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HMS, HAG EQ-Bank 203

Outline how complementary healthcare approaches can be used as preventative measures.   (3 marks)

Show Answers Only
  • Nutrition and dietary approaches prevent chronic diseases by optimising food choices and maintaining healthy weight to reduce cardiovascular disease and diabetes risks.
  • Mind-body practices like meditation and yoga prevent stress-related health issues by building resilience and managing daily stressors.
  • Regular massage therapy prevents musculoskeletal problems by maintaining muscle flexibility and reducing tension that could lead to injury.
  • Herbal medicines and supplements prevent nutrient deficiencies and support immune system function to reduce infection susceptibility.
  • Health apps help prevent lifestyle diseases by monitoring physical activity, sleep patterns and dietary habits.
Show Worked Solution
  • Nutrition and dietary approaches prevent chronic diseases by optimising food choices and maintaining healthy weight to reduce cardiovascular disease and diabetes risks.
  • Mind-body practices like meditation and yoga prevent stress-related health issues by building resilience and managing daily stressors.
  • Regular massage therapy prevents musculoskeletal problems by maintaining muscle flexibility and reducing tension that could lead to injury.
  • Herbal medicines and supplements prevent nutrient deficiencies and support immune system function to reduce infection susceptibility.
  • Health apps help prevent lifestyle diseases by monitoring physical activity, sleep patterns and dietary habits.

HMS, HAG EQ-Bank 200

Outline how complementary healthcare approaches can be used as supplements to conventional medical treatments.   (3 marks)

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  • Complementary approaches support conventional treatments by managing side effects from medications and medical procedures without interfering with primary care.
  • Acupuncture and massage therapy supplement cancer treatments by reducing nausea, pain and anxiety during chemotherapy and radiation therapy.
  • Naturopathy and herbal medicines complement pharmaceutical treatments by supporting immune system function and promoting faster recovery times.
  • Mind-body therapies like meditation and yoga supplement mental health treatments by reducing stress and improving emotional wellbeing.
  • Nutritional therapy complements conventional care by optimising dietary intake to support healing and enhance treatment effectiveness.
Show Worked Solution
  • Complementary approaches support conventional treatments by managing side effects from medications and medical procedures without interfering with primary care.
  • Acupuncture and massage therapy supplement cancer treatments by reducing nausea, pain and anxiety during chemotherapy and radiation therapy.
  • Naturopathy and herbal medicines complement pharmaceutical treatments by supporting immune system function and promoting faster recovery times.
  • Mind-body therapies like meditation and yoga supplement mental health treatments by reducing stress and improving emotional wellbeing.
  • Nutritional therapy complements conventional care by optimising dietary intake to support healing and enhance treatment effectiveness.

HMS, TIP EQ-Bank 064

Outline three characteristics that can classify individuals into high-risk groups requiring medical clearance before beginning an exercise program.  (3 marks)

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Answers could include any three of the following:

  • Age factors: Males over 45 years and females over 55 years are considered high-risk for health screening purposes due to their increased chance of cardiovascular events.
  • Medical history: Having conditions like heart disease, diabetes, high blood pressure or respiratory conditions such as asthma increases exercise risks.
  • Family history: If close relatives have heart disease or have experienced heart attacks, this potentially raises an individual’s risk level to high.
  • Low physical activity: People who are sedentary or inactive have higher risks when starting exercise. At extreme levels, this risk factor can tip an individual into a high-risk grouping.
Show Worked Solution

Answers could include any three of the following:

  • Age factors: Males over 45 years and females over 55 years are considered high-risk for health screening purposes due to their increased chance of cardiovascular events.
  • Medical history: Having conditions like heart disease, diabetes, high blood pressure or respiratory conditions such as asthma increases exercise risks.
  • Family history: If close relatives have heart disease or have experienced heart attacks, this potentially raises an individual’s risk level to high.
  • Low physical activity: People who are sedentary or inactive have higher risks when starting exercise. At extreme levels, this risk factor can tip an individual into a high-risk grouping.

HMS, HAG EQ-Bank 198

Why do some Australians choose alternative treatments instead of conventional medicine?   (3 marks)

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  • Some Australians prefer alternative treatments because they seek personalised care that addresses individual health concerns holistically.
  • Patients choose alternatives when conventional medicine has not provided satisfactory results for chronic conditions.
  • Alternative treatments appeal to people wanting to avoid potential side effects from pharmaceutical medications and invasive procedures.
  • Some individuals prefer natural approaches that align with personal beliefs about health and wellness.
  • Alternative practitioners usually spend more time with patients, providing detailed consultations that feel more supportive.
Show Worked Solution
  • Some Australians prefer alternative treatments because they seek personalised care that addresses individual health concerns holistically.
  • Patients choose alternatives when conventional medicine has not provided satisfactory results for chronic conditions.
  • Alternative treatments appeal to people wanting to avoid potential side effects from pharmaceutical medications and invasive procedures.
  • Some individuals prefer natural approaches that align with personal beliefs about health and wellness.
  • Alternative practitioners usually spend more time with patients, providing detailed consultations that feel more supportive.

HMS, TIP EQ-Bank 061

Explain why health screening is important for high-risk groups before beginning an exercise program.   (5 marks)

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  • High-risk groups include people with conditions like heart disease, diabetes or asthma. This is due to these conditions making exercise more dangerous.
  • Screening identifies these risks early. This can occur through a questionnaire that asks about medical history, family health and current activity levels.
  • From these results, exercise professionals are able to recommend medical clearance before training begins.
  • This process ensures safer participation. Programs are consequently built with limits that protect the client’s health.
  • For instance, when someone has diabetes, a program can include regular breaks to check blood sugar.
  • This demonstrates why screening is not just a formality. It is the first step in preventing medical emergencies.
  • In this way, high-risk clients are given programs that are safe, achievable and more likely to help them reach their goals.
Show Worked Solution
  • High-risk groups include people with conditions like heart disease, diabetes or asthma. This is due to these conditions making exercise more dangerous.
  • Screening identifies these risks early. This can occur through a questionnaire that asks about medical history, family health and current activity levels.
  • From these results, exercise professionals are able to recommend medical clearance before training begins.
  • This process ensures safer participation. Programs are consequently built with limits that protect the client’s health.
  • For instance, when someone has diabetes, a program can include regular breaks to check blood sugar.
  • This demonstrates why screening is not just a formality. It is the first step in preventing medical emergencies.
  • In this way, high-risk clients are given programs that are safe, achievable and more likely to help them reach their goals.

HMS, HAG EQ-Bank 193

Describe how the National Disability Insurance Scheme (NDIS) supports Australians with disability.   (3 marks)

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  • The NDIS provides direct funding to individuals with disability to access support services and fee-for-service providers.
  • Therapeutic supports include physiotherapy, occupational therapy and speech pathology services to address developmental challenges.
  • Assistive technology funding covers mobility aids, communication devices and home modifications to improve independence.
  • Community participation programs facilitate social inclusion and recreational activities for people with disability.
  • Early intervention services support young children with developmental delays through specialised programs and therapies.
Show Worked Solution
  • The NDIS provides direct funding to individuals with disability to access support services and fee-for-service providers.
  • Therapeutic supports include physiotherapy, occupational therapy and speech pathology services to address developmental challenges.
  • Assistive technology funding covers mobility aids, communication devices and home modifications to improve independence.
  • Community participation programs facilitate social inclusion and recreational activities for people with disability.
  • Early intervention services support young children with developmental delays through specialised programs and therapies.

HMS, TIP EQ-Bank 057

Outline three pieces of information commonly collected in a pre-exercise questionnaire.   (3 marks)

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Answers could include three of the following:

  • Medical conditions: Helps identify issues such as asthma, diabetes, or heart disease that may place the client at risk during exercise.
  • Injury history: Past injuries to muscles, joints or bones show areas that may need modification or extra care in training.
  • Current activity levels: Information about how often, how hard, and what type of exercise someone does provides a safe starting point for program design.
  • Family history: Conditions such as heart disease in close relatives highlight potential inherited risk factors.
Show Worked Solution

Answers could include three of the following:

  • Medical conditions: Helps identify issues such as asthma, diabetes, or heart disease that may place the client at risk during exercise.
  • Injury history: Past injuries to muscles, joints or bones show areas that may need modification or extra care in training.
  • Current activity levels: Information about how often, how hard, and what type of exercise someone does provides a safe starting point for program design.
  • Family history: Conditions such as heart disease in close relatives highlight potential inherited risk factors.

