iii) 48%

iii.   

 

♦♦♦ Mean mark (iv) 7%
COMMENT: When asked for limitations of an equation, look carefully at potential restrictions with respect to both the domain and range.

iv.  

 

 

 

v.   

 
♦ Mean mark (v) 38%

 

EXAMCOPY Algebra, STD2 A4 SM-Bank 10

The number of trees that can be planted along the fence line of a paddock varies inversely with the distance between each tree.

There will be 108 trees if the distance between them is 5 metres.

  1. How many trees can be planted if the distance between them is 6 metres?  (2 marks)

  2. What is the distance between the trees if 120 trees are planted.  (1 mark)

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Show Worked Solution

i.   

 

 

 

ii.   

 

EXAMCOPY Algebra, STD2 A4 2022 HSC 24

A student believes that the time it takes for an ice cube to melt ( minutes) varies inversely with the room temperature . The student observes that at a room temperature of it takes 12 minutes for an ice cube to melt.

  1. Find the equation relating and .   (2 marks)

  2. By first completing this table of values, graph the relationship between temperature and time from to    (2 marks)

 
           

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a.   
 
 
 
   

 

b.   

 

     

Show Worked Solution
a.   
 
 
 
   

 


♦♦ Mean mark part (a) 29%.

b.   

 

     


♦ Mean mark 44%.

EXAMCOPY Algebra, STD2 A4 2018 HSC 29c

When people walk in snow, the depth ( cm) of each footprint depends on both the area ( cm²) of the shoe sole and the weight of the person. The graph shows the relationship between the area of the shoe sole and the depth of the footprint in snow, for a group of people of the same weight.
 


 

  1. The graph is a hyperbola because is inversely proportional to . The point lies on the hyperbola.

     

    Find the equation relating and .  (2 marks)

  2. A man from this group walks in snow and the depth of his footprint is 4 cm.

     

    Use your equation from part (i) to calculate the area of his shoe sole.  (1 mark)

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  2. ²
Show Worked Solution

i.     

♦♦ Mean mark part (i) 22%.

 

 

♦♦ Mean mark part (ii) 33%.

ii.   
 
    ²

EXAMCOPY Algebra, STD2 A4 2011 HSC 28a

The air pressure, , in a bubble varies inversely with the volume, , of the bubble. 

  1. Write an equation relating , and , where is a constant.    (1 mark)

  2. It is known that when .

     

    By finding the value of the constant, , find the value of when .    (2 marks)

  3. Sketch a graph to show how varies for different values of .

     

    Use the horizontal axis to represent volume and the vertical axis to represent air pressure.   (2 marks)


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  3.  
     
Show Worked Solution
♦ Mean mark (i) 39%
COMMENT: Expressing the proportional relationship as the equation is a core skill here.
i.
   

 

ii.

 

  

♦ Mean mark (ii) 47%
 

  

♦♦ Mean mark (iii) 26%
COMMENT: An inverse relationship is reflected by a hyperbola on the graph.
iii.

EXAMCOPY Algebra, STD2 A4 2021 HSC 13 MC

The time taken to clean a warehouse varies inversely with the number of cleaners employed.

It takes 8 cleaners 60 hours to clean a warehouse.

Working at the same rate, how many hours would it take 10 cleaners to clean the same warehouse.

  1. 45
  2. 48
  3. 62
  4. 75
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Show Worked Solution

♦ Mean mark 41%.

  

 

 

EXAMCOPY Algebra, STD2 A4 2010 HSC 13 MC

The number of hours that it takes for a block of ice to melt varies inversely with the temperature. At 30°C it takes 8 hours for a block of ice to melt.

How long will it take the same size block of ice to melt at 12°C?  

  1. 3.2 hours
  2. 20 hours
  3. 26  hours
  4. 45 hours
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Show Worked Solution
 
♦ Mean mark 50% 

  

 

 

PHYSICS, M1 EQ-Bank 10

A tennis ball machine is being tested by launching a ball straight upward from a height of 1.2 meters. The ball rises to its maximum height and then falls back down, being caught by the machine at the same height of 1.2 meters from where it was launched.

The ball had an initial velocity of 25 ms. Assume that air friction was negligible and gravity has a downward acceleration of 10 ms.

  1. Determine the total distance the ball travelled.   (2 marks)

  2. Determine the total flight time of the ball.   (2 marks)

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a.   

b.   

Show Worked Solution

a.   

 
 
   

 

 

b.   

 
 
 
   

PHYSICS, M1 EQ-Bank 9

An oil tanker is travelling eastward along a straight shipping route at an initial velocity of 30 ms. The captain then applies the engines in reverse, causing the tanker to slow down at a constant rate until its velocity decreases to 12 ms.

If it travelled 9000 metres while decelerating, determine

  1. the magnitude and direction of the tanker's acceleration. (2 marks)

  2. the time over which the tanker changed its velocity. (2 marks)

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a.   

b.   

Show Worked Solution

a.   


 

b.   

 
 
   
   

PHYSICS, M1 EQ-Bank 8

A drone is travelling in a straight line at 56 ms and then slows down at a constant rate until its velocity reaches 18 ms.

If it travelled 400 metres while decelerating, determine

  1. the magnitude and direction of the drone's acceleration.   (2 marks)

  2. the time over which the drone changed its velocity.   (2 marks)

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a. 

b.   

Show Worked Solution

a.   


 

b.   

 
 
   
   

Trigonometry, 2ADV T3 EQ-Bank 8

A function is defined as 

  1. Determine the amplitude and period of the function.   (2 marks)
  2. Sketch the function over the domain  . On your sketch, label any -axis intersections.   (3 marks)   
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a.  

b.   
         

Show Worked Solution

a.  


 

b.   
             

Financial Maths, STD2 F1 2024 GEN1 20*

Dainika invested $2000 for three years at 4.4% per annum, compounding quarterly.

To earn the same amount of interest in three years in a simple interest account, determine the annual simple interest rate. Give your as a percentage, correct to two decimal places.   (3 marks)

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♦ Mean mark 48%.

HMS, BM EQ-Bank 159

Explain how the rate of ATP production affects an athlete's performance in a 200 m sprint.  (6 marks)

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Sample Answer

  • The ATP-PCr system produces ATP rapidly from creatine phosphate to power explosive acceleration in the first 10-15 m of the race.
  • The glycolytic system becomes the main ATP producer through rapid glucose breakdown, allowing continued high-intensity effort through the middle section.
  • The aerobic system contributes minimal ATP due to its slow production rate and the oxygen deficit created during maximal sprinting.
  • The glycolytic system’s rapid ATP production creates lactic acid as a by-product, which begins to interfere with energy production.
  • Enzyme function and muscle contraction become impaired as lactic acid accumulates, reducing the rate of ATP production.
  • Running speed decreases in the final 50 m as the rate of ATP production can no longer support maximal sprint intensity.
Show Worked Solution

Sample Answer

  • The ATP-PCr system produces ATP rapidly from creatine phosphate to power explosive acceleration in the first 10-15 m of the race.
  • The glycolytic system becomes the main ATP producer through rapid glucose breakdown, allowing continued high-intensity effort through the middle section.
  • The aerobic system contributes minimal ATP due to its slow production rate and the oxygen deficit created during maximal sprinting.
  • The glycolytic system’s rapid ATP production creates lactic acid as a by-product, which begins to interfere with energy production.
  • Enzyme function and muscle contraction become impaired as lactic acid accumulates, reducing the rate of ATP production.
  • Running speed decreases in the final 50 m as the rate of ATP production can no longer support maximal sprint intensity.

