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HMS, BM EQ-Bank 224 MC

A triathlete maintains a steady state of exercise for 45 minutes at 65% of their maximum heart rate during training.

Which training method is being used?

  1. Interval training
  2. Continuous training
  3. Fartlek training
  4. Circuit training
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Show Worked Solution

Consider Option B: Continuous training

  • Continuous training maintains steady state exercise for extended periods

Other Options:

  • A is incorrect: Intervals require rest periods
  • C is incorrect: Fartlek varies intensity throughout
  • D is incorrect: Circuits involve different exercises/stations

HMS, BM EQ-Bank 215

Describe how protein requirements differ between predominantly aerobic versus anaerobic activities.  (2 marks)

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Sample Answer

  • Anaerobic athletes require 1.6-2.0g/kg protein daily for muscle repair and growth due to high intensity muscle damage
  • Aerobic athletes need 1.2-1.4g/kg protein daily primarily for enzyme production and minor muscle repair
Show Worked Solution

Sample Answer

  • Anaerobic athletes require 1.6-2.0g/kg protein daily for muscle repair and growth due to high intensity muscle damage
  • Aerobic athletes need 1.2-1.4g/kg protein daily primarily for enzyme production and minor muscle repair

HMS, BM EQ-Bank 214

Outline TWO differences in carbohydrate requirements between aerobic and anaerobic athletes.  (2 marks)

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Sample Answer

  • Aerobic athletes require 7-10g/kg body weight of carbohydrates daily to maintain glycogen stores for extended performance
  • Anaerobic athletes need 4-6g/kg body weight focusing on immediate pre-event energy availability
Show Worked Solution

Sample Answer

  • Aerobic athletes require 7-10g/kg body weight of carbohydrates daily to maintain glycogen stores for extended performance
  • Anaerobic athletes need 4-6g/kg body weight focusing on immediate pre-event energy availability

HMS, BM EQ-Bank 211 MC

When should an athlete competing in shot put (predominantly anaerobic) consume their main pre-event meal?

  1. 30 minutes before
  2. 1 hour before
  3. 3 - 4 hours before
  4. 6 hours before
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Show Worked Solution

Consider Option C: 3 – 4 hours before

  • Allows digestion while maintaining energy stores

Other Options:

  • A is incorrect: Too close to event
  • B is incorrect: Insufficient digestion time
  • D is incorrect: Too far from event

HMS, BM EQ-Bank 210 MC

Which macronutrient is MOST important for a marathon runner compared to a power lifter?

  1. Protein
  2. Carbohydrates
  3. Fat
  4. Water
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Show Worked Solution

Consider Option B: Carbohydrates

  • Marathon requires sustained glycogen stores for aerobic activity

Other Options:

  • A is incorrect: More important for anaerobic/strength
  • C is incorrect: Secondary fuel source
  • D is incorrect: Important but not a macronutrient

Statistics, EXT1 S1 2024 MET1 4

Let be a binomial random variable where  .

  1. Find the standard deviation of .   (1 mark)

  2. Find  .   (2 marks)

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a.   

b.   

Show Worked Solution

a.    
   
   
   

 

b.    
   
   
   
Mean mark (b) 51%.

HMS, BM EQ-Bank 208 MC

A rower is competing in a 2000 m race lasting 6-8 minutes. What is the predominant energy system used?

  1. ATP-PCr only
  2. Lactic acid only
  3. Aerobic only
  4. Combination of lactic acid and aerobic
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Show Worked Solution

Consider Option D: Combination of lactic acid and aerobic

  • Duration requires both systems working together

Other Options:

  • A is incorrect: Duration too long
  • B is incorrect: Cannot sustain effort
  • C is incorrect: Intensity too high for aerobic only

HMS, BM EQ-Bank 206 MC

A netball player completes a 40-minute game. Which energy system is MOST predominantly used?

  1. ATP-PCr
  2. Lactic acid
  3. Aerobic
  4. ATP-PCr and lactic acid combined
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Show Worked Solution

Consider Option C:  Aerobic

  • Netball requires sustained effort over 40 minutes requiring oxygen.

Other Options:

  • A is incorrect: Too short duration
  • B is incorrect: Not sustained enough duration
  • D is incorrect: Combined systems but not predominant

HMS, BM EQ-Bank 201

Outline how vitamin B complex supports energy production during endurance events.   (3 marks)

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Sample Answer

  • B1 (Thiamine) assists in converting carbohydrates into glucose for immediate energy during prolonged exercise
  • B3 (Niacin) helps break down carbohydrates, fats and proteins into usable energy for working muscles
  • B12 aids in red blood cell formation which enhances oxygen delivery to muscles during endurance activities
Show Worked Solution

Sample Answer

  • B1 (Thiamine) assists in converting carbohydrates into glucose for immediate energy during prolonged exercise
  • B3 (Niacin) helps break down carbohydrates, fats and proteins into usable energy for working muscles
  • B12 aids in red blood cell formation which enhances oxygen delivery to muscles during endurance activities