HMS, HAG EQ-Bank 191

Describe the main challenges facing the sustainability of Australia's healthcare system.   (3 marks)

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  • Australia’s ageing population increases demand for healthcare services as they require more frequent medical treatment.
  • Rising healthcare costs create financial pressure on government budgets, making it difficult to maintain current service levels.
  • Rural and remote areas lack adequate health services, creating inequities in healthcare access for these communities.
  • Healthcare workforce shortages limit the system’s capacity to meet growing demand for medical professionals.
  • Chronic diseases are becoming more prevalent, requiring ongoing management that strains the healthcare system long-term.
Show Worked Solution
  • Australia’s ageing population increases demand for healthcare services as they require more frequent medical treatment.
  • Rising healthcare costs create financial pressure on government budgets, making it difficult to maintain current service levels.
  • Rural and remote areas lack adequate health services, creating inequities in healthcare access for these communities.
  • Healthcare workforce shortages limit the system’s capacity to meet growing demand for medical professionals.
  • Chronic diseases are becoming more prevalent, requiring ongoing management that strains the healthcare system long-term.

HMS, HAG EQ-Bank 188

Describe the main reasons why Australians choose private health insurance.   (3 marks)

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  • Private health insurance provides shorter waiting times for elective surgery and specialist appointments compared to public healthcare services.
  • Patients can choose their preferred doctor and hospital for treatment, offering greater control over their healthcare decisions.
  • Insurance covers ancillary services like dental care, physiotherapy and chiropractic treatment that Medicare does not fund.
  • Private rooms in hospitals provide increased privacy and comfort during treatment and recovery periods.
  • Tax benefits include rebates for insurance premiums and avoiding the Medicare levy surcharge for higher income earners.
Show Worked Solution
  • Private health insurance provides shorter waiting times for elective surgery and specialist appointments compared to public healthcare services.
  • Patients can choose their preferred doctor and hospital for treatment, offering greater control over their healthcare decisions.
  • Insurance covers ancillary services like dental care, physiotherapy and chiropractic treatment that Medicare does not fund.
  • Private rooms in hospitals provide increased privacy and comfort during treatment and recovery periods.
  • Tax benefits include rebates for insurance premiums and avoiding the Medicare levy surcharge for higher income earners.

HMS, HAG EQ-Bank 186

Describe the key features of Medicare that provide accessible healthcare for Australians.   (3 marks)

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  • Medicare is Australia’s universal healthcare system providing free treatment as a public patient in public hospitals.
  • The system offers subsidised treatment by GPs and specialists, funded through income taxes and the Medicare levy.
  • Bulk billing allows doctors to accept Medicare payment as full payment, meaning patients pay nothing out of pocket.
  • Medicare covers optometrist services and oral surgery but excludes private dentistry, physiotherapy and chiropractic treatment.
  • The schedule fee system sets standard government fees, though some doctors may charge above this amount.
Show Worked Solution
  • Medicare is Australia’s universal healthcare system providing free treatment as a public patient in public hospitals.
  • The system offers subsidised treatment by GPs and specialists, funded through income taxes and the Medicare levy.
  • Bulk billing allows doctors to accept Medicare payment as full payment, meaning patients pay nothing out of pocket.
  • Medicare covers optometrist services and oral surgery but excludes private dentistry, physiotherapy and chiropractic treatment.
  • The schedule fee system sets standard government fees, though some doctors may charge above this amount.

HMS, HAG EQ-Bank 182

Describe the challenges government and non-government organisations face when delivering person-centred healthcare services collaboratively.   (4 marks)

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  • Different priorities create challenges when organisations collaborate. Government focuses on population health whilst private organisations prioritise profit and community groups focus on specific needs. These goals can conflict during planning.
  • Communication problems occur between organisations using different systems. Government services use formal procedures whilst community organisations use informal approaches. This makes coordinating care difficult.
  • Funding issues limit collaboration. Government funding has strict rules whilst charitable funding is unpredictable. Different payment systems create service gaps.
  • Staff training varies between organisations affecting quality. Government workers follow standardised procedures whilst community staff may lack formal training. This creates inconsistent patient experiences.
Show Worked Solution
  • Different priorities create challenges when organisations collaborate. Government focuses on population health whilst private organisations prioritise profit and community groups focus on specific needs. These goals can conflict during planning.
  • Communication problems occur between organisations using different systems. Government services use formal procedures whilst community organisations use informal approaches. This makes coordinating care difficult.
  • Funding issues limit collaboration. Government funding has strict rules whilst charitable funding is unpredictable. Different payment systems create service gaps.
  • Staff training varies between organisations affecting quality. Government workers follow standardised procedures whilst community staff may lack formal training. This creates inconsistent patient experiences.

HMS, HAG EQ-Bank 181

Outline the key features of person-centred service delivery that require collaboration between government and non-government organisations.   (3 marks)

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  • Person-centred care requires shared decision-making between patients, healthcare providers and support services. Government provides clinical services whilst non-government organisations offer peer support and cultural services tailored to individual needs.
  • Coordinated care involves multiple organisations working together to address patient needs. This includes government mental health services working with community housing providers and family support groups.
  • Patient support combines government funding with non-government delivery ensuring patients understand their options and access appropriate services. Cultural care requires partnerships between mainstream services and community organisations.
Show Worked Solution
  • Person-centred care requires shared decision-making between patients, healthcare providers and support services. Government provides clinical services whilst non-government organisations offer peer support and cultural services tailored to individual needs.
  • Coordinated care involves multiple organisations working together to address patient needs. This includes government mental health services working with community housing providers and family support groups.
  • Patient support combines government funding with non-government delivery ensuring patients understand their options and access appropriate services. Cultural care requires partnerships between mainstream services and community organisations.

HMS, TIP EQ-Bank 069 MC

How does health screening benefit both exercise professionals and clients?

  1. It increases the chances of client success in higher competition
  2. It allows for individualised and safer training programs
  3. It guarantees injury prevention for participants
  4. It reduces the need for allied health professional advice
Show Answers Only

\(B\)

Show Worked Solution

  • B is correct: Screening identifies risks and goals, enabling professionals to design safe, individualised programs.

Other options:

  • A is incorrect: Competition success is not the direct purpose of health screening.
  • C is incorrect: Screening reduces risk but cannot guarantee injury prevention.
  • D is incorrect: High-risk clients may still require allied health professional advice as screening does not replace this need.

HMS, HAG EQ-Bank 048

Outline three ways in which big data can reduce healthcare spending in Australia.   (3 marks)

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  • Predictive analytics: Analysing patient records, genetics and lifestyle data helps identify individuals at high risk of diseases such as diabetes. Early detection allows for timely interventions which are less costly than treating advanced illness.
  • Preventing medical errors: Big data supports more accurate diagnoses and treatment planning. This reduces complications and extended hospital stays that increase costs.
  • Targeted resource allocation: Insights from big data ensure funding is directed to high-impact areas. This helps increase efficiency across the healthcare system and reduce overall spending.
Show Worked Solution
  • Predictive analytics: Analysing patient records, genetics and lifestyle data helps identify individuals at high risk of diseases such as diabetes. Early detection allows for timely interventions which are less costly than treating advanced illness.
  • Preventing medical errors: Big data supports more accurate diagnoses and treatment planning. This reduces complications and extended hospital stays that increase costs.
  • Targeted resource allocation: Insights from big data ensure funding is directed to high-impact areas. This helps increase efficiency across the healthcare system and reduce overall spending.

HMS, HAG EQ-Bank 047

Outline two ways big data is being used to improve health outcomes for Australians.   (3 marks)

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Answers could include two of the following:

Health policy and planning

  • By linking datasets through platforms such as the National Health Data Hub, governments can identify health trends and design prevention strategies.
  • This ensures resources are allocated effectively to areas of greatest need.