HMS, BM EQ-Bank 158

Explain how the three energy systems provide ATP during a 1500 m race.  (6 marks)

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Sample Answer

  • The ATP-PCr system provides immediate ATP for the race start and tactical surges through rapid breakdown of stored creatine phosphate in muscle cells.
  • The glycolytic system becomes dominant by producing ATP rapidly from glucose breakdown, though accumulating lactic acid affects performance.
  • The aerobic system becomes the main ATP provider by completely breaking down glucose with oxygen in the mitochondria to power the middle section.
  • Accumulated lactic acid from the glycolytic system reduces running efficiency while the aerobic system maintains steady ATP production.
  • The three energy systems work together with varying contributions depending on race intensity and tactical requirements.
  • ATP for the final sprint comes from remaining ATP-PCr stores and glycolytic system despite accumulated fatigue.
Show Worked Solution

Sample Answer

  • The ATP-PCr system provides immediate ATP for the race start and tactical surges through rapid breakdown of stored creatine phosphate in muscle cells.
  • The glycolytic system becomes dominant by producing ATP rapidly from glucose breakdown, though accumulating lactic acid affects performance.
  • The aerobic system becomes the main ATP provider by completely breaking down glucose with oxygen in the mitochondria to power the middle section.
  • Accumulated lactic acid from the glycolytic system reduces running efficiency while the aerobic system maintains steady ATP production.
  • The three energy systems work together with varying contributions depending on race intensity and tactical requirements.
  • ATP for the final sprint comes from remaining ATP-PCr stores and glycolytic system despite accumulated fatigue.

HMS, BM EQ-Bank 152

Describe the process of mobilising fat as a fuel source during submaximal exercise.   (5 marks)

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Sample Answer

  • During submaximal exercise, stored triglycerides are broken down into free fatty acids and glycerol in response to hormonal stimulation.
  • The mobilisation process is oxygen-dependent and requires specific enzymes which enables fatty acid transport across cellular membranes.
  • Specialised transport proteins actively move fatty acids across the mitochondrial membrane where energy production occurs.
  • Once inside the mitochondria, beta oxidation breaks down fatty acids producing acetyl-CoA.
  • This process provides substantial energy for prolonged submaximal exercise (< 65% VO2 max), yielding more ATP per molecule than glucose but requiring greater oxygen availability and processing time.
Show Worked Solution

Sample Answer

  • During submaximal exercise, stored triglycerides are broken down into free fatty acids and glycerol in response to hormonal stimulation.
  • The mobilisation process is oxygen-dependent and requires specific enzymes which enables fatty acid transport across cellular membranes.
  • Specialised transport proteins actively move fatty acids across the mitochondrial membrane where energy production occurs.
  • Once inside the mitochondria, beta oxidation breaks down fatty acids producing acetyl-CoA.
  • This process provides substantial energy for prolonged submaximal exercise (< 65% VO2 max), yielding more ATP per molecule than glucose but requiring greater oxygen availability and processing time.

HMS, BM EQ-Bank 149 MC

Which statement best describes why fatty acids cannot be the primary fuel source for high-intensity exercise?

  1. Fatty acids require too much oxygen for breakdown
  2. Fatty acids are not stored in muscle tissue
  3. Fatty acids produce less ATP than glucose
  4. Fatty acids are too complex to break down quickly
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Show Worked Solution

Consider Option A:  Fatty acids require too much oxygen for breakdown

  • Fatty acid metabolism requires significant oxygen

Other Options:

  • B is incorrect: Fatty acids are stored as intramuscular triglycerides
  • C is incorrect: Fatty acids actually produce more ATP than glucose
  • D is incorrect: Complexity isn’t the primary limitation

HMS, BM EQ-Bank 147

Describe the relationship between energy system efficiency and ATP production.   (5 marks)

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Sample Answer

  • ATP-PCr most efficient for immediate energy but limited ATP yield (1-2 ATP)
  • Glycolytic system produces moderate ATP (2-3 ATP) but accumulates lactic acid
  • Aerobic system most efficient producing 36-38 ATP molecules per glucose molecule
  • Efficiency decreases as intensity increases due to oxygen availability
  • ATP production rate highest in ATP-PCr but duration limited by CP stores
Show Worked Solution

Sample Answer

  • ATP-PCr most efficient for immediate energy but limited ATP yield (1-2 ATP)
  • Glycolytic system produces moderate ATP (2-3 ATP) but accumulates lactic acid
  • Aerobic system most efficient producing 36-38 ATP molecules per glucose molecule
  • Efficiency decreases as intensity increases due to oxygen availability
  • ATP production rate highest in ATP-PCr but duration limited by CP stores

HMS, BM EQ-Bank 146

Explain how the three energy systems interplay during a 400 m sprint race.   (6 marks)

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Sample Answer

  • First 10 seconds: ATP-PCr system dominates providing immediate energy for explosive start
  • 10-30 seconds: Glycolytic system becomes predominant as ATP-PCr depletes
  • 30-60 seconds: Continued dominance of glycolytic system with increasing aerobic contribution
  • Systems operate simultaneously but with varying contributions throughout race
  • Accumulation of lactic acid leads to fatigue in final stages
  • Recovery requires replenishment of ATP-PCr stores and removal of lactic acid
Show Worked Solution

Sample Answer

  • First 10 seconds: ATP-PCr system dominates providing immediate energy for explosive start
  • 10-30 seconds: Glycolytic system becomes predominant as ATP-PCr depletes
  • 30-60 seconds: Continued dominance of glycolytic system with increasing aerobic contribution
  • Systems operate simultaneously but with varying contributions throughout race
  • Accumulation of lactic acid leads to fatigue in final stages
  • Recovery requires replenishment of ATP-PCr stores and removal of lactic acid

HMS, BM EQ-Bank 139

Analyse how multiple body systems are impacted when a long-distance runner continues competing with inefficient running style, and evaluate appropriate first aid responses.   (8 marks)

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Sample Answer

  • The muscular system experiences increased fatigue due to poor biomechanical loading, particularly in the quadriceps and calves, leading to reduced force production and potential strain injuries.
  • The skeletal system absorbs irregular impact forces through misaligned joints, especially in the ankles, knees and hips, which increases the risk of stress fractures and joint inflammation.
  • The circulatory system works harder than necessary to maintain oxygen delivery as inefficient movement patterns require greater energy expenditure, potentially leading to early onset of cardiovascular fatigue.
  • The respiratory system struggles with increased oxygen demand due to biomechanical inefficiency causing greater energy requirements and faster onset of anaerobic threshold.
  • Immediate first aid requires monitoring vital signs including heart rate, blood pressure and signs of heat exhaustion or dehydration to prevent system failure.
  • Secondary first aid responses must address specific muscular and joint injuries through the RICER protocol while assessing for more serious conditions like compartment syndrome.
  • Long-term management protocols should include technique analysis and correction through video assessment and professional coaching to prevent recurring system stress.
  • Prevention strategies need to incorporate proper warm-up routines, regular technique checks and appropriate training loads to maintain efficient movement patterns and reduce system strain.
Show Worked Solution

