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HMS, BM EQ-Bank 114

Explain how the muscular and skeletal systems respond to maintain posture during a complex dance sequence.   (5 marks)

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Sample Answer

Core Stability:

  • Deep core muscles engage around spinal column while skeletal alignment provides central support
  • Postural muscles maintain tension as skeletal framework offers balance points

Movement Control:

  • Skeletal joints create movement pathways while muscles control force production
  • Muscular contractions coordinate through skeletal levers to produce fluid motion

Balance Adjustments:

  • Small postural muscles fine-tune position while skeletal alignment shifts subtly
  • Weight transfers through skeletal structure as muscles adapt tension levels

Dynamic Stability:

  • Multiple joints work together while muscle groups coordinate contractions
  • Skeletal system provides stable base as muscles respond to position changes
Show Worked Solution

Sample Answer

Core Stability:

  • Deep core muscles engage around spinal column while skeletal alignment provides central support
  • Postural muscles maintain tension as skeletal framework offers balance points

Movement Control:

  • Skeletal joints create movement pathways