Personalised healthcare

  • Data from electronic health records, genetics, and lifestyle factors is analysed to tailor treatment plans.
  • This enables earlier diagnosis and targeted interventions, leading to improved management of chronic and acute conditions.

Disease research and innovation

  • Large datasets accelerate medical research, revealing patterns that support breakthroughs in curing major illnesses such as cancer and diabetes.
Show Worked Solution

Answers could include two of the following:

Health policy and planning

  • By linking datasets through platforms such as the National Health Data Hub, governments can identify health trends and design prevention strategies.
  • This ensures resources are allocated effectively to areas of greatest need.

Personalised healthcare

  • Data from electronic health records, genetics, and lifestyle factors is analysed to tailor treatment plans.
  • This enables earlier diagnosis and targeted interventions, leading to improved management of chronic and acute conditions.

Disease research and innovation

  • Large datasets accelerate medical research, revealing patterns that support breakthroughs in curing major illnesses such as cancer and diabetes.

HMS, HAG EQ-Bank 055 MC

Which of the following best describes the three Vs of big data?

  1. Volume, Velocity, Variety
  2. Value, Validity, Variation
  3. Verification, Volume, Variance
  4. Visualisation, Value, Velocity
Show Answers Only

\(A\)

Show Worked Solution
  • A is correct: The three Vs of big data are Volume, Velocity and Variety, which describe the scale, speed and diversity of data sources used in healthcare.

Other options:

  • B, C and D are incorrect: some of the descriptions given are relevant considerations within data analysis, but they are not the recognised “three Vs.”

HMS, HAG EQ-Bank 176

Describe the barriers to equitable healthcare access that person-centred approaches aim to address through government and non-government collaboration.   (4 marks)

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  • Geographic barriers limit rural population access to specialist services. Person-centred approaches use telehealth partnerships between government services and private providers enabling remote consultations.
  • Cultural barriers prevent effective delivery for diverse communities experiencing discrimination. Collaboration between government funding and community-controlled organisations provides culturally safe care by staff understanding community needs.
  • Economic barriers restrict access for low-income populations unable to afford private healthcare costs. Government subsidies combined with non-government programs ensure financial barriers do not prevent essential access.
  • Social barriers include health literacy limitations disadvantaging vulnerable populations. Collaborative approaches provide patient advocacy, peer support and simplified pathways helping patients access services.
Show Worked Solution
  • Geographic barriers limit rural population access to specialist services. Person-centred approaches use telehealth partnerships between government services and private providers enabling remote consultations.
  • Cultural barriers prevent effective delivery for diverse communities experiencing discrimination. Collaboration between government funding and community-controlled organisations provides culturally safe care by staff understanding community needs.
  • Economic barriers restrict access for low-income populations unable to afford private healthcare costs. Government subsidies combined with non-government programs ensure financial barriers do not prevent essential access.
  • Social barriers include health literacy limitations disadvantaging vulnerable populations. Collaborative approaches provide patient advocacy, peer support and simplified pathways helping patients access services.

HMS, HAG EQ-Bank 172

Outline the key components of person-centred healthcare that require collaboration between government and non-government organisations.   (3 marks)

Show Answers Only
  • Person-centred healthcare requires shared decision-making between patients, healthcare providers and support services. Government organisations provide clinical services and policy frameworks whilst non-government organisations offer specialised support programs.
  • Care coordination involves multiple service providers working together to address patient needs. Government mental health services collaborate with private practitioners and community organisations providing comprehensive treatment plans.
  • Patient advocacy services combine government funding with non-government delivery. Family support programs and cultural services require partnerships ensuring appropriate and accessible care.
Show Worked Solution
  • Person-centred healthcare requires shared decision-making between patients, healthcare providers and support services. Government organisations provide clinical services and policy frameworks whilst non-government organisations offer specialised support programs.
  • Care coordination involves multiple service providers working together to address patient needs. Government mental health services collaborate with private practitioners and community organisations providing comprehensive treatment plans.
  • Patient advocacy services combine government funding with non-government delivery. Family support programs and cultural services require partnerships ensuring appropriate and accessible care.

HMS, HAG EQ-Bank 167

Describe the characteristics of effective partnerships between government and non-government healthcare organisations in Australia.   (4 marks)

Show Answers Only
  • Effective partnerships demonstrate clear role definition where each sector understands their specific responsibilities. Government provides funding, regulation and policy frameworks whilst non-government organisations deliver specialised services and community programs.
  • Strong communication mechanisms enable regular information sharing between partners about patient needs and service gaps. This includes formal reporting requirements and collaborative planning processes ensuring coordinated service delivery.
  • Shared accountability systems establish mutual responsibility for health outcomes through performance monitoring and quality standards. Partners work together measuring effectiveness and addressing shortfalls.
  • Financial sustainability arrangements ensure stable funding through government contracts and grants supporting ongoing operations whilst maintaining service quality.
Show Worked Solution
  • Effective partnerships demonstrate clear role definition where each sector understands their specific responsibilities. Government provides funding, regulation and policy frameworks whilst non-government organisations deliver specialised services and community programs.
  • Strong communication mechanisms enable regular information sharing between partners about patient needs and service gaps. This includes formal reporting requirements and collaborative planning processes ensuring coordinated service delivery.
  • Shared accountability systems establish mutual responsibility for health outcomes through performance monitoring and quality standards. Partners work together measuring effectiveness and addressing shortfalls.
  • Financial sustainability arrangements ensure stable funding through government contracts and grants supporting ongoing operations whilst maintaining service quality.

HMS, HAG EQ-Bank 163

Outline the key roles of private healthcare organisations in Australia's health system.   (3 marks)

Show Answers Only
  • Private healthcare organisations provide elective surgery and specialist services that complement public hospital capacity. They operate private hospitals offering shorter waiting times for non-emergency procedures like joint replacements. Private organisations also deliver specialist medical services including cardiology and diagnostic imaging.
  • Private health insurance funds support patient access by covering treatment costs. These organisations reduce pressure on public hospitals by providing alternative treatment pathways.
  • Additionally, private organisations operate aged care facilities, dental clinics and allied health services extending healthcare options beyond government provision.
Show Worked Solution
  • Private healthcare organisations provide elective surgery and specialist services that complement public hospital capacity. They operate private hospitals offering shorter waiting times for non-emergency procedures like joint replacements. Private organisations also deliver specialist medical services including cardiology and diagnostic imaging.
  • Private health insurance funds support patient access by covering treatment costs. These organisations reduce pressure on public hospitals by providing alternative treatment pathways.
  • Additionally, private organisations operate aged care facilities, dental clinics and allied health services extending healthcare options beyond government provision.

HMS, HAG EQ-Bank 158

Outline why Australia's healthcare system requires ongoing partnerships between government and non-government organisations to achieve better health outcomes.   (3 marks)

Show Answers Only
  • Australia’s healthcare system requires ongoing partnerships because no single organisation can address all health needs.
  • Government organisations provide essential funding, infrastructure and broad population coverage through Medicare and public hospitals. However, gaps exist in specialised services like mental health support and disability care.
  • Non-government organisations fill these gaps by offering targeted services and community connections.
  • Partnerships combine resources and expertise to create comprehensive healthcare delivery, ensuring mainstream and specialised requirements are met for optimal population health outcomes.
Show Worked Solution
  • Australia’s healthcare system requires ongoing partnerships because no single organisation can address all health needs.
  • Government organisations provide essential funding, infrastructure and broad population coverage through Medicare and public hospitals. However, gaps exist in specialised services like mental health support and disability care.
  • Non-government organisations fill these gaps by offering targeted services and community connections.
  • Partnerships combine resources and expertise to create comprehensive healthcare delivery, ensuring mainstream and specialised requirements are met for optimal population health outcomes.