HMS, BM EQ-Bank 194

Outline THREE ways protein timing can affect an athlete's recovery after resistance training.   (3 marks)

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Sample Answer

  • Consuming protein within 30 minutes post-exercise maximises muscle protein synthesis and begins repair of damaged muscle tissue
  • Regular protein intake every 3-4 hours maintains positive nitrogen balance which supports continuous muscle recovery throughout the day
  • Pre-sleep casein protein enhances overnight muscle recovery by providing slow-release amino acids during sleep
Show Worked Solution

Sample Answer

  • Consuming protein within 30 minutes post-exercise maximises muscle protein synthesis and begins repair of damaged muscle tissue
  • Regular protein intake every 3-4 hours maintains positive nitrogen balance which supports continuous muscle recovery throughout the day
  • Pre-sleep casein protein enhances overnight muscle recovery by providing slow-release amino acids during sleep

HMS, BM EQ-Bank 185 MC

A gymnast performing a 90-second floor routine begins to experience muscular fatigue during their final tumbling pass. What is the MOST likely cause?

  1. Accumulation of lactic acid
  2. Depletion of ATP stores
  3. Depletion of muscle glycogen
  4. Insufficient oxygen availability
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Show Worked Solution

Consider Option A:  Accumulation of lactic acid

  • This high-intensity activity predominantly utilises the glycolytic energy system, resulting in lactic acid accumulation that interferes with muscle contraction efficiency during the final elements.

Other Options:

  • B is incorrect: ATP depletion occurs in very short efforts (<10 sec)
  • C is incorrect: Glycogen depletion occurs in longer endurance events 
  • D is incorrect: Oxygen debt occurs but isn’t primary cause of fatigue

HMS, BM EQ-Bank 178 MC

A netball player performs a 30-second high-intensity defensive sequence followed by 2 minutes of moderate-intensity play.

Which energy system sequence best represents this activity pattern?

  1. ATP-PCr → Aerobic → Lactic Acid
  2. Lactic Acid → ATP-PCr → Aerobic
  3. ATP-PCr → Lactic Acid → Aerobic
  4. Aerobic → ATP-PCr → Lactic Acid
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Show Worked Solution

Consider Option C: ATP-PCr → Lactic Acid → Aerobic

  • ATP-PCr is first used for the immediate high-intensity defensive moves (0-10 seconds), then the lactic acid system is used for continued high-intensity work (10-30 seconds), and finally the aerobic system is relied upon for the moderate-intensity play (30 seconds onwards).

Other Options:

  • A is incorrect: Aerobic would not be the second system engaged
  • B is incorrect: Lactic acid system would not be first in this sequence
  • D is incorrect: Aerobic would not be first for high-intensity work

Networks, STD2 N3 2024 GEN2 14

A manufacturer makes deliveries to the supermarket via a number of storage warehouses, and . These eight locations are represented as vertices in the network below.

The numbers on the edges represent the maximum number of deliveries that can be made between these locations each day.
 

  1. When considering the possible flow of deliveries through this network, many different cuts can be made.   
  2. Determine the capacity of Cut 1, shown above.   (1 mark)

  3. Determine the maximum number of deliveries that can be made each day from the manufacturer to the supermarket.   (2 marks)

    

Show Answers Only

a.    

b.    

Show Worked Solution

a.    


 

b.  

♦ Mean mark (b) 29%.

HMS, BM EQ-Bank 175

Outline how active versus passive recovery affects the rate of lactate removal following high-intensity exercise.   (3 marks)

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Sample Answer

  • Active recovery maintains elevated blood flow and heart rate, which accelerates lactate removal through increased oxygen delivery to working muscles.
  • Passive recovery results in slower lactate removal as reduced blood flow and oxygen delivery limit the rate of metabolic waste clearance.
  • Active recovery at 30-40% intensity is optimal for lactate clearance as it balances increased blood flow with sufficient oxygen availability for aerobic metabolism.
Show Worked Solution

Sample Answer

  • Active recovery maintains elevated blood flow and heart rate, which accelerates lactate removal through increased oxygen delivery to working muscles.
  • Passive recovery results in slower lactate removal as reduced blood flow and oxygen delivery limit the rate of metabolic waste clearance.
  • Active recovery at 30-40% intensity is optimal for lactate clearance as it balances increased blood flow with sufficient oxygen availability for aerobic metabolism.

HMS, BM EQ-Bank 172 MC

A basketball player performs repeated 15-second full court sprints. What is the MINIMUM rest period needed for substantial ATP-PCr recovery?

  1. 15 seconds
  2. 30 seconds
  3. 60 seconds
  4. 120 seconds
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Show Worked Solution

Consider Option B: 30 seconds

  • 70% of ATP-PCr stores are replenished within 30 seconds, providing sufficient recovery for another maximal effort.