Sample Answer

  • The muscular system experiences increased fatigue due to poor biomechanical loading, particularly in the quadriceps and calves, leading to reduced force production and potential strain injuries.
  • The skeletal system absorbs irregular impact forces through misaligned joints, especially in the ankles, knees and hips, which increases the risk of stress fractures and joint inflammation.
  • The circulatory system works harder than necessary to maintain oxygen delivery as inefficient movement patterns require greater energy expenditure, potentially leading to early onset of cardiovascular fatigue.
  • The respiratory system struggles with increased oxygen demand due to biomechanical inefficiency causing greater energy requirements and faster onset of anaerobic threshold.
  • Immediate first aid requires monitoring vital signs including heart rate, blood pressure and signs of heat exhaustion or dehydration to prevent system failure.
  • Secondary first aid responses must address specific muscular and joint injuries through the RICER protocol while assessing for more serious conditions like compartment syndrome.
  • Long-term management protocols should include technique analysis and correction through video assessment and professional coaching to prevent recurring system stress.
  • Prevention strategies need to incorporate proper warm-up routines, regular technique checks and appropriate training loads to maintain efficient movement patterns and reduce system strain.

HMS, BM EQ-Bank 137 MC

During a sprint race, an athlete's running technique deteriorates, causing them to collapse. Which system response requires IMMEDIATE first aid attention?

  1. Respiratory system failure
  2. Circulatory system overload
  3. Muscular system fatigue
  4. Nervous system shutdown
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Show Worked Solution

Consider Option B: Circulatory system overload

  • Circulatory system overload requires immediate attention due to risk of cardiac issues.

Other Options:

  • A is incorrect: While breathing may be laboured, circulation is priority
  • C is incorrect: Muscle fatigue alone wouldn’t cause collapse
  • D is incorrect: Neural fatigue isn’t immediately life-threatening

HMS, BM EQ-Bank 134

Analyse how multiple body systems are affected by dehydration during endurance events and evaluate appropriate first aid management strategies.   (8 marks)

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Sample Answer

Systems Affected:

Circulatory:

  • Reduced plasma volume
  • Increased blood viscosity
  • Compromised cardiac output

Muscular:

  • Reduced oxygen delivery
  • Electrolyte imbalance
  • Increased risk of cramping

Thermoregulatory:

  • Decreased sweating efficiency
  • Reduced cooling capacity
  • Elevated core temperature

Nervous:

  • Altered coordination
  • Reduced concentration
  • Potential confusion

First Aid Management:

Immediate Response:

  • Activity cessation
  • Vital sign assessment
  • Core temperature monitoring
  • Conscious state check

Treatment Protocol:

  • Controlled rehydration strategy
  • Electrolyte replacement
  • Cooling measures if needed
  • Regular reassessment
  • Emergency services for severe cases

Prevention Strategies:

  • Pre-event hydration protocols
  • Regular fluid intake monitoring
  • Early intervention when symptoms present
  • Education about system responses
Show Worked Solution

Sample Answer

Systems Affected:

Circulatory:

  • Reduced plasma volume
  • Increased blood viscosity
  • Compromised cardiac output

Muscular:

  • Reduced oxygen delivery
  • Electrolyte imbalance
  • Increased risk of cramping

Thermoregulatory:

  • Decreased sweating efficiency
  • Reduced cooling capacity
  • Elevated core temperature

Nervous:

  • Altered coordination
  • Reduced concentration
  • Potential confusion

First Aid Management:

Immediate Response:

  • Activity cessation
  • Vital sign assessment
  • Core temperature monitoring
  • Conscious state check

Treatment Protocol:

  • Controlled rehydration strategy
  • Electrolyte replacement
  • Cooling measures if needed
  • Regular reassessment
  • Emergency services for severe cases

Prevention Strategies:

  • Pre-event hydration protocols
  • Regular fluid intake monitoring
  • Early intervention when symptoms present
  • Education about system responses

HMS, BM EQ-Bank 132 MC

A tennis player in a five-set match shows signs of severe dehydration. Which combination of symptoms indicates critical nervous system involvement requiring emergency first aid?

  1. Dizziness and disorientation
  2. Headache and nausea
  3. Thirst and dark urine
  4. Muscle cramps and weakness
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Show Worked Solution

Consider Option A:  Dizziness and disorientation

  • Dizziness and disorientation indicate severe nervous system compromise from dehydration requiring immediate intervention.

Other Options:

  • B is incorrect: Early dehydration signs
  • C is incorrect: Digestive/renal system signs
  • D is incorrect: Muscular system response

HMS, BM EQ-Bank 126 MC

During a marathon at the 30km mark, an athlete shows signs of digestive and endocrine system stress. Which combination of symptoms requires immediate first aid intervention?

  1. Excessive sweating and mild nausea
  2. Severe stomach cramps and confusion
  3. Muscle fatigue and thirst
  4. Light-headedness and hunger
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Show Worked Solution

Consider Option B: Severe stomach cramps and confusion

  • Severe stomach cramps indicate significant digestive distress while confusion suggests hormonal imbalance affecting blood glucose regulation.

Other Options:

  • A is incorrect: Normal physiological response to endurance exercise
  • C is incorrect: Expected symptoms during endurance events
  • D is incorrect: Common symptoms that can be managed through normal race nutrition

HMS, BM EQ-Bank 121 MC

A swimmer's circulatory system shows signs of overload during training. Which response would a first aider prioritise?

  1. Monitor respiratory rate
  2. Check pulse and skin color
  3. Assess muscle strength
  4. Test joint mobility
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Show Worked Solution

Consider Option B:  Check pulse and skin color

Circulatory System

  • Pulse and skin color are primary indicators of circulatory system status.

Other Options:

  • A is incorrect: Secondary indicator only of circulatory function
  • C is incorrect: Not directly related to circulatory system status
  • D is incorrect: Not related to immediate circulatory concerns

HMS, BM EQ-Bank 116

Evaluate how the circulatory, respiratory and muscular systems interact during recovery between swimming races.   (7 marks)

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Sample Answer

Initial Recovery:

  • Circulatory system maintains elevated blood flow while respiratory rate gradually decreases; muscles begin waste removal
  • Heart rate remains elevated to support oxygen delivery while breathing pattern normalises and muscles start repair
  • Blood flow redistributes as breathing depth reduces and muscle tension decreases

Mid Recovery:

  • Blood flow optimises waste removal while respiratory rate stabilises and muscles replenish energy stores
  • Circulatory system supports temperature regulation while breathing efficiency improves and muscle fatigue reduces
  • Oxygen-rich blood delivery continues as ventilation normalises and muscle function restores

Late Recovery:

  • Heart rate approaches resting as breathing returns to normal and muscles complete recovery
  • Blood flow patterns normalise while respiratory efficiency returns and muscle readiness peaks
  • Circulatory function balances with steady breathing rate and muscle preparation for next race
Show Worked Solution

Sample Answer

Initial Recovery:

  • Circulatory system maintains elevated blood flow while respiratory rate gradually decreases; muscles begin waste removal
  • Heart rate remains elevated to support oxygen delivery while breathing pattern normalises and muscles start repair
  • Blood flow redistributes as breathing depth reduces and muscle tension decreases

Mid Recovery:

  • Blood flow optimises waste removal while respiratory rate stabilises and muscles replenish energy stores
  • Circulatory system supports temperature regulation while breathing efficiency improves and muscle fatigue reduces
  • Oxygen-rich blood delivery continues as ventilation normalises and muscle function restores

Late Recovery:

  • Heart rate approaches resting as breathing returns to normal and muscles complete recovery
  • Blood flow patterns normalise while respiratory efficiency returns and muscle readiness peaks
  • Circulatory function balances with steady breathing rate and muscle preparation for next race

HMS, BM EQ-Bank 112

Analyse how THREE body systems work together to maintain balance during a gymnastics beam routine.   (6 marks)

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Sample Answer

Static Position:

  • Inner ear sensors trigger muscle contractions while skeleton provides stable base
  • Proprioceptors monitor joint positions as muscles adjust around skeletal framework

Dynamic Movement:

  • Neural pathways coordinate muscle activation through skeletal levers for controlled transitions
  • Nervous system integrates sensory input while muscles respond through bone leverage points

Balance Recovery:

  • Position changes detected by nervous system trigger rapid muscle responses around skeletal points
  • Neural feedback adjusts muscle tension while skeleton maintains center of gravity

Performance:

  • All three systems integrate for smooth transitions between skills
  • Continuous system cooperation allows sustained balance control
Show Worked Solution

Sample Answer

Static Position:

  • Inner ear sensors trigger muscle contractions while skeleton provides stable base
  • Proprioceptors monitor joint positions as muscles adjust around skeletal framework

Dynamic Movement:

  • Neural pathways coordinate muscle activation through skeletal levers for controlled transitions
  • Nervous system integrates sensory input while muscles respond through bone leverage points

Balance Recovery:

  • Position changes detected by nervous system trigger rapid muscle responses around skeletal points
  • Neural feedback adjusts muscle tension while skeleton maintains center of gravity

Performance:

  • All three systems integrate for smooth transitions between skills
  • Continuous system cooperation allows sustained balance control

HMS, BM EQ-Bank 107 MC

An athlete performs a complex gymnastics routine. How do the skeletal, muscular and nervous systems interact to maintain balance?

  1. Skeletal system provides leverage while muscles and nerves are inactive
  2. Muscles contract randomly while nerves send signals to bones
  3. Nerves receive sensory input, muscles respond, and skeleton provides stability
  4. Bones move independently of muscular and nervous input
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Show Worked Solution

Consider Option A: Delivers oxygen and removes waste products from active muscles

The nervous system 

  • processes sensory information about body position
  • signals muscles to contract appropriately

The skeletal system 

  • provides the stable base needed to maintain balance throughout the routine

Other Options:

  • B is incorrect: Ignores continuous system interaction
  • C is incorrect: Misses coordinated nature of response
  • D is incorrect: Contradicts integrated system function

HMS, BM EQ-Bank 101

Compare how the nervous system controls movement in power activities versus endurance activities.   (6 marks)

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Sample Answer

Power activities:

  • Rapid recruitment of large motor units
  • Maximal force production
  • Short duration neural activation
  • High threshold motor unit engagement

Endurance activities:

  • Sequential recruitment of smaller motor units
  • Sustained submaximal activation
  • Rotation of motor unit recruitment
  • Fatigue resistance emphasis

Movement outcomes:

  • Different patterns of muscle activation
  • Varying energy system demands
  • Distinct feedback requirements
  • Specific adaptation patterns
Show Worked Solution

Sample Answer

Power activities:

  • Rapid recruitment of large motor units
  • Maximal force production
  • Short duration neural activation
  • High threshold motor unit engagement

Endurance activities:

  • Sequential recruitment of smaller motor units
  • Sustained submaximal activation
  • Rotation of motor unit recruitment
  • Fatigue resistance emphasis

Movement outcomes:

  • Different patterns of muscle activation
  • Varying energy system demands
  • Distinct feedback requirements
  • Specific adaptation patterns

HMS, BM EQ-Bank 100

Analyse how the nervous system's control of movement differs between novice and elite table tennis players.   (6 marks)

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Sample Answer

Novice players:

  • Greater conscious control required
  • Slower processing of visual information
  • Less efficient motor unit recruitment
  • Limited anticipation ability

Elite players:

  • Automated movement patterns
  • Rapid processing of opponent movements
  • Efficient muscle activation sequences
  • Enhanced anticipatory responses

Neural adaptations:

  • Strengthened movement pathways through practice
  • More effective use of feedback
  • Better coordination between visual input and motor output
  • Improved timing of responses
Show Worked Solution

Sample Answer

Novice players:

  • Greater conscious control required
  • Slower processing of visual information
  • Less efficient motor unit recruitment
  • Limited anticipation ability

Elite players:

  • Automated movement patterns
  • Rapid processing of opponent movements
  • Efficient muscle activation sequences
  • Enhanced anticipatory responses

Neural adaptations:

  • Strengthened movement pathways through practice
  • More effective use of feedback
  • Better coordination between visual input and motor output
  • Improved timing of responses

HMS, BM EQ-Bank 96

Analyse the nervous system's role in producing both fine and gross motor movements during a gymnastics floor routine.   (6 marks)

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Sample Answer

Fine motor movements:

  • Require precise control of small muscle groups
  • Involve high numbers of motor neurons per muscle fibre
  • Utilise specific areas of the motor cortex for detailed movement control
  • Need constant sensory feedback for accuracy

Gross motor movements:

  • Involve large muscle groups working together
  • Require coordination between multiple neural pathways
  • Use fewer motor neurons per muscle fibre
  • Rely on balance centres in the cerebellum

The nervous system must:

  • Integrate both types of movement seamlessly
  • Coordinate timing through the cerebellum
  • Maintain postural control while executing movements
  • Process continuous feedback to adjust movements
Show Worked Solution

Sample Answer

Fine motor movements:

  • Require precise control of small muscle groups
  • Involve high numbers of motor neurons per muscle fibre
  • Utilise specific areas of the motor cortex for detailed movement control
  • Need constant sensory feedback for accuracy

Gross motor movements:

  • Involve large muscle groups working together
  • Require coordination between multiple neural pathways
  • Use fewer motor neurons per muscle fibre
  • Rely on balance centres in the cerebellum

The nervous system must:

  • Integrate both types of movement seamlessly
  • Coordinate timing through the cerebellum
  • Maintain postural control while executing movements
  • Process continuous feedback to adjust movements

HMS, BM EQ-Bank 91 MC

The diagram shows a neuron.

Which structure allows for rapid transmission of nerve impulses?

  1. Cell body
  2. Dendrites
  3. Myelin sheath
  4. Node of Ranvier
Show Answers Only

Show Worked Solution

Consider Option C:  Myelin sheath

The myelin sheath insulates the axon and allows for saltatory conduction, enabling rapid transmission of nerve impulses.

Other Options:

  • A is incorrect: Processes information but doesn’t speed transmission
  • B is incorrect: Receive signals but don’t speed transmission
  • D is incorrect: Gaps in myelin, don’t provide insulation

HMS, BM EQ-Bank 83

Discuss how protein intake affects muscle function and movement efficiency. Include reference to timing of intake in your response.  (5 marks)

Show Answers Only

Sample Answer

Protein intake significantly affects muscle function and movement efficiency through several mechanisms.