HMS, HAG EQ-Bank 155

Describe the main future opportunities for improving healthcare access in rural and remote areas of Australia.   (4 marks)

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  • Telehealth services provide opportunities to improve healthcare access by enabling remote consultations between medical practitioners and patients, overcoming geographic barriers and staff shortages.
  • Digital infrastructure improvements including consistent low-cost internet connections can ensure telehealth services operate effectively and reduce barriers to accessing healthcare in isolated locations.
  • Workforce training initiatives such as the Stronger Rural Health Strategy aim to deliver additional physicians and nurses to rural areas through medical school programs and workforce incentives.
  • Innovative care models specifically designed for rural and remote populations can provide different approaches to healthcare delivery that better meet the unique needs of these communities compared to urban healthcare models.
Show Worked Solution
  • Telehealth services provide opportunities to improve healthcare access by enabling remote consultations between medical practitioners and patients, overcoming geographic barriers and staff shortages.
  • Digital infrastructure improvements including consistent low-cost internet connections can ensure telehealth services operate effectively and reduce barriers to accessing healthcare in isolated locations.
  • Workforce training initiatives such as the Stronger Rural Health Strategy aim to deliver additional physicians and nurses to rural areas through medical school programs and workforce incentives.
  • Innovative care models specifically designed for rural and remote populations can provide different approaches to healthcare delivery that better meet the unique needs of these communities compared to urban healthcare models.

HMS, HAG EQ-Bank 154

Describe the main barriers that affect equity of access to healthcare services in Australia.   (3 marks)

Show Answers Only
  • Socioeconomic status affects access as Medicare does not cover all health services such as dental and physiotherapy, making these services inaccessible to people who cannot afford them.
  • Geographic isolation creates barriers for people in rural and remote areas who face staff shortages, lack of funding and equipment, and longer distances to healthcare facilities.
  • Cultural and language barriers exist for culturally and linguistically diverse populations and some Aboriginal and Torres Strait Islander peoples who may lack knowledge of available services or face communication difficulties.
Show Worked Solution
  • Socioeconomic status affects access as Medicare does not cover all health services such as dental and physiotherapy, making these services inaccessible to people who cannot afford them.
  • Geographic isolation creates barriers for people in rural and remote areas who face staff shortages, lack of funding and equipment, and longer distances to healthcare facilities.
  • Cultural and language barriers exist for culturally and linguistically diverse populations and some Aboriginal and Torres Strait Islander peoples who may lack knowledge of available services or face communication difficulties.

HMS, HAG EQ-Bank 152

Describe the different roles of primary and secondary healthcare services within Australia's healthcare system.   (4 marks)

Show Answers Only
  • Primary healthcare provides first point of contact services through GPs, nurses, allied health professionals and pharmacists who focus on illness prevention, health promotion and basic clinical care.
  • These services are delivered in community settings including patients’ homes, GP clinics, community health centres and can include telehealth consultations for accessibility.
  • Secondary healthcare involves specialist care provided after referral from primary healthcare providers, including services from cardiologists, dermatologists and other medical specialists.
  • Secondary healthcare typically occurs in hospitals and specialist clinics where more complex procedures and ongoing treatments are delivered by healthcare professionals with advanced training in specific medical areas.
Show Worked Solution
  • Primary healthcare provides first point of contact services through GPs, nurses, allied health professionals and pharmacists who focus on illness prevention, health promotion and basic clinical care.
  • These services are delivered in community settings including patients’ homes, GP clinics, community health centres and can include telehealth consultations for accessibility.
  • Secondary healthcare involves specialist care provided after referral from primary healthcare providers, including services from cardiologists, dermatologists and other medical specialists.
  • Secondary healthcare typically occurs in hospitals and specialist clinics where more complex procedures and ongoing treatments are delivered by healthcare professionals with advanced training in specific medical areas.

HMS, HAG EQ-Bank 151

Describe the main roles of Australia's healthcare system in providing health services to the population.   (3 marks)

Show Answers Only
  • The healthcare system provides diagnosis, treatment and rehabilitation services for people who are sick and injured. These services are provided through hospitals, medical centres and specialist facilities.
  • It works to prevent illness and promote health through immunisation programs, anti-smoking campaigns and school medical and dental health services delivered by government agencies.
  • The system delivers both primary healthcare through GPs, nurses and allied health professionals, and secondary healthcare through specialists and hospitals for more complex medical conditions.
Show Worked Solution
  • The healthcare system provides diagnosis, treatment and rehabilitation services for people who are sick and injured. These services are provided through hospitals, medical centres and specialist facilities.
  • It works to prevent illness and promote health through immunisation programs, anti-smoking campaigns and school medical and dental health services delivered by government agencies.
  • The system delivers both primary healthcare through GPs, nurses and allied health professionals, and secondary healthcare through specialists and hospitals for more complex medical conditions.

HMS, HAG EQ-Bank 148

Describe the key areas where government investment is needed to address Australia's ageing population healthcare requirements.    (3 marks)

Show Answers Only
  • Healthcare infrastructure investment requires expanding existing hospitals and building new aged care facilities equipped with specialised geriatric services to meet growing demand for age-related medical care.
  • Urban planning initiatives must create age-friendly communities with accessible transportation systems, including low-floor buses and priority seating, plus pedestrian-friendly pathways for older residents.
  • Aged care workforce development programs need government funding to provide scholarships and financial incentives for students pursuing aged care careers, ensuring adequate trained staff availability.
Show Worked Solution
  • Healthcare infrastructure investment requires expanding existing hospitals and building new aged care facilities equipped with specialised geriatric services to meet growing demand for age-related medical care.
  • Urban planning initiatives must create age-friendly communities with accessible transportation systems, including low-floor buses and priority seating, plus pedestrian-friendly pathways for older residents.
  • Aged care workforce development programs need government funding to provide scholarships and financial incentives for students pursuing aged care careers, ensuring adequate trained staff availability.

HMS, HAG EQ-Bank 145

Describe the key current strategies being used to support healthy ageing in Australia.   (4 marks)

Show Answers Only
  • Preventative healthcare strategies include regular health screenings, vaccinations and health education to prevent illness and manage chronic conditions effectively.
  • Active ageing programs through community centres offer physical activity sessions designed for seniors, focusing on strength, balance and mobility maintenance.
  • Home care services enable older people to remain in their homes longer by providing cleaning, meal delivery and personal care assistance.
  • Mental health support addresses depression and dementia through counselling services, memory clinics and community mental health programs for older populations.
  • Government policies like the National Plan to Respond to the Abuse of Older Australians outline strategies to prevent elder abuse and ensure legal protections.
Show Worked Solution
  • Preventative healthcare strategies include regular health screenings, vaccinations and health education to prevent illness and manage chronic conditions effectively.
  • Active ageing programs through community centres offer physical activity sessions designed for seniors, focusing on strength, balance and mobility maintenance.
  • Home care services enable older people to remain in their homes longer by providing cleaning, meal delivery and personal care assistance.
  • Mental health support addresses depression and dementia through counselling services, memory clinics and community mental health programs for older populations.
  • Government policies like the National Plan to Respond to the Abuse of Older Australians outline strategies to prevent elder abuse and ensure legal protections.

HMS, HAG EQ-Bank 141

Data shows that Australia's population aged 65 and over was approximately 17% in 2024 and is projected to increase to almost 21% by 2066.

Explain what this demographic trend reveals about Australia's population health challenges.   (3 marks)

Show Answers Only
  • The increasing proportion of older Australians demonstrates that the population is experiencing longer life expectancy combined with declining fertility rates, creating significant demographic shifts.
  • This trend reveals that Australia will face increased demand for healthcare services, particularly for chronic disease management and aged care facilities, as older populations require more medical support.
  • The significance of this change shows that healthcare planning must adapt to accommodate age-related conditions like dementia, cardiovascular disease and mobility issues that become more prevalent in older populations.
Show Worked Solution
  • The increasing proportion of older Australians demonstrates that the population is experiencing longer life expectancy combined with declining fertility rates, creating significant demographic shifts.
  • This trend reveals that Australia will face increased demand for healthcare services, particularly for chronic disease management and aged care facilities, as older populations require more medical support.
  • The significance of this change shows that healthcare planning must adapt to accommodate age-related conditions like dementia, cardiovascular disease and mobility issues that become more prevalent in older populations.