Other Options:

  • A is incorrect: Insufficient recovery time
  • C and D are incorrect: Longer than needed for substantial recovery

HMS, BM EQ-Bank 169

Explain how duration affects the body's utilisation of the three energy systems during a 400 m sprint.   (3 marks)

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Sample Answer

  • Initial 0-10 seconds utilises ATP-PCr system for immediate energy at race start
  • As duration extends to 10-45 seconds, glycolytic system becomes predominant providing energy through glucose breakdown
  • Final stages see increased aerobic contribution as duration approaches 60 seconds though glycolytic remains primary
  • Systems overlap throughout race duration but predominance shifts based on time demands
Show Worked Solution

Sample Answer

  • Initial 0-10 seconds utilises ATP-PCr system for immediate energy at race start
  • As duration extends to 10-45 seconds, glycolytic system becomes predominant providing energy through glucose breakdown
  • Final stages see increased aerobic contribution as duration approaches 60 seconds though glycolytic remains primary
  • Systems overlap throughout race duration but predominance shifts based on time demand

HMS, BM EQ-Bank 166 MC

An elite rower completes a 2000 m race in 7 minutes. Which energy system sequence best represents their event?

  1. ATP-PCr → Aerobic → Glycolytic
  2. Glycolytic → ATP-PCr → Aerobic
  3. ATP-PCr → Glycolytic → Aerobic
  4. Aerobic → Glycolytic → ATP-PCr
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Show Worked Solution

Consider Option C: ATP-PCr → Glycolytic → Aerobic

  • Shows the natural progression of energy systems as intensity/duration increases

Other Options: 

  • A is incorrect: Glycolytic precedes Aerobic system
  • B is incorrect: ATP-PCr is always first system used
  • D is incorrect: Sequence is reversed from actual energy system use

HMS, BM EQ-Bank 163

Explain how the intensity of exercise influences the predominant energy system used.   (3 marks)

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Sample Answer

  • High intensity activities (80-100% effort) predominantly use ATP-PCr system for immediate energy in first 10 seconds
  • Moderate-high intensity activities (60-80% effort) utilise glycolytic system for activities lasting 10 seconds to 2 minutes
  • Lower intensity activities (below 60% effort) rely on aerobic system which can sustain activity for extended periods
Show Worked Solution

Sample Answer

  • High intensity activities (80-100% effort) predominantly use ATP-PCr system for immediate energy in first 10 seconds
  • Moderate-high intensity activities (60-80% effort) utilise glycolytic system for activities lasting 10 seconds to 2 minutes
  • Lower intensity activities (below 60% effort) rely on aerobic system which can sustain activity for extended periods

HMS, BM EQ-Bank 160 MC

A 100 m sprint athlete is performing at maximal intensity. Which energy system would predominantly be utilised in the first 10 seconds of the race?

  1. ATP-PCr
  2. Glycolytic
  3. Aerobic
  4. ATP-PCr and Aerobic
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Show Worked Solution

Consider Option A:  ATP-PCr

  • ATP-PCr system provides immediate energy for high-intensity activities lasting 0 – 10 seconds.

Other Options:

  • B is incorrect: The Glycolytic system becomes predominant after 10-30 seconds
  • C is incorrect: Aerobic system takes several minutes to become predominant
  • D is incorrect: These systems don’t predominantly work together in first 10 seconds

EXAMCOPY Algebra, STD2 A4 2019 HSC 33

The time taken for a car to travel between two towns at a constant speed varies inversely with its speed.

It takes 1.5 hours for the car to travel between the two towns at a constant speed of 80 km/h.

  1. Calculate the distance between the two towns.  (1 mark)

  2. By first plotting four points, draw the curve that shows the time taken to travel between the two towns at different constant speeds.  (3 marks)

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  2.  
Show Worked Solution
a.   
   
   

 
b.   

Networks, STD2 N2 2024 GEN1 36 MC

Eight houses in an estate are to be connected to the internet via underground cables.

The network below shows the possible connections between the houses.

The vertices represent the houses.

The numbers on the edges represent the length of cable connecting pairs of houses, in metres.
 

 

The graph that represents the minimum length of cable needed to connect all the houses is
 


 

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Show Worked Solution

Trigonometry, 2ADV T3 EQ-Bank 8

A function is defined as 

  1. Determine the amplitude and period of the function.   (2 marks)
  2. Sketch the function over the domain  . On your sketch, label any -axis intersections.   (3 marks)   
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a.  

b.   
         

Show Worked Solution

a.  


 

b.   
             

Statistics, STD2 S1 2024 GEN1 2 MC

Freddie organised a function at work. He surveyed the staff about their preferences.

He asked them about their payment preference (cash or electronic payment) and their budget preference (less than $50 or more than $50).