The digestive system

  • breaks down proteins into amino acids, which are essential for muscle repair and growth.
  • Timing of intake is crucial – consuming protein within 30 minutes post-exercise optimises muscle recovery and adaptation.
  • Pre-exercise protein consumption helps maintain positive nitrogen balance during activity.

The endocrine system

  • responds to protein intake by releasing hormones like insulin and growth hormone that regulate protein synthesis.
  • This hormonal response enhances muscle repair and strengthening, leading to improved movement efficiency over time.
  • Inadequate protein intake can result in reduced muscle mass and compromised movement patterns due to insufficient resources for repair and maintenance.
Show Worked Solution

Sample Answer

Protein intake significantly affects muscle function and movement efficiency through several mechanisms.

The digestive system

  • breaks down proteins into amino acids, which are essential for muscle repair and growth.
  • Timing of intake is crucial – consuming protein within 30 minutes post-exercise optimises muscle recovery and adaptation.
  • Pre-exercise protein consumption helps maintain positive nitrogen balance during activity.

The endocrine system

  • responds to protein intake by releasing hormones like insulin and growth hormone that regulate protein synthesis.
  • This hormonal response enhances muscle repair and strengthening, leading to improved movement efficiency over time.
  • Inadequate protein intake can result in reduced muscle mass and compromised movement patterns due to insufficient resources for repair and maintenance.

HMS, BM EQ-Bank 81 MC

A netball player has been diagnosed with low iron levels.
Which macronutrient combination would best support iron absorption to improve their movement efficiency?

  1. Lean red meat with leafy green vegetables
  2. Brown rice with kidney beans
  3. Yoghurt with fresh fruit
  4. Pasta with cheese sauce
Show Answers Only

Show Worked Solution

Consider Option A:  Lean red meat with leafy green vegetables

  • Lean red meat provides haem iron while vitamin C from green vegetables aids absorption.
  • This combination optimises the digestive system’s ability to absorb iron for improved oxygen transport and movement efficiency.

Other Options:

  • B is incorrect: While both contain iron, this combination contains only non-haem iron which is less readily absorbed, and lacks vitamin C to enhance absorption.
  • C is incorrect: While fruit provides vitamin C, dairy calcium can actually inhibit iron absorption, making this a poor combination for improving iron levels.
  • D is incorrect: This combination contains minimal iron and the calcium in cheese can inhibit iron absorption from other dietary sources.

HMS, BM EQ-Bank 78

Discuss the relationship between dehydration, digestive function and hormonal balance during a 400 m sprint race.  (8 marks)

Show Answers Only

Sample Answer

The sprint creates multiple system interactions:

Pre-race:

  • Stress hormones increase
  • Digestive processes slow
  • Blood flow redirects

During race:

  • ADH levels rise with dehydration
  • Digestive activity minimises
  • Electrolyte balance changes

Recovery phase:

  • Hormone levels normalise
  • Digestive function returns
  • Rehydration enables system recovery
Show Worked Solution

Sample Answer

The sprint creates multiple system interactions:

Pre-race:

  • Stress hormones increase
  • Digestive processes slow
  • Blood flow redirects

During race:

  • ADH levels rise with dehydration
  • Digestive activity minimises
  • Electrolyte balance changes

Recovery phase:

  • Hormone levels normalise
  • Digestive function returns
  • Rehydration enables system recovery

HMS, BM EQ-Bank 77

Analyse how iron deficiency could affect both the endocrine and digestive systems during endurance training.  (8 marks)

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Sample Answer

Iron deficiency impacts multiple systems during endurance training:

Endocrine Effects:

  • Reduced thyroid hormone production affecting metabolism
  • Impaired growth hormone function affecting recovery
  • Altered cortisol response to exercise stress

Digestive Effects:

  • Decreased enzyme production affecting nutrient breakdown
  • Reduced nutrient absorption capacity
  • Impaired energy availability for gut function

These combined effects lead to:

  • Reduced training capacity
  • Impaired recovery
  • Compromised adaptation to training load
Show Worked Solution

Sample Answer

Iron deficiency impacts multiple systems during endurance training:

Endocrine Effects:

  • Reduced thyroid hormone production affecting metabolism
  • Impaired growth hormone function affecting recovery
  • Altered cortisol response to exercise stress

Digestive Effects:

  • Decreased enzyme production affecting nutrient breakdown
  • Reduced nutrient absorption capacity
  • Impaired energy availability for gut function

These combined effects lead to:

  • Reduced training capacity
  • Impaired recovery
  • Compromised adaptation to training load

HMS, BM EQ-Bank 73 MC

Which statement best explains how chronic stress affects zinc absorption?

  1. Increases intestinal permeability
  2. Reduces absorption efficiency
  3. Enhances enzyme production
  4. Improves nutrient transport
Show Answers Only

Show Worked Solution

Consider Option B: Reduces absorption efficiency

  • Chronic stress impairs nutrient absorption through multiple mechanisms.

Other Options:

  • A is incorrect: Stress typically decreases intestinal absorption capability.
  • C is incorrect: Stress impairs digestive enzyme production.
  • D is incorrect: Stress compromises rather than improves nutrient transport.

HMS, BM EQ-Bank 68

Analyse how iron deficiency anemia impacts both submaximal and maximal exercise performance, and explain two strategies that could be implemented to minimise these effects. (5 marks)

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Sample Answer

Reduced oxygen carrying capacity effects:

  • Iron deficiency reduces hemoglobin concentration, significantly decreasing the blood’s ability to transport oxygen to working muscles during both rest and exercise.

Impact on aerobic energy system:

  • The reduced oxygen delivery to muscles forces greater reliance on anaerobic energy systems, leading to earlier onset of fatigue and increased lactate production during exercise.

Increased heart rate at submaximal intensities:

  • To compensate for reduced oxygen carrying capacity, the heart rate increases more than normal at any given submaximal workload to maintain adequate oxygen delivery to tissues.

Decreased VO2 max:

  • Maximum oxygen uptake is significantly reduced due to the limited oxygen carrying capacity of the blood, typically decreasing by 10 – 20% depending on the severity of anemia.

Dietary iron supplementation strategy:

  • Iron supplementation should be prescribed by a healthcare provider, typically starting with 65 – 100mg of elemental iron daily, preferably in the form of ferrous sulfate.

Timing of iron-rich meals with vitamin C:

  • Iron-rich foods (like lean red meat, legumes, and leafy greens) alongside vitamin C sources (citrus fruits, bell peppers) enhances iron absorption by up to 300%.

Training modifications during treatment:

  • Exercise intensity and duration should be reduced during initial treatment phases, with a gradual return to normal training loads as hemoglobin levels improve over 4 – 8 weeks.
Show Worked Solution

Sample Answer

Reduced oxygen carrying capacity effects:

  • Iron deficiency reduces hemoglobin concentration, significantly decreasing the blood’s ability to transport oxygen to working muscles during both rest and exercise.

Impact on aerobic energy system:

  • The reduced oxygen delivery to muscles forces greater reliance on anaerobic energy systems, leading to earlier onset of fatigue and increased lactate production during exercise.

Increased heart rate at submaximal intensities:

  • To compensate for reduced oxygen carrying capacity, the heart rate increases more than normal at any given submaximal workload to maintain adequate oxygen delivery to tissues.

Decreased VO2 max:

  • Maximum oxygen uptake is significantly reduced due to the limited oxygen carrying capacity of the blood, typically decreasing by 10 – 20% depending on the severity of anemia.