Financial Maths, 2ADV M1 EQ-Bank 2

An army training fitness station requires soldiers to climb up steel cylinders steps that gradually ascend in height, as shown below.
 

The shortest cylinder is 0.7 metres high and the highest is 4.0 metres. The height of each cylinder increases by the same amount and the fitness station is made up of a total of 23 steel cylinders.

  1. Determine the height of the 13th steel cylinder.   (2 marks)

  2. Show that the total height of the steel cylinder steps in the fitness station is 54.05 metres.   (1 mark)

  3. The army wants to build another fitness station exactly the same but only has a 41 metre steel cylinder it can use for construction. Determine how many steel cylinder steps can be made.   (2 marks)

Show Answers Only

a.   \(2.5\ \text{metres}\)

b.   \(\text{See worked solutions} \)

c.   \(\text{19 cylinders} \)

Show Worked Solution

a.     \(a=0.7\)

\(T_{23}\) \(=0.7+22 d\)
\(22 d\) \(=4.0-0.7\)
\(d\) \(=0.15\)

 
\(\therefore T_{13}=0.7+(13-1) 0.15=2.5\ \text{metres}\)
 

b.     \(S_{23}\) \(=\dfrac{n}{2}(a+l)\)
    \(=\dfrac{23}{2}(0.7+4.0)\)
    \(=54.05 \ \text{metres … as required}\)

 

c.    \(\text{Find} \ n \ \text{such that}\ \  S_n=41:\)

\(S_n\) \(=\dfrac{n}{2}(2a+(n-1)d) \)
\(41\) \(=\dfrac{n}{2}[2 \times 0.7+(n-1) 0.15]\)
\(82\) \(=1.4 n+0.15 n^2-0.15 n\)
\(0\) \(=0.15n^2+1.25n-82\)
\(n\) \(=\dfrac{-1.25 \pm \sqrt{1.25^2+4 \times 0.15 \times 82}}{2 \times 0.15}\)
  \(=19.58…\ \ (n>0) \)

 
\(\therefore\ \text{19 cylinders can be made.}\)

HMS, HAG EQ-Bank 135

Describe the key trends in mental health conditions affecting Australian populations, particularly focusing on age and gender differences.   (4 marks)

Show Answers Only
  • Mental health conditions and substance use disorders represent the second leading disease group causing burden in Australia, showing significant increases in recent years.
  • Young people aged 16-24 experience the highest rates of mental illness, with substantial increases in prevalence compared to previous decades, particularly among females.
  • Gender differences are significant, with young females showing much higher rates of mental illness compared to males of the same age group, representing a growing health concern.
  • Anxiety disorders are the most common mental health condition affecting millions of Australians, making it a major contributor to overall disease burden across the population.
  • The burden from mental health conditions is predominantly non-fatal, meaning people live with these conditions rather than dying from them, requiring long-term management and support services throughout their lives.
Show Worked Solution
  • Mental health conditions and substance use disorders represent the second leading disease group causing burden in Australia, showing significant increases in recent years.
  • Young people aged 16-24 experience the highest rates of mental illness, with substantial increases in prevalence compared to previous decades, particularly among females.
  • Gender differences are significant, with young females showing much higher rates of mental illness compared to males of the same age group, representing a growing health concern.
  • Anxiety disorders are the most common mental health condition affecting millions of Australians, making it a major contributor to overall disease burden across the population.
  • The burden from mental health conditions is predominantly non-fatal, meaning people live with these conditions rather than dying from them, requiring long-term management and support services throughout their lives.

HMS, HAG EQ-Bank 132

The United Kingdom introduced a soft drink levy in 2018 that has helped prevent over 5000 obesity cases among year 6 girls and raised nearly $650 million in revenue for youth nutrition initiatives.

Explain how this policy approach could be applied to address Australia's obesity challenges.   (3 marks)

Show Answers Only
  • A soft drink levy in Australia would encourage manufacturers to reduce sugar content in beverages, helping to prevent childhood obesity development similar to the UK experience.
  • This approach works by making unhealthy drink options more expensive while generating government revenue that can be reinvested into nutrition education programs and healthy food initiatives.
  • The significance of applying this policy is that Australia’s rising obesity trends require urgent intervention, and the UK evidence demonstrates that sugar taxes can effectively reduce obesity rates while funding prevention programs.
Show Worked Solution
  • A soft drink levy in Australia would encourage manufacturers to reduce sugar content in beverages, helping to prevent childhood obesity development similar to the UK experience.
  • This approach works by making unhealthy drink options more expensive while generating government revenue that can be reinvested into nutrition education programs and healthy food initiatives.
  • The significance of applying this policy is that Australia’s rising obesity trends require urgent intervention, and the UK evidence demonstrates that sugar taxes can effectively reduce obesity rates while funding prevention programs.

HMS, HAG EQ-Bank 129

Describe the main factors that explain why Australia performs well in OECD health rankings compared to other developed countries.   (4 marks)

Show Answers Only
  • Australia has a well-established healthcare system that combines public and private sectors, with Medicare ensuring essential health services are accessible to all citizens regardless of income.
  • Effective public health campaigns promote healthy lifestyles, including successful initiatives to reduce smoking rates and encourage physical activity, which positively impact health outcomes across the community.
  • Australia benefits from a relatively high standard of living, strong economy and good educational attainment levels, which correlate with better health outcomes and health literacy among the population.
  • The Australian culture generally promotes outdoor activities and healthy lifestyle choices due to favourable climate and widespread access to recreational facilities and natural environments.
  • Strong government policies support health promotion, such as strict tobacco regulations and comprehensive vaccination programs, which lead to better preventive health outcomes compared to many OECD countries.
Show Worked Solution
  • Australia has a well-established healthcare system that combines public and private sectors, with Medicare ensuring essential health services are accessible to all citizens regardless of income.
  • Effective public health campaigns promote healthy lifestyles, including successful initiatives to reduce smoking rates and encourage physical activity, which positively impact health outcomes across the community.
  • Australia benefits from a relatively high standard of living, strong economy and good educational attainment levels, which correlate with better health outcomes and health literacy among the population.
  • The Australian culture generally promotes outdoor activities and healthy lifestyle choices due to favourable climate and widespread access to recreational facilities and natural environments.
  • Strong government policies support health promotion, such as strict tobacco regulations and comprehensive vaccination programs, which lead to better preventive health outcomes compared to many OECD countries.

HMS, HAG EQ-Bank 126

Research shows that Australia has a four to five year life expectancy advantage over the United States and a one to 2.5 year advantage over Canada, New Zealand and the United Kingdom.

Explain what this data reveals about Australia's health outcomes compared to other English-speaking countries.   (3 marks)

Show Answers Only
  • The life expectancy advantages demonstrate that Australia achieves superior health outcomes compared to other English-speaking OECD countries, particularly the United States.
  • This reveals that Australia’s healthcare system and public health measures are more effective at preventing premature mortality and managing chronic diseases than comparable nations.
  • The significance of this data shows that Australia’s combination of universal healthcare access, preventive health campaigns and lifestyle factors results in longer, healthier lives for its population.
Show Worked Solution
  • The life expectancy advantages demonstrate that Australia achieves superior health outcomes compared to other English-speaking OECD countries, particularly the United States.
  • This reveals that Australia’s healthcare system and public health measures are more effective at preventing premature mortality and managing chronic diseases than comparable nations.
  • The significance of this data shows that Australia’s combination of universal healthcare access, preventive health campaigns and lifestyle factors results in longer, healthier lives for its population.