The variables in this survey, payment preference and budget preference, are

  1. both categorical variables.
  2. both numerical variables.
  3. categorical and numerical variables, respectively.
  4. numerical and categorical variables, respectively.
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Show Worked Solution

HMS, BM EQ-Bank 156

Outline the efficiency of ATP production in the ATP-PCr system.   (4 marks)

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Sample Answer

  • The ATP-PCr system provides the most rapid rate of ATP production of all energy systems, making it crucial for explosive activities like sprinting or jumping.
  • When creatine phosphate breaks down, it forms one ATP molecule, providing immediate energy for high-intensity efforts.
  • Despite its speed, the system is limited by the small amount of creatine phosphate stored within the muscle cells, typically only 8-10 seconds worth of energy.
  • During maximal effort activities like a 100 m sprint, the ATP-PCr system becomes depleted within 10 seconds, requiring other energy systems to take over for continued activity.
Show Worked Solution

Sample Answer

  • The ATP-PCr system provides the most rapid rate of ATP production of all energy systems, making it crucial for explosive activities like sprinting or jumping.
  • When creatine phosphate breaks down, it forms one ATP molecule, providing immediate energy for high-intensity efforts.
  • Despite its speed, the system is limited by the small amount of creatine phosphate stored within the muscle cells, typically only 8-10 seconds worth of energy.
  • During maximal effort activities like a 100 m sprint, the ATP-PCr system becomes depleted within 10 seconds, requiring other energy systems to take over for continued activity.

HMS, BM EQ-Bank 154 MC

During a 400m sprint, what amount of ATP would ONE glucose molecule produce through the glycolytic system?

  1. 1-2 ATP
  2. 2-3 ATP
  3. 8-10 ATP
  4. 36-38 ATP
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Show Worked Solution

Consider Option B:  2-3 ATP

  • Net ATP yield from glycolysis

Other Options:

  • A is incorrect: Too low for glycolysis
  • C is incorrect: Too high for anaerobic glycolysis
  • D is incorrect: This is aerobic system yield

HMS, BM EQ-Bank 145

Compare the by-products and recovery rates of the ATP-PCr and Lactic Acid energy systems.   (4 marks)

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Sample Answer

  • ATP-PCr system produces creatine and phosphate as by-products which do not cause fatigue
  • Recovery is rapid with 70% restored in 30 seconds and full recovery in 2-3 minutes
  • Lactic acid system produces lactic acid as a by-product which causes muscular fatigue
  • Recovery takes longer, requiring 1 hour to remove 95% of accumulated lactic acid
Show Worked Solution

Sample Answer

  • ATP-PCr system produces creatine and phosphate as by-products which do not cause fatigue
  • Recovery is rapid with 70% restored in 30 seconds and full recovery in 2-3 minutes
  • Lactic acid system produces lactic acid as a by-product which causes muscular fatigue
  • Recovery takes longer, requiring 1 hour to remove 95% of accumulated lactic acid

HMS, BM EQ-Bank 142 MC

A sprinter runs 100m in 10.2 seconds. Which energy system would be the predominant source of ATP during this performance?

  1. ATP-PCr
  2. Glycolytic (Lactic Acid)
  3. Aerobic
  4. Both ATP-PCr and Aerobic
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Show Worked Solution

Consider Option A: ATP-PCr

  • The ATP-PCr system is dominant for high-intensity activities lasting 0-10 seconds

Other Options:

  • B is incorrect: The Lactic Acid system dominates from 10-60 seconds
  • C is incorrect: The Aerobic system is for longer duration activities over 2 minutes
  • D is incorrect: While there is some overlap, ATP-PCr clearly dominates this short duration

HMS, BM 2022 HSC 6 MC

A person started to feel numb on one side of their body. They had blurred vision and difficulty speaking.

Which disease was this person likely to be experiencing?

  1. Coronary heart disease
  2. Cerebrovascular disease
  3. Congenital heart disease
  4. Peripheral vascular disease
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Show Worked Solution

Consider Option B:  Cerebrovascular disease

  • One-sided numbness, blurred vision, difficulty speaking, are classic signs of a stroke, which occurs when blood flow to the brain is interrupted, affecting both the nervous and circulatory systems.

Other Options:

  • A is incorrect: Coronary heart disease primarily affects the heart muscle with chest pain symptoms
  • C is incorrect: Congenital heart disease is present from birth
  • D is incorrect: Peripheral vascular disease mainly affects blood vessels in the limbs

HMS, BM EQ-Bank 135 MC

During a netball game, a player lands awkwardly causing their knee to buckle inwards. Which system is MOST immediately affected by this inefficient movement?

  1. Skeletal system
  2. Muscular system
  3. Nervous system
  4. Circulatory system
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Show Worked Solution

Consider Option A:  Skeletal system

  • The skeletal system is primarily affected as the joint structure is compromised by the buckling motion.