Dietary iron supplementation strategy:

  • Iron supplementation should be prescribed by a healthcare provider, typically starting with 65 – 100mg of elemental iron daily, preferably in the form of ferrous sulfate.

Timing of iron-rich meals with vitamin C:

  • Iron-rich foods (like lean red meat, legumes, and leafy greens) alongside vitamin C sources (citrus fruits, bell peppers) enhances iron absorption by up to 300%.

Training modifications during treatment:

  • Exercise intensity and duration should be reduced during initial treatment phases, with a gradual return to normal training loads as hemoglobin levels improve over 4 – 8 weeks.

HMS, BM EQ-Bank 65 MC

An athlete with iron deficiency anemia would most likely experience: 

  1. Decreased stroke volume only
  2. Decreased ventilation rate only
  3. Increased blood pressure and decreased cardiac output
  4. Increased heart rate and decreased oxygen carrying capacity
Show Answers Only

Show Worked Solution

Consider Option D:  Increased heart rate and decreased oxygen carrying capacity

  • Lower haemoglobin leads to reduced oxygen carrying capacity, heart rate increases to compensate

Other Options:

  • A is incorrect: Stroke volume isn’t directly affected by iron deficiency
  • B is incorrect: Capillarisation is a long-term adaptation
  • C is incorrect: Blood pressure typically decreases in anemia

HMS, BM EQ-Bank 62

Explain how the respiratory and circulatory systems work together to support an athlete during a 5 km run.   (6 marks)

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Sample Answer

During a 5 km run:

Respiratory and circulatory systems work together to meet increased oxygen demands and remove waste products.

Respiratory system

  • increases breathing rate and depth to enhance oxygen intake and carbon dioxide removal through the alveoli.
  • Simultaneously, the circulatory system increases heart rate and stroke volume to transport more oxygenated blood to working muscles through the systemic circulation.

The pulmonary circulation

  • facilitates efficient gas exchange as deoxygenated blood from working muscles enters the pulmonary arteries
  • flows through capillaries surrounding alveoli where it becomes oxygenated then returns to the heart via pulmonary veins
  • oxygenated blood is then pumped through the systemic circulation to deliver oxygen to the working muscles and remove metabolic waste products
Show Worked Solution

Sample Answer

During a 5 km run:

Respiratory and circulatory systems work together to meet increased oxygen demands and remove waste products.

Respiratory system

  • Respiratory system increases breathing rate and depth to enhance oxygen intake and carbon dioxide removal through the alveoli.

The circulatory system

  • Simultaneously, increases heart rate and stroke volume to transport more oxygenated blood to working muscles through the systemic circulation.
  • The pulmonary circulation facilitates efficient gas exchange as deoxygenated blood from working muscles enters the pulmonary arteries
  • flows through capillaries surrounding alveoli where it becomes oxygenated then returns to the heart via pulmonary veins
  • oxygenated blood is then pumped through the systemic circulation to deliver oxygen to the working muscles and remove metabolic waste products

HMS, BM EQ-Bank 60 MC

During high-intensity exercise, what best explains why an athlete's breathing rate increases?

  1. To increase tidal volume in the pulmonary arteries
  2. To decrease carbon dioxide levels in the alveoli
  3. To meet increased oxygen demands of working muscles
  4. To reduce blood flow through the pulmonary circuit
Show Answers Only

Show Worked Solution

Consider Option C:  To meet increased oxygen demands of working muscles

  • Breathing rate increases primarily to meet the increased oxygen demands of working muscles during intense exercise

Other Options:

  • A is incorrect: Tidal volume refers to air volume, not blood in pulmonary arteries
  • B is incorrect: While CO2 removal increases, this is a result not the primary reason
  • D is incorrect: Blood flow through pulmonary circuit actually increases during exercise

HMS, BM EQ-Bank 56

Describe how the heart's structure supports blood flow during a 400m sprint.  (6 marks)

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Sample Answer

  • Four chambers separate oxygenated and deoxygenated blood
  • Thick ventricular walls enable forceful contractions
  • Valve system prevents backflow during intense activity
  • Coronary arteries supply heart muscle during increased demand
  • Chamber size allows increased stroke volume
  • Elastic arterial walls help maintain blood pressure
Show Worked Solution

Sample Answer

  • Four chambers separate oxygenated and deoxygenated blood
  • Thick ventricular walls enable forceful contractions
  • Valve system prevents backflow during intense activity
  • Coronary arteries supply heart muscle during increased demand
  • Chamber size allows increased stroke volume
  • Elastic arterial walls help maintain blood pressure

HMS, BM EQ-Bank 54 MC

During a netball game, which sequence accurately shows how the respiratory and circulatory systems work together in the goal shooter's muscles?

  1. Decreased lung capacity → slower blood flow → reduced oxygen to muscles
  2. Steady breathing rate → reduced heart rate → increased muscle oxygen
  3. Increased breathing rate → enhanced blood flow → greater oxygen delivery
  4. Rapid breathing → decreased circulation → higher muscle oxygen
Show Answers Only

Show Worked Solution

Consider Option C: Increased breathing rate → enhanced blood flow → greater oxygen delivery

  • Shows correct relationship between systems during sport-specific movement

Incorrect Options:

  • Other options contain physiologically incorrect relationships

HMS, BM EQ-Bank 50

Analyse how the biomechanical principles of force and fluid mechanics interrelate with the musculoskeletal system to enable safe diving entry into water.  (5 marks)

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Sample Answer

Force application:

  • Muscles generate force from springboard compression
  • Joint angles optimise force generation through legs and arms
  • Force direction affects safe water entry angle
  • Core muscles stabilise body position during force production

Fluid mechanics:

  • Body position minimises surface area for water entry
  • Arms aligned to create entry pathway
  • Head position between arms reduces impact forces
  • Controlled entry angle reduces unsafe deceleration forces

Musculoskeletal considerations:

  • Joint alignment maintains safe force absorption
  • Muscle tension protects joints during water entry
  • Coordinated muscle action maintains streamlined position
  • Core stability protects spine during entry
Show Worked Solution

Sample Answer

Force application:

  • Muscles generate force from springboard compression
  • Joint angles optimise force generation through legs and arms
  • Force direction affects safe water entry angle
  • Core muscles stabilise body position during force production

Fluid mechanics:

  • Body position minimises surface area for water entry
  • Arms aligned to create entry pathway
  • Head position between arms reduces impact forces
  • Controlled entry angle reduces unsafe deceleration forces

Musculoskeletal considerations:

  • Joint alignment maintains safe force absorption
  • Muscle tension protects joints during water entry
  • Coordinated muscle action maintains streamlined position
  • Core stability protects spine during entry

HMS, BM EQ-Bank 49

Explain how TWO biomechanical principles can be applied to improve movement efficiency for a person using a prosthetic leg.  (4 marks)

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Sample Answer

Center of gravity positioning:

  • Needs to be maintained over base of support
  • Reduces energy expenditure in maintaining balance
  • Allows for smoother progression of movement

Lever principles:

  • Prosthetic foot placement affects leverage
  • Efficient force transfer through prosthetic limb
  • Reduces energy needed for forward progression
Show Worked Solution

Sample Answer

Center of gravity positioning:

  • Needs to be maintained over base of support
  • Reduces energy expenditure in maintaining balance
  • Allows for smoother progression of movement

Lever principles:

  • Prosthetic foot placement affects leverage
  • Efficient force transfer through prosthetic limb
  • Reduces energy needed for forward progression

HMS, BM EQ-Bank 45

Compare the biomechanical principles involved in safe pushing versus pulling movements.  (5 marks)

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Detailed Sample Answer

Direction of force application differs

  • Pushing: Force directed away from body’s center of mass
  • Pulling: Force directed towards body’s center of mass
  • Each requires different directional stability considerations
  • Linear motion principles differ in each direction

Base of support position varies

  • Pushing: Forward staggered stance with rear leg providing drive
  • Pulling: Backward staggered stance with front leg anchoring
  • Pushing requires more forward lean for force production
  • Pulling requires more backward lean for counterbalance

Muscle recruitment patterns:

  • Pushing: Primary use of chest, shoulders, triceps
  • Pulling: Primary use of back, biceps, posterior chain
  • Pushing emphasizes anterior chain activation
  • Pulling emphasizes posterior chain activation

Joint stress considerations:

  • Pushing places more stress on anterior shoulder joint
  • Pulling creates more stress on posterior shoulder joint
  • Different elbow joint angles required for each movement
  • Spinal position must adjust for each movement type

Center of gravity adjustments:

  • Pushing moves center of gravity forward of base
  • Pulling requires center of gravity behind point of force application
  • Balance requirements differ between movements
  • Stability challenged differently in each movement
Show Worked Solution

Detailed Sample Answer

Direction of force application differs

  • Pushing: Force directed away from body’s center of mass
  • Pulling: Force directed towards body’s center of mass
  • Each requires different directional stability considerations
  • Linear motion principles differ in each direction

Base of support position varies

  • Pushing: Forward staggered stance with rear leg providing drive
  • Pulling: Backward staggered stance with front leg anchoring
  • Pushing requires more forward lean for force production
  • Pulling requires more backward lean for counterbalance

Muscle recruitment patterns:

  • Pushing: Primary use of chest, shoulders, triceps
  • Pulling: Primary use of back, biceps, posterior chain
  • Pushing emphasizes anterior chain activation
  • Pulling emphasizes posterior chain activation

Joint stress considerations:

  • Pushing places more stress on anterior shoulder joint
  • Pulling creates more stress on posterior shoulder joint
  • Different elbow joint angles required for each movement
  • Spinal position must adjust for each movement type

Center of gravity adjustments:

  • Pushing moves center of gravity forward of base
  • Pulling requires center of gravity behind point of force application
  • Balance requirements differ between movements
  • Stability challenged differently in each movement

HMS, BM EQ-Bank 43

Analyse how biomechanical principles influence the safe execution of a landing from a jump.  (4 marks)

Show Answers Only

Sample Answer

  • Force absorption through muscle eccentric contraction
  • Joint flexion increases time of force absorption
  • Wider base of support increases stability
  • Center of gravity lowering improves balance
  • Alignment of joints reduces injury risk
Show Worked Solution

Sample Answer

  • Force absorption through muscle eccentric contraction
  • Joint flexion increases time of force absorption
  • Wider base of support increases stability
  • Center of gravity lowering improves balance
  • Alignment of joints reduces injury risk

HMS, BM EQ-Bank 32 MC

Which characteristic best describes Type IIb (fast twitch) muscle fibres?

  1. High mitochondrial density
  2. Slow contraction speed
  3. Rapid force production
  4. High fatigue resistance
Show Answers Only

Show Worked Solution

Considering all Options:

A. High mitochondrial density – INCORRECT

  • This is actually a characteristic of Type I (slow twitch) fibres
  • Type IIb fibres have relatively low mitochondrial density
  • This feature wouldn’t support their primary function of rapid force production

B. Slow contraction speed – INCORRECT

  • This is the opposite of Type IIb fibre characteristics
  • Type IIb fibres have fast contraction speeds
  • This is a characteristic of Type I (slow twitch) fibres

C. Rapid force production – CORRECT

  • Type IIb (fast twitch) muscle fibres are characterised by their ability to produce rapid, powerful contractions.
  • This is their primary distinguishing characteristic and function within the muscular system.

D. High fatigue resistance – INCORRECT

  • Type IIb fibres fatigue quickly
  • High fatigue resistance is a characteristic of Type I (slow twitch) fibres
  • Type IIb fibres’ rapid force production capability means they tire quickly

HMS, BM EQ-Bank 22

Analyse how the coordination of joint actions at the hip, knee and ankle contributes to the generation of power in a vertical jump. Use biomechanical principles in your response.  (3 marks)

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Sample Answer

Vertical jump

  • Begins with simultaneous flexion at the hip, knee and ankle joints, creating a pre-stretch that enables the stretch-shortening cycle to be utilised.
  • The sequential extension of these joints follows a proximal-to-distal sequence
    • Starting with powerful hip extension
    • Followed by knee extension and ankle plantarflexion.
  • This coordinated triple extension allows for optimal force summation through the kinetic chain, maximizing the vertical displacement achieved in the jump.
Show Worked Solution

Sample Answer

Vertical jump

  • Begins with simultaneous flexion at the hip, knee and ankle joints, creating a pre-stretch that enables the stretch-shortening cycle to be utilised.
  • The sequential extension of these joints follows a proximal-to-distal sequence
    • Starting with powerful hip extension
    • Followed by knee extension and ankle plantarflexion.
  • This coordinated triple extension allows for optimal force summation through the kinetic chain, maximizing the vertical displacement achieved in the jump.

HMS, BM EQ-Bank 19

Evaluate how the structural differences between the hip joint and shoulder joint reflect their contrasting functional requirements in human movement.   (3 marks)

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Sample Answer

  • While both are ball and socket joints, their structural differences reflect their specialised roles.
  • The hip joint prioritises stability with a deeper socket (acetabulum) and strong ligamentous support to bear body weight and maintain upright posture.
  • In contrast, the shoulder’s shallower glenoid cavity and more flexible capsule enables greater mobility for reaching and manipulation tasks, though this comes at the cost of reduced stability.
  • These structural adaptations demonstrate how joint architecture is optimised for function, with the hip favoring stability for weight-bearing and the shoulder prioritising mobility for upper limb movements.
Show Worked Solution

Sample Answer

  • While both are ball and socket joints, their structural differences reflect their specialised roles.
  • The hip joint prioritises stability with a deeper socket (acetabulum) and strong ligamentous support to bear body weight and maintain upright posture.
  • In contrast, the shoulder’s shallower glenoid cavity and more flexible capsule enables greater mobility for reaching and manipulation tasks, though this comes at the cost of reduced stability.
  • These structural adaptations demonstrate how joint architecture is optimised for function, with the hip favoring stability for weight-bearing and the shoulder prioritising mobility for upper limb movements.

HMS, HIC EQ-Bank 13

Explain how TWO sociological determinants can influence young people's participation in risky health behaviors. Provide examples in your response. (4 marks)

Show Answers Only

Peer group influence

  • Significant sociological determinant as young people often modify their behavior to gain acceptance from their peer group.
  • For example, a young person may begin vaping or drinking alcohol at social gatherings due to perceived peer pressure and desire to fit in with their social circle.

Socioeconomic status is another key determinant that can influence risky behaviors

  • Young people from lower socioeconomic areas may have limited access to organised sports or recreational activities
  • This potentially leads to increased engagement in risk-taking behaviors like drug use or unsafe driving for entertainment.

Financial stress within families

  • May result in reduced parental supervision due to work commitments, providing more opportunities for risky behavior participation.
Show Worked Solution

Peer group influence

  • Significant sociological determinant as young people often modify their behavior to gain acceptance from their peer group.
  • For example, a young person may begin vaping or drinking alcohol at social gatherings due to perceived peer pressure and desire to fit in with their social circle.

Socioeconomic status is another key determinant that can influence risky behaviors

  • Young people from lower socioeconomic areas may have limited access to organised sports or recreational activities
  • This potentially leads to increased engagement in risk-taking behaviors like drug use or unsafe driving for entertainment.

Financial stress within families

  • May result in reduced parental supervision due to work commitments, providing more opportunities for risky behavior participation.

HMS, HIC EQ-Bank 12

Outline how TWO social justice principles are demonstrated through a rural health service's mobile dental clinic that visits remote communities. (3 marks)

Show Answers Only

The social justice principles of equity and creating supportive environments are demonstrated in this mobile dental service.

Equity is shown through

  • bringing essential dental care directly to remote communities
  • reducing geographical barriers
  • ensuring rural residents have similar access to dental services as metropolitan areas

Creating supportive environments is demonstrated by

  • modifying health service delivery to suit the needs of remote communities
  • establishing temporary but fully equipped dental clinics within their local area rather than requiring long-distance travel
Show Worked Solution

The social justice principles of equity and creating supportive environments are demonstrated in this mobile dental service.

Equity is shown through

  • bringing essential dental care directly to remote communities
  • reducing geographical barriers
  • ensuring rural residents have similar access to dental services as metropolitan areas

Creating supportive environments is demonstrated by

  • modifying health service delivery to suit the needs of remote communities
  • establishing temporary but fully equipped dental clinics within their local area rather than requiring long-distance travel

HMS, HIC EQ-Bank 11

Outline how TWO social justice principles are demonstrated in a local council's initiative to provide free exercise classes for seniors in community centres.  (3 marks)

Show Answers Only
  • The social justice principles of equity and participation are demonstrated in this initiative.
  • Equity is shown through providing free exercise classes which removes financial barriers for seniors who may be on fixed incomes.
  • Ensures equal access to physical activity opportunities regardless of economic status.
  • Participation is demonstrated by actively engaging seniors in community-based physical activity programs.
  • Enables seniors to be involved in health-promoting activities while also fostering social connections within their local area.
Show Worked Solution
  • The social justice principles of equity and participation are demonstrated in this initiative.
  • Equity is shown through providing free exercise classes which removes financial barriers for seniors who may be on fixed incomes.
  • Ensures equal access to physical activity opportunities regardless of economic status.
  • Participation is demonstrated by actively engaging seniors in community-based physical activity programs.
  • Enables seniors to be involved in health-promoting activities while also fostering social connections within their local area.

HMS, HIC EQ-Bank 4 MC

A local council supported residents to establish community gardens and cooking programs to improve food security and nutrition in their neighborhood.

Which action area of the Ottawa Charter is this strategy an example of?

  1. Building healthy public policy
  2. Creating supportive environments
  3. Developing personal skills
  4. Strengthening community action
Show Answers Only

Show Worked Solution

Consider option D:  Strengthening community action

    • Initiative empowers residents to take collective action for their own health outcomes
    • Shows community ownership and participation in identifying and addressing local health needs
    • Demonstrates community capacity building through shared gardens and programs
    • Council acts as facilitator while community leads and implements the health initiative
    • Focus is on collective community action rather than individual skills, policy or environment changes

HMS, HIC EQ-Bank 3 MC

A hospital introduced Aboriginal Health Workers and cultural awareness training for staff to improve health outcomes for First Nations patients.

Which action area of the Ottawa Charter is this strategy an example of?

  1. Building healthy public policy
  2. Reorienting health services
  3. Developing personal skills
  4. Strengthening community action
Show Answers Only

Show Worked Solution

Consider option B: Reorienting health services

→ Involves changing the way healthcare is organised and delivered to better meet population needs

→ The introduction of Aboriginal Health Workers represents a structural change to how hospital services are delivered

→ Cultural awareness training for staff is changing the way health professionals provide care to make it more culturally appropriate and responsive

→ The focus is on the healthcare organisation itself making changes to how it delivers services, which is a defining feature of reorienting health services

ENGINEERING, CS 2024 HSC 25c

A pin-jointed truss is shown. Member    has been determined to be 250 N in compression.
 

Complete the table. You must use the method specified to solve each component.   (6 marks)

Show Answers Only

External reaction at (Mathematical method):

⤸  
 
 

 

Internal reaction of (Method of sections):

 
 
   
♦♦ Mean mark 46%.

Internal reaction of (Graphical):
 

Show Worked Solution

External reaction at (Mathematical method):

⤸  
 
 

 

Internal reaction of (Method of sections):

 
 
   
♦♦ Mean mark 46%.

Internal reaction of (Graphical):
 

BIOLOGY, M8 EQ-Bank 2

  1. Provide an example of a genetic non-infectious disease and how develops at the genetic level.   (1 mark)

  2. Describe TWO major effects of the disease on the human body and why these occur.   (2 marks)

Show Answers Only

a.   Answers could include one of the following:

Cystic Fibrosis

→ Cystic fibrosis develops when a person inherits two faulty copies of the CFTR gene (one from each parent), resulting in defective chloride channels in cell membranes.
  

Huntington’s Disease

→ Huntington’s disease is caused by inheriting a dominant mutated copy of the HTT gene, resulting in the production of abnormal huntingtin protein.
 

b.  Answers could include one of the following:

Cystic Fibrosis

→ The defective chloride channels cause mucus to build up in the lungs, leading to frequent chest infections and breathing difficulties because bacteria become trapped in the airways.

→ The same mucus also blocks pancreatic ducts, preventing digestive enzymes from reaching the intestines, which results in poor nutrient absorption and growth problems.
  

Huntington’s Disease

→ The abnormal protein accumulates in brain cells, causing progressive death of neurons that control movement, leading to uncontrolled jerking and twitching movements.

→ The protein buildup also affects regions of the brain controlling cognitive function, resulting in progressive memory loss and personality changes as these neural networks deteriorate

Show Worked Solution

a.   Answers could include one of the following:

Cystic Fibrosis

→ Cystic fibrosis develops when a person inherits two faulty copies of the CFTR gene (one from each parent), resulting in defective chloride channels in cell membranes.
 

Huntington’s Disease

→ Huntington’s disease is caused by inheriting a dominant mutated copy of the HTT gene, resulting in the production of abnormal huntingtin protein.
 

b.  Answers could include one of the following:

Cystic Fibrosis

→ The defective chloride channels cause mucus to build up in the lungs, leading to frequent chest infections and breathing difficulties because bacteria become trapped in the airways.

→ The same mucus also blocks pancreatic ducts, preventing digestive enzymes from reaching the intestines, which results in poor nutrient absorption and growth problems.
 

Huntington’s Disease

→ The abnormal protein accumulates in brain cells, causing progressive death of neurons that control movement, leading to uncontrolled jerking and twitching movements.

→ The protein buildup also affects regions of the brain controlling cognitive function, resulting in progressive memory loss and personality changes as these neural networks deteriorate