HMS, HAG EQ-Bank 123

Describe Australia's performance across key health indicators compared to other OECD countries.   (4 marks)

Show Answers Only
  • Australia ranks first among OECD countries for equity and healthcare outcomes, and holds third place for overall healthcare performance behind Norway and the Netherlands.
  • Life expectancy performance shows Australia has the fourth highest life expectancy among OECD countries, behind Japan, Switzerland and Korea.
  • Australia demonstrates strong preventive health outcomes with the fifth lowest proportion of daily smokers and the fifth lowest mortality rate for cardiovascular disease.
  • However, Australia faces challenges in certain areas, ranking eighth highest for overweight and obesity rates and having higher alcohol consumption compared to many OECD countries.
  • Environmental and safety indicators show mixed results, with Australia having the sixth lowest level of air pollution but ranking last in the gender gap for feeling safe walking alone at night.
  • Healthcare access indicators reveal Australia performs above the OECD average for people perceiving their health as good or very good among those aged 15 and over.
Show Worked Solution
  • Australia ranks first among OECD countries for equity and healthcare outcomes, and holds third place for overall healthcare performance behind Norway and the Netherlands.
  • Life expectancy performance shows Australia has the fourth highest life expectancy among OECD countries, behind Japan, Switzerland and Korea.
  • Australia demonstrates strong preventive health outcomes with the fifth lowest proportion of daily smokers and the fifth lowest mortality rate for cardiovascular disease.
  • However, Australia faces challenges in certain areas, ranking eighth highest for overweight and obesity rates and having higher alcohol consumption compared to many OECD countries.
  • Environmental and safety indicators show mixed results, with Australia having the sixth lowest level of air pollution but ranking last in the gender gap for feeling safe walking alone at night.
  • Healthcare access indicators reveal Australia performs above the OECD average for people perceiving their health as good or very good among those aged 15 and over.

HMS, HAG EQ-Bank 120

A health report shows that coronary heart disease mortality rates have declined by more than 80% since the 1960s, while cancer mortality rates have decreased by 32% over the last 30 years. However, chronic conditions now represent the vast majority of deaths in Australia.

Explain what this data reveals about Australia's health transition.   (3 marks)

Show Answers Only
  • The declining mortality rates demonstrate that medical advances and prevention strategies have successfully reduced deaths from coronary heart disease and cancer.
  • However, this creates a paradox where chronic conditions still dominate mortality statistics because Australians live longer and develop multiple age-related conditions.
  • This reveals that Australia has experienced an epidemiological transition where improved survival leads to increased chronic disease burden in older populations.
Show Worked Solution
  • The declining mortality rates demonstrate that medical advances and prevention strategies have successfully reduced deaths from coronary heart disease and cancer.
  • However, this creates a paradox where chronic conditions still dominate mortality statistics because Australians live longer and develop multiple age-related conditions.
  • This reveals that Australia has experienced an epidemiological transition where improved survival leads to increased chronic disease burden in older populations.

HMS, HAG EQ-Bank 117

Discuss how social relationships influence risky health behaviours among young people.   (4 marks)

Show Answers Only

Benefits of social relationships

  • [P] Positive social relationships can discourage risky health behaviours through supportive peer networks.
  • [E] Family environments that model healthy behaviours create protective factors against substance use and poor lifestyle choices.
  • [Ev] Young people with strong family connections and positive peer groups are less likely to engage in smoking, excessive alcohol consumption or drug use.
  • [L] Therefore, supportive social relationships act as protective factors for youth health.

Challenges of social relationships

  • [P] However, social relationships can also promote risky health behaviours through peer pressure and social norms.
  • [E] Young people are more likely to adopt smoking, drinking or drug use if their friends engage in these behaviours.
  • [Ev] Social reinforcement of risky behaviours within peer groups can delay individuals from quitting despite awareness of health risks.
  • [L] Consequently, negative social influences can override individual knowledge about health consequences and lead to harmful behaviour adoption.
Show Worked Solution

Benefits of social relationships

  • [P] Positive social relationships can discourage risky health behaviours through supportive peer networks.
  • [E] Family environments that model healthy behaviours create protective factors against substance use and poor lifestyle choices.
  • [Ev] Young people with strong family connections and positive peer groups are less likely to engage in smoking, excessive alcohol consumption or drug use.
  • [L] Therefore, supportive social relationships act as protective factors for youth health.

Challenges of social relationships

  • [P] However, social relationships can also promote risky health behaviours through peer pressure and social norms.
  • [E] Young people are more likely to adopt smoking, drinking or drug use if their friends engage in these behaviours.
  • [Ev] Social reinforcement of risky behaviours within peer groups can delay individuals from quitting despite awareness of health risks.
  • [L] Consequently, negative social influences can override individual knowledge about health consequences and lead to harmful behaviour adoption.

HMS, HAG EQ-Bank 114

Describe the main health inequities that exist between males and females in Australia.   (4 marks)

Show Answers Only
  • Males experience higher rates of premature death compared to females, with life expectancy differences of approximately four years at birth.
  • The leading causes of death differ between genders, with coronary heart disease being the primary cause for males while dementia is the leading cause for females.
  • Males are more likely to engage in risky health behaviours and delay seeking healthcare services. This contributes to late diagnosis and treatment of conditions such as cardiovascular disease and mental health disorders.
  • Females experience higher rates of mental health conditions, particularly anxiety disorders, and are more likely to live with chronic conditions for longer periods despite having greater life expectancy.
  • Males face higher rates of fatal burden from injuries and suicide, while females experience more non-fatal burden from musculoskeletal and mental health conditions.
  • Healthcare access patterns differ, with males often waiting longer than acceptable to make GP appointments, while females are more likely to seek timely medical care.
Show Worked Solution
  • Males experience higher rates of premature death compared to females, with life expectancy differences of approximately four years at birth.
  • The leading causes of death differ between genders, with coronary heart disease being the primary cause for males while dementia is the leading cause for females.
  • Males are more likely to engage in risky health behaviours and delay seeking healthcare services. This contributes to late diagnosis and treatment of conditions such as cardiovascular disease and mental health disorders.
  • Females experience higher rates of mental health conditions, particularly anxiety disorders, and are more likely to live with chronic conditions for longer periods despite having greater life expectancy.
  • Males face higher rates of fatal burden from injuries and suicide, while females experience more non-fatal burden from musculoskeletal and mental health conditions.
  • Healthcare access patterns differ, with males often waiting longer than acceptable to make GP appointments, while females are more likely to seek timely medical care.

HMS, HAG EQ-Bank 034

Outline THREE ways in which My Health Record can improve emergency healthcare delivery in Australia.   (3 marks)

Show Answers Only

 

Show Worked Solution
  • Instant access to critical information: Emergency staff can immediately view current medications and allergies when patients are unconscious, preventing dangerous drug interactions and allergic reactions
  • Medical history visibilit: Previous conditions, surgeries and chronic diseases are accessible, enabling doctors to make informed treatment decisions without relying on patient communication
  • Reduction in duplicate testing: Recent pathology and imaging results are available, eliminating unnecessary repeat tests, thus saving crucial time in emergency situations and reducing patient exposure to additional procedures

HMS, HAG EQ-Bank 047 MC

Which of the following best describes the primary purpose of digital health in Australia?

  1. To replace face-to-face medical consultations
  2. To connect health information and improve clinical decision-making 
  3. To reduce the number of healthcare workers needed
  4. To eliminate paper records in all medical facilities
Show Answers Only

\(B\)

Show Worked Solution
  • B is correct. Digital health’s primary goal is optimising available health information to help inform clinical decisions.

Other options:

  • A is incorrect: Digital health aims to complement, not replace, face-to-face care.
  • C is incorrect: Digital health supports healthcare workers, not replaces them.
  • D is incorrect: While reducing paper is a benefit, it’s not the primary purpose.

HMS, HAG EQ-Bank 106 MC

The demographic shift showing Australians aged 65 and over increasing from 17% in 2024 to projected 21% by 2066 is primarily caused by:

  1. Significant increases in life expectancy combined with decreased fertility rates
  2. Increased immigration of elderly people to Australia
  3. Government policies encouraging larger family sizes
  4. Reduced healthcare costs making treatment more affordable for seniors
Show Answers Only

\(A\)

Show Worked Solution
  • A is correct: Demographic shift explained by significant life expectancy increases combined with decreased fertility rates.

Other Options:

  • B is incorrect: Immigration patterns don’t primarily drive the overall demographic ageing trend.
  • C is incorrect: Fertility rates have decreased not increased due to government policies.
  • D is incorrect: Healthcare costs don’t drive demographic shifts they respond to population changes.

HMS, HAG EQ-Bank 104 MC

According to the World Health Organisation, healthy ageing is defined as the process of:

  1. Eliminating all chronic diseases in older adults through medical intervention
  2. Developing and maintaining functioning ability that enables wellbeing in older age
  3. Ensuring all older adults remain in paid employment until age 75
  4. Providing free healthcare services to all people over 65 years of age
Show Answers Only

\(B\)

Show Worked Solution
  • B is correct: WHO defines healthy ageing as developing and maintaining functioning ability that enables wellbeing in older age.

Other Options:

  • A is incorrect: Healthy ageing focuses on maintaining function not eliminating all chronic diseases.
  • C is incorrect: Employment until 75 is not part of WHO healthy ageing definition.
  • D is incorrect: Free healthcare provision is policy issue not the definition of healthy ageing.

HMS, HAG EQ-Bank 101 MC

The "healthy migrant effect" observed in culturally and linguistically diverse (CALD) populations occurs because:

  1. Traditional diets are always healthier than Australian food choices
  2. Government health screening and selection processes favour healthier migrants
  3. Overseas healthcare systems provide better preventive care than Australia
  4. Cultural practices completely protect against Australian lifestyle diseases
Show Answers Only

\(B\)

Show Worked Solution
  • B is correct: Government selects migrants based on health, education, language and job skills plus health screening requirements.

Other Options:

  • A is incorrect: Traditional diets help initially but healthy migrant effect is due to selection processes.
  • C is incorrect: The effect results from Australian selection criteria not overseas healthcare quality.
  • D is incorrect: Cultural practices help but don’t provide complete protection and effect can disappear over time.

HMS, HAG EQ-Bank 96 MC

Which protective factor is common to both cardiovascular disease and cancer prevention?

  1. Regular screening and check-ups only
  2. Avoiding sun exposure and using sunscreen
  3. Regular physical activity and balanced diet including fruit and vegetables
  4. Family history assessment and genetic counselling
Show Answers Only

\(C\)

Show Worked Solution
  • C is correct: Regular physical activity and balanced diet with fruit and vegetables protect against both CVD and cancer.

Other Options:

  • A is incorrect: Screening important but physical activity and diet are broader protective factors for both.
  • B is incorrect: Sun protection specific to skin cancer not general protective factor for CVD.
  • D is incorrect: Family history is a risk factor not protective factor and doesn’t prevent either condition.

HMS, HAG EQ-Bank 93 MC

The phenomenon of increasing total cancer hospitalisations while experiencing declining age-standardised hospitalisation rates can be explained by:

  1. Australia's ageing population and improved early detection leading to more people at risk
  2. Reduced funding for cancer treatment services in public hospitals
  3. Decreased survival rates requiring more frequent hospital admissions
  4. Changes in diagnostic criteria making cancer easier to identify
Show Answers Only

\(A\)

Show Worked Solution
  • A is correct: Ageing population means more at risk and improved screening leads to early detection requiring hospitalisation.

Other Options:

  • B is incorrect: Funding changes don’t explain the specific pattern of total increases with rate decreases.
  • C is incorrect: Survival rates have improved not decreased as shown in treatment advances.
  • D is incorrect: Diagnostic criteria changes don’t fully explain the age-standardised rate decline pattern.

HMS, HAG EQ-Bank 043 MC

Which of the following is an example of high-tech assistive technology?

  1. Hearing aids that connect to smartphones
  2. Magnifying sheets for easier reading
  3. Non-slip grips on eating utensils
  4. Large print versions of textbooks
Show Answers Only

\(A\)

Show Worked Solution
  • A is correct. Hearing aids that connect to smartphones are a high-tech assistive technology that enhances independence and participation.

Other options:

  • B is incorrect. Magnifying sheets are low-tech visual aids.
  • C is incorrect. Non-slip grips are simple, low-tech modifications.
  • D is incorrect. Large print books are low-tech supports for vision impairment.

HMS, HAG EQ-Bank 89 MC

The National Disability Insurance Scheme (NDIS) provides funding directly to:

  1. Healthcare providers and medical specialists
  2. State governments for disability service coordination
  3. Individuals with disability to access supports and services
  4. Private insurance companies for disability coverage
Show Answers Only

\(C\)

Show Worked Solution
  • C is correct: NDIS provides funding directly to individuals and helps access supports and fee-for-service providers.

Other Options:

  • A is incorrect: NDIS funds individuals not healthcare providers directly though individuals use funding for services.
  • B is incorrect: NDIS is Commonwealth-funded scheme that provides direct funding to individuals not states.
  • D is incorrect: NDIS is government scheme not private insurance company funding arrangement.

HMS, HAG EQ-Bank 84 MC

Which statement BEST describes the current balance between healthcare and prevention spending in Australia?

  1. Equal funding is allocated to both treatment and prevention programs
  2. The majority of health expenditure is directed towards medical treatments rather than prevention
  3. Prevention programs receive more funding than treatment due to their cost-effectiveness
  4. Private health insurance covers most prevention costs while government funds treatment
Show Answers Only

\(B\)

Show Worked Solution
  • B is correct: The majority of healthcare spending is directed towards medical treatments rather than prevention.

Other Options:

  • A is incorrect: Funding is not equally allocated between treatment and prevention programs.
  • C is incorrect: Despite cost-effectiveness prevention programs remain under-resourced compared to treatment.
  • D is incorrect: Government Medicare covers both while private insurance focuses on treatment options.

HMS, HAG EQ-Bank 040 MC

Which of the following is a current use of AI in healthcare?

  1. Performing heart transplants without human involvement
  2. Designing new hospitals in rural areas
  3. Using deep learning to identify cancerous tissue in scans
  4. Teaching doctors through mobile health apps
Show Answers Only

\(C\)

Show Worked Solution
  • C is correct. Deep learning is currently used in healthcare to analyse medical images and identify potential cancerous tissue.

Other options:

  • A is incorrect. Too advanced; current surgical robots are AI-assisted but not autonomous.
  • C is incorrect. This relates to infrastructure planning, not a current medical use of AI.
  • D is incorrect. Mobile health apps support learning, but they are not an AI function in healthcare.

HMS, HAG EQ-Bank 81 MC

Which organisational structure operates immunisation programs in Australia?

  1. State health departments control programs while local councils implement delivery
  2. Private clinics independently manage all vaccination schedules
  3. Federal government directly provides all immunisation services
  4. Community groups coordinate programs without government involvement
Show Answers Only

\(A\)

Show Worked Solution
  • A is correct: State health departments control immunisation programs with local councils responsible for implementation.

Other Options:

  • B is incorrect: Private clinics participate but don’t independently manage all vaccination programs.
  • C is incorrect: Federal government funds but doesn’t directly provide immunisation services.
  • D is incorrect: Government coordination essential for immunisation programs not just community groups.

HMS, HAG EQ-Bank 77 MC

Which characteristic BEST describes how not-for-profit community health groups are typically established?

  1. Formed on a local needs basis to address area-specific problems
  2. Created by government mandate to fill service gaps
  3. Established through international health organisation requirements
  4. Developed by medical professionals for training purposes
Show Answers Only

\(A\)

Show Worked Solution
  • A is correct: Community groups form on local needs basis to address area-specific problems.

Other Options:

  • B is incorrect: Community groups form independently not by government mandate.
  • C is incorrect: Local community groups focus on domestic not international requirements.
  • D is incorrect: Professional training handled by education institutions not community groups.

HMS, HAG EQ-Bank 74 MC

Local government health responsibilities are BEST described as focusing on which area?

  1. Mental health programs and rehabilitation services
  2. Environmental control and preventative care services
  3. Hospital management and specialist medical services
  4. National health policy formation and Medicare funding
Show Answers Only

\(B\)

Show Worked Solution
  • B is correct: Local government focuses on environmental health and preventative services like Meals on Wheels.

Other Options:

  • A is incorrect: Mental health programs are state government responsibility.
  • C is incorrect: Hospital management handled by state not local government.
  • D is incorrect: National policy and Medicare are federal government roles.

HMS, HAG EQ-Bank 71 MC

The Australian government has primary responsibility for national health policy formation and system financing through taxation. Which statement accurately describes this federal government role?