Other Options:

  • B is incorrect: While muscles support the knee, the immediate impact is on joint alignment
  • C is incorrect: While pain signals are sent, the structural damage occurs first
  • D is incorrect: Blood flow is not immediately impacted by this movement

HMS, BM EQ-Bank 133

Explain how the circulatory and respiratory systems respond to dehydration during movement and outline appropriate first aid interventions.   (5 marks)

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Sample Answer

Circulatory System Response:

  • Blood volume decreases affecting stroke volume
  • Heart rate increases to compensate
  • Blood thickens making circulation less efficient

Respiratory System Impact:

  • Breathing rate increases to compensate
  • Airways may become dry
  • Oxygen delivery becomes less efficient

First Aid Response:

  • Cease activity immediately
  • Move to cool environment
  • Small sips of electrolyte solution
  • Monitor vital signs including heart rate
  • Gradual rehydration to prevent shock
Show Worked Solution

Sample Answer

Circulatory System Response:

  • Blood volume decreases affecting stroke volume
  • Heart rate increases to compensate
  • Blood thickens making circulation less efficient

Respiratory System Impact:

  • Breathing rate increases to compensate
  • Airways may become dry
  • Oxygen delivery becomes less efficient

First Aid Response:

  • Cease activity immediately
  • Move to cool environment
  • Small sips of electrolyte solution
  • Monitor vital signs including heart rate
  • Gradual rehydration to prevent shock

HMS, BM EQ-Bank 130 MC

A rock climber shows early signs of dehydration during an outdoor session. Which combination of body systems is FIRST affected requiring first aid attention?

  1. Digestive and skeletal systems
  2. Muscular and respiratory systems
  3. Circulatory and integumentary systems
  4. Nervous and endocrine systems
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Show Worked Solution

Consider Option C: Circulatory and integumentary systems

  • Reduced blood volume affects circulation first, while sweating mechanism (integumentary system) is directly impacted.

Other Options:

  • A is incorrect: Secondary systems affected as dehydration progresses
  • B is incorrect: Affected after circulatory changes occur
  • D is incorrect: Impacted in later stages of severe dehydration

HMS, BM EQ-Bank 129

Describe how the digestive system can create undue stress on the body during physical activity and outline appropriate first aid responses.   (5 marks)

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Sample Answer

Digestive System Stress:

  • Exercise can redirect blood flow away from digestive system causing cramping
  • Eating too close to exercise can cause nausea and discomfort
  • Dehydration affects digestive function leading to cramping

First Aid Responses:

  • Stop activity immediately when severe cramping occurs
  • Place person in comfortable position – usually lying on side
  • Provide small sips of water if tolerated
  • Monitor for signs of deterioration such as vomiting or severe pain
  • Seek medical attention if symptoms persist or worsen
Show Worked Solution

Sample Answer

Digestive System Stress:

  • Exercise can redirect blood flow away from digestive system causing cramping
  • Eating too close to exercise can cause nausea and discomfort
  • Dehydration affects digestive function leading to cramping

First Aid Responses:

  • Stop activity immediately when severe cramping occurs
  • Place person in comfortable position – usually lying on side
  • Provide small sips of water if tolerated
  • Monitor for signs of deterioration such as vomiting or severe pain
  • Seek medical attention if symptoms persist or worsen

HMS, BM EQ-Bank 123

Explain how the respiratory and circulatory systems respond to movement and describe appropriate first aid responses when these systems show signs of stress.   (5 marks)

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Sample Answer

The respiratory and circulatory systems respond to movement through increased oxygen demand:

  • Breathing rate increases to supply more oxygen
  • Heart rate increases to transport oxygen more rapidly
  • Blood flow is redirected to working muscles

Signs of system stress requiring first aid include:

  • Abnormal breathing patterns or respiratory distress
  • Irregular pulse or extreme heart rate
  • Dizziness or light-headedness

First aid responses should:

  • Position person appropriately (seated for respiratory, lying for circulatory)
  • Monitor vital signs
  • Cease activity and implement STOP protocol if needed
Show Worked Solution

Sample Answer

The respiratory and circulatory systems respond to movement through increased oxygen demand:

  • Breathing rate increases to supply more oxygen
  • Heart rate increases to transport oxygen more rapidly
  • Blood flow is redirected to working muscles

Signs of system stress requiring first aid include:

  • Abnormal breathing patterns or respiratory distress
  • Irregular pulse or extreme heart rate
  • Dizziness or light-headedness

First aid responses should:

  • Position person appropriately (seated for respiratory, lying for circulatory)
  • Monitor vital signs
  • Cease activity and implement STOP protocol if needed

HMS, BM EQ-Bank 119 MC

During high-intensity exercise, an athlete's respiratory system shows signs of distress. Which first aid response addresses the immediate physiological need?

  1. Increase exercise intensity
  2. Position in recovery position
  3. Seated position with controlled breathing
  4. Continue normal breathing pattern
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Show Worked Solution

Consider Option C: Seated position with controlled breathing

Respiratory System in Distress

  • Controlled breathing in a seated position helps restore respiratory system function.

Other Options:

  • A is incorrect: Increasing intensity would further stress compromised respiratory system
  • B is incorrect: Recovery position not required if conscious and breathing
  • D is incorrect: Normal breathing pattern insufficient to address respiratory distress

HMS, BM EQ-Bank 113

Describe how the digestive and circulatory systems work together to support a 90-minute soccer game.   (4 marks)

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Sample Answer

Pre-game:

  • Digestive enzymes break down meal while blood flow increases to stomach and intestines
  • Circulatory system transports absorbed nutrients to muscle glycogen stores

Early Game:

  • Blood flow shifts from digestive organs to muscles as stored energy is mobilised
  • Digestive absorption slows while circulation prioritises oxygen and nutrient delivery

Mid-Late Game:

  • Digestive system maintains blood glucose while circulation optimises muscle delivery
  • Both systems work to balance hydration, energy supply and waste removal
Show Worked Solution

Sample Answer

Pre-game:

  • Digestive enzymes break down meal while blood flow increases to stomach and intestines
  • Circulatory system transports absorbed nutrients to muscle glycogen stores

Early Game:

  • Blood flow shifts from digestive organs to muscles as stored energy is mobilised
  • Digestive absorption slows while circulation prioritises oxygen and nutrient delivery

Mid-Late Game:

  • Digestive system maintains blood glucose while circulation optimises muscle delivery
  • Both systems work to balance hydration, energy supply and waste removal

HMS, BM EQ-Bank 110

Explain how the circulatory and respiratory systems support a 400 m sprint.   (4 marks)

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Sample Answer

Start Phase:

  • Respiratory rate rapidly increases while heart pumps more blood to working muscles
  • Pulmonary circulation enhances oxygen uptake as blood flow redirects to active muscles

Mid Race:

  • Respiratory system maximises oxygen delivery while circulation maintains high blood flow
  • Both systems work at peak capacity to meet oxygen and energy demands

Final Phase:

  • Respiratory effort maintains while circulatory system manages oxygen debt
  • Both systems maximise efficiency to support sprint completion
Show Worked Solution

Sample Answer

Start Phase:

  • Respiratory rate rapidly increases while heart pumps more blood to working muscles
  • Pulmonary circulation enhances oxygen uptake as blood flow redirects to active muscles

Mid Race:

  • Respiratory system maximises oxygen delivery while circulation maintains high blood flow
  • Both systems work at peak capacity to meet oxygen and energy demands

Final Phase:

  • Respiratory effort maintains while circulatory system manages oxygen debt
  • Both systems maximise efficiency to support sprint completion

HMS, BM EQ-Bank 104 MC

During a sprinting action, what is occurring in the quadriceps and hamstrings?

  1. Both muscles contract concentrically
  2. Both muscles contract eccentrically
  3. Quadriceps contracts concentrically while hamstrings relax
  4. Quadriceps contracts concentrically while hamstrings contract eccentrically
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Show Worked Solution

Consider Option D:  Quadriceps contracts concentrically while hamstrings contract eccentrically

  • quadriceps contracts concentrically (shortens) to drive the leg forward
  • hamstrings contract eccentrically (lengthens under tension) to control the movement and prepare for the next phase.

Other Options:

  • A is incorrect: Both cannot shorten simultaneously
  • B is incorrect: Both cannot lengthen simultaneously
  • C is incorrect: Hamstrings must control leg movement

HMS, BM EQ-Bank 98

Outline how the nervous system coordinates a footballer's response when attempting to catch a high ball in wet conditions.   (3 marks)

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Sample Answer

The response involves:

  • Specialised receptors detecting both the ball and rainy conditions
  • Sensory pathways transmitting environmental information to CNS
  • Integration of balance and positional information in cerebellum
  • Motor neurons activating appropriate muscle groups for the catch with additional force needed for wet conditions
Show Worked Solution

Sample Answer

The response involves:

  • Specialised receptors detecting both the ball and rainy conditions
  • Sensory pathways transmitting environmental information to CNS
  • Integration of balance and positional information in cerebellum
  • Motor neurons activating appropriate muscle groups for the catch with additional force needed for wet conditions

HMS, BM EQ-Bank 93

Outline how the nervous system coordinates an immediate response to maintain balance when a rugby player is tackled.  (3 marks)

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Sample Answer

  • Proprioceptors in muscles and joints detect change in body position
  • Information is rapidly transmitted to the cerebellum via sensory neurons
  • Motor neurons activate appropriate muscles to maintain balance through postural adjustments
  • This occurs through both reflex and conscious control mechanisms
Show Worked Solution

Sample Answer

  • Proprioceptors in muscles and joints detect change in body position
  • Information is rapidly transmitted to the cerebellum via sensory neurons
  • Motor neurons activate appropriate muscles to maintain balance through postural adjustments
  • This occurs through both reflex and conscious control mechanisms

HMS, BM EQ-Bank 89 MC

During a tennis serve, what is the correct sequence of nervous system processes?

  1. Motor response → Processing → Sensory input
  2. Processing → Sensory input → Motor response
  3. Sensory input → Processing → Motor response
  4. Sensory input → Motor response → Processing
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Show Worked Solution

Consider Option C:  Sensory input → Processing → Motor response

The correct sequence involves receiving sensory information (seeing the ball), processing in the central nervous system, then sending motor signals to muscles.

Other Options:

  • A is incorrect: Incorrect sequence – Output cannot occur before processing
  • B is incorrect: Processing cannot occur before receiving sensory input
  • D is incorrect: Processing must occur between input and output for coordinated movement

HMS, BM EQ-Bank 87

Describe how the endocrine system's release of cortisol affects an athlete's movement efficiency during periods of prolonged stress.  (3 marks)

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Sample Answer

  • Cortisol released by the adrenal glands increases blood glucose levels to provide energy for movement during stress.
  • Prolonged high cortisol levels can break down muscle protein for energy, potentially reducing movement efficiency.
  • Extended periods of elevated cortisol can lead to fatigue and decreased performance as energy systems become depleted.
Show Worked Solution

Sample Answer

  • Cortisol released by the adrenal glands increases blood glucose levels to provide energy for movement during stress.
  • Prolonged high cortisol levels can break down muscle protein for energy, potentially reducing movement efficiency.
  • Extended periods of elevated cortisol can lead to fatigue and decreased performance as energy systems become depleted.

HMS, BM EQ-Bank 86

Outline how the digestive system responds to acute stress during participation in a competitive sports event.  (3 marks)

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Sample Answer

  • The digestive system slows down or stops digestion as blood is diverted to muscles and vital organs during the stress response.
  • The mouth becomes dry as saliva production decreases, making it harder to digest food during competition.
  • Stress hormones can cause nausea or “butterflies” in the stomach as the digestive system responds to the fight or flight response.
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Sample Answer

  • The digestive system slows down or stops digestion as blood is diverted to muscles and vital organs during the stress response.
  • The mouth becomes dry as saliva production decreases, making it harder to digest food during competition.
  • Stress hormones can cause nausea or “butterflies” in the stomach as the digestive system responds to the fight or flight response.

HMS, BM EQ-Bank 85 MC

Which statement best describes how protein intake affects the endocrine system's ability to support movement?

  1. The thyroid gland increases metabolism to break down protein for immediate energy
  2. The adrenal glands produce adrenaline to convert protein into glucose during exercise
  3. The pituitary gland releases growth hormone to store protein as fat for later use
  4. The pancreas releases insulin to help transport amino acids to muscles for repair
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Consider Option D: The pancreas releases insulin to help transport amino acids to muscles for repair

  • This accurately describes how the endocrine system (through insulin release from the pancreas) helps utilise protein for movement efficiency by facilitating amino acid transport.

Other Options:

  • A is incorrect: While the thyroid affects metabolism, protein is not typically used for immediate energy; this is primarily the role of carbohydrates.
  • B is incorrect: While adrenaline is produced during exercise, it primarily mobilizes glucose from glycogen stores rather than converting protein.
  • C is incorrect: While growth hormone is involved in protein metabolism, proteins are not stored as fat; they are used for tissue repair and building.

HMS, BM EQ-Bank 75

Describe the impact of exercise-induced thermal stress on digestive enzyme production.  (3 marks)

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Sample Answer

Exercise-induced thermal stress affects digestive enzyme production by:

  • Reducing secretion of digestive enzymes by the pancreas
  • Decreasing salivary amylase production
  • Impairing the efficiency of existing enzymes These changes can affect nutrient breakdown during and after exercise.
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Sample Answer

Exercise-induced thermal stress affects digestive enzyme production by:

  • Reducing secretion of digestive enzymes by the pancreas
  • Decreasing salivary amylase production
  • Impairing the efficiency of existing enzymes These changes can affect nutrient breakdown during and after exercise.

HMS, BM EQ-Bank 70 MC

An archer notices their hands shaking before competition. This response is primarily caused by which hormone?

  1. Insulin
  2. Thyroxine
  3. Epinephrine
  4. Growth hormone
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Consider Option C:  Epinephrine

  • Epinephrine is released during stress causing physical symptoms including trembling through activating the sympathetic nervous system.

Other Options:

  • A is incorrect: Insulin decreases blood glucose and does not cause shaking. It’s primarily involved in glucose storage, not stress response.
  • B is incorrect: While thyroxine affects metabolism, it doesn’t cause acute stress responses like shaking.
  • D is incorrect: Involved in tissue repair and growth, not acute stress responses.

HMS, BM EQ-Bank 58 MC

During a 400m sprint, an athlete's oxygen demand increases. Which sequence correctly shows the pathway of oxygen from inhalation to the working muscles?

  1. Alveoli → Pulmonary vein → Left atrium → Left ventricle → Systemic circulation
  2. Alveoli → Pulmonary artery → Left atrium → Left ventricle → Systemic circulation
  3. Bronchi → Pulmonary vein → Right atrium → Right ventricle → Systemic circulation
  4. Bronchi → Pulmonary artery → Right atrium → Right ventricle → Systemic circulation
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Consider Option A:  Alveoli → Pulmonary vein → Left atrium → Left ventricle → Systemic circulation

This shows the correct pathway

  • Oxygen diffuses into the alveoli
  • Enters pulmonary veins (oxygenated blood)
  • Flows to left atrium then ventricle
  • Lastly entering systemic circulation to reach muscles

Other Options:

  • B is incorrect: Pulmonary arteries carry deoxygenated blood
  • C is incorrect: Right side of heart receives deoxygenated blood and bronchi are air passages not involved in blood flow
  • D is incorrect: Combines multiple errors – wrong blood vessels and wrong side of heart

HMS, BM EQ-Bank 52 MC

A volleyball player performs a jump serve. Which respiratory system change enables efficient movement?

  1. Decreased gas exchange at the site of alveoli
  2. Reduced breathing rate during acceleration
  3. Increased pulmonary ventilation as muscles activate
  4. Slower respiratory rate with muscle contraction
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Consider Option C: Gaseous exchange increases in alveoli

  • Links increased ventilation with muscle activation for movement

Incorrect Options:

  • Other options incorrectly suggest decreases/reductions during activity

HMS, BM EQ-Bank 41

Outline how the principle of stability relates to safe movement in a standing position.  (3 marks)

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Sample Answer

  • Wider base of support increases stability
  • Lower centre of gravity improves balance
  • Weight centred over base improves control
  • Relates to even distribution of forces through joints
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Sample Answer

  • Wider base of support increases stability
  • Lower centre of gravity improves balance
  • Weight centred over base improves control
  • Relates to even distribution of forces through joints

HMS, BM EQ-Bank 39 MC

In which movement does balance have the GREATEST impact on safe execution?

  1. Bench press
  2. Bicep curl
  3. Seated row
  4. Handstand
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Consider Option D: Handstand

  • Handstand requires precise balance over center of gravity for safety

Other Options:

  • A: Supported by bench, balance less critical
  • B: Supported standing/seated position
  • C: Fully supported seated position

HMS, BM EQ-Bank 38 MC

During a squat, which biomechanical principle is MOST important for maintaining safety? 

  1. Fluid mechanics
  2. Base of support
  3. Projectile motion
  4. Angular momentum
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Consider Option B: Base of Support

  • A wider base of support in squat provides stability and reduces risk of injury

Other Options:

  • A: Not relevant to squatting stability
  • C: No projectile motion in squatting
  • D: While rotation may occur, not primary safety principle

HMS, BM EQ-Bank 34

Outline TWO structural characteristics of slow twitch muscle fibres.  (3 marks)

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Sample Answer

  • High number of mitochondria
  • Extensive capillary network
  • High myoglobin content
  • Smaller in diameter than fast twitch fibres
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Sample Answer

  • High number of mitochondria
  • Extensive capillary network
  • High myoglobin content
  • Smaller in diameter than fast twitch fibres

HMS, BM EQ-Bank 29

Name THREE major muscles of the upper body and outline their primary functions.   (3 marks)

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Sample Answer

  • The deltoid abducts the arm at the shoulder.
  • The pectoralis major is responsible for horizontal flexion and internal rotation of the arm.
  • The latissimus dorsi extends and adducts the arm at the shoulder joint.
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Sample Answer

  • The deltoid abducts the arm at the shoulder.
  • The pectoralis major is responsible for horizontal flexion and internal rotation of the arm.
  • The latissimus dorsi extends and adducts the arm at the shoulder joint.

HMS, BM EQ-Bank 27 MC

Which pair of muscles work together in an agonist-antagonist relationship?

  1. Deltoid and trapezius
  2. Biceps and gastrocnemius
  3. Triceps and biceps brachii
  4. Quadriceps and deltoid
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Show Worked Solution

Consider Option C:

  • These muscles work in direct opposition at the elbow joint – biceps flexes while triceps extends

Other Options:

  • A:  Incorrect because deltoid and trapezius work in different regions and don’t form an antagonistic pair
  • B:  Incorrect because biceps and gastrocnemius work at different joints (elbow and ankle respectively)
  • D:  Incorrect because quadriceps and deltoid work at different joints (knee and shoulder respectively)