  1. The federal government operates all public hospitals and directly employs all healthcare workers
  2. The federal government creates health policies and provides funding whilst influencing state and territory service delivery
  3. The federal government only provides healthcare services to residents of Australian states not its territories
  4. The federal government has no involvement in healthcare, leaving all responsibilities to state governments
Show Answers Only

\(B\)

Show Worked Solution
  • B is correct: Federal government creates policies, provides funding, and influences state/territory health delivery.

Other Options:

  • A is incorrect: States operate public hospitals whilst federal government provides funding and policy.
  • C is incorrect: Federal government has national health responsibilities and includes all state, ACT and Northern Territory residents.
  • D is incorrect: Federal government plays major role in health policy formation and system financing.

HMS, HAG EQ-Bank 69 MC

Which category contains complementary healthcare products and services that are commonly available to Australian consumers?

  1. Meditation apps, vitamin supplements and massage therapy services
  2. Prescription antibiotics, surgical procedures and hospital admissions
  3. Medical imaging scans, pathology tests and specialist consultations
  4. Emergency department treatments, intensive care services and ambulance transport
Show Answers Only

\(A\)

Show Worked Solution
  • A is correct: Meditation apps, supplements and massage represent typical complementary healthcare offerings.

Other Options:

  • B is incorrect: These represent conventional medical treatments rather than complementary approaches.
  • C is incorrect: Diagnostic services are conventional medical procedures, not complementary healthcare.
  • D is incorrect: Emergency and intensive care are conventional medical services, not complementary options.

HMS, HAG EQ-Bank 66 MC

Which complementary healthcare approach demonstrates preventative medicine by helping individuals avoid the development of chronic diseases?

  1. Meditation practices to manage stress and support immune system function
  2. Acupuncture treatment for existing chronic pain conditions
  3. Massage therapy for recovery after sports injuries
  4. Herbal remedies prescribed to treat diagnosed diabetes
Show Answers Only

\(A\)

Show Worked Solution
  • A is correct: Meditation prevents health problems by managing stress and strengthening immune function.

Other Options:

  • B is incorrect: Acupuncture treats existing conditions rather than preventing disease development.
  • C is incorrect: Massage for injury recovery is treatment, not prevention of chronic disease.
  • D is incorrect: Herbal remedies for diagnosed diabetes treat existing condition rather than prevent.

HMS, HAG EQ-Bank 64 MC

Traditional Aboriginal healing methods have been successfully integrated into some mainstream healthcare settings, resulting in improved Indigenous client engagement. Which principle BEST explains why this integrative approach can be effective?

  1. Traditional methods completely replace conventional medical treatments for Indigenous patients
  2. Cultural familiarity increases patient comfort and willingness to engage with healthcare services
  3. Indigenous healing practices are scientifically superior to conventional medical treatments
  4. Integration reduces healthcare costs by eliminating the need for qualified medical practitioners
Show Answers Only

\(B\)

Show Worked Solution
  • B is correct: Cultural familiarity increases patient comfort and willingness to engage with healthcare services.

Other Options:

  • A is incorrect: Integration combines approaches rather than replacing conventional treatments entirely.
  • C is incorrect: Integration focuses on cultural acceptance rather than claims of superiority.
  • D is incorrect: Integration adds services rather than removing qualified medical practitioners.

HMS, HAG EQ-Bank 037 MC

Which of the following is an example of a health app designed to help with mental health?

  1. FoodSwitch
  2. BrainTrack
  3. headspace
  4. PhysiApp
Show Answers Only

\(C\)

Show Worked Solution
  • C is correct. headspace is a mental health App.

Other options:

  • A is incorrect. FoodSwitch focuses on nutrition by suggesting healthier food alternatives.
  • B is incorrect. BrainTrack monitors brain health and cognitive changes over time.
  • D is incorrect. PhysiApp supports physiotherapy exercise programs through guided videos and tracking.

HMS, HAG EQ-Bank 028

Describe TWO advantages of precision surgery over traditional surgical techniques, giving examples of each.   (4 marks)

Show Answers Only

Advantage 1 – Greater accuracy and reduced complications

  • Precision surgery uses robotic assistance to make smaller, steadier movements than human hands.
  • Example: The da Vinci robotic system allows removal of cancerous tissue with minimal damage to surrounding areas, lowering risk of complications.

Advantage 2 – Faster recovery and less invasive procedures

  • Smaller incisions reduce blood loss and scarring. Patients can also spend significantly less time in hospital.
  • Example: LASIK laser eye surgery reshapes the cornea to correct vision, with most patients resuming normal activities within days.
Show Worked Solution

Advantage 1 – Greater accuracy and reduced complications

  • Precision surgery uses robotic assistance to make smaller, steadier movements than human hands.
  • Example: The da Vinci robotic system allows removal of cancerous tissue with minimal damage to surrounding areas, lowering risk of complications.

Advantage 2 – Faster recovery and less invasive procedures

  • Smaller incisions reduce blood loss and scarring. Patients can also spend significantly less time in hospital.
  • Example: LASIK laser eye surgery reshapes the cornea to correct vision, with most patients resuming normal activities within days.

CHEMISTRY, M2 EQ-Bank 6 MC

In a chemical reaction, the limiting reagent is the reactant that

  1. is present in the greatest mass
  2. is present in the smallest mass
  3. is completely consumed first, stopping the reaction
  4. determines the colour change at the endpoint
Show Answers Only

\(C\)

Show Worked Solution
  • The limiting reagent is the reactant that is used up first in a chemical reaction, so it limits how much product can be formed.
  • Once the limiting reagent is consumed, the reaction stops even if the other reactants are still present in excess.

\(\Rightarrow C\)

CHEMISTRY, M2 EQ-Bank 6

Aluminium oxide can be formed when aluminium metal reacts with oxygen gas according to the equation:

\(\ce{4Al(s) + 3O2(g) \rightarrow 2Al2O3(s)}\)

In an experiment, 2.70 g of aluminium is heated strongly in oxygen.

  1. How many moles of aluminium are present in 2.70 g of aluminium?   (1 mark)
  1. Calculate the mass of oxygen gas that combines with 2.70 g of aluminium in this experiment.   (2 marks)
  1. Calculate the mass of aluminium oxide which is formed. Show all working.   (2 marks)
Show Answers Only

a.    \(0.10\ \text{mol}\)

b.    \( 2.40\ \text{g}\)

c.    \(5.10\ \text{g}\)

Show Worked Solution

a.    \(n\ce{(Al)} = \dfrac{m}{MM} = \dfrac{2.70}{26.98} = 0.10\ \text{mol}\)
 

b.    The molar ratio of aluminium to oxygen is \(4:3\).

Hence, \(n\ce{(O)} = \dfrac{3}{4} \times n\ce{(Al)} = \dfrac{3}{4} \times 0.10 = 0.075\).

\(m\ce{(O2)} = n \times MM = 0.075 \times 32.00 = 2.40\ \text{g}\).
 

c.    \(n\ce{(Al2O3)} = \dfrac{2}{4} \times n\ce{(Al)} = \dfrac{1}{2} \times 0.10 = 0.05\ \text{mol}\).

\(m\ce{(Al2O3)} = n \times MM = 0.05 \times (2(26.98) + 3(16.00)) = 5.10\ \text{g}\).

HMS, HAG EQ-Bank 022

Outline THREE ways that technology is used to measure health outside traditional healthcare settings.   (3 marks)

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  • Portable ultrasound devices – these small devices connect to smartphones and enable doctors to capture high-quality diagnostic images without requiring hospital equipment.
  • Smartwatches – wearable devices that can continuously track vital signs including heart rate, blood pressure, and activity levels while sending health risk notifications.
  • Sleep tracking technology – devices that monitor sleep patterns including duration, sleep stages and oxygen levels to identify potential health issues.
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  • Portable ultrasound devices – these small devices connect to smartphones and enable doctors to capture high-quality diagnostic images without requiring hospital equipment.
  • Smartwatches – wearable devices that can continuously track vital signs including heart rate, blood pressure, and activity levels while sending health risk notifications.
  • Sleep tracking technology – devices that monitor sleep patterns including duration, sleep stages and oxygen levels to identify potential health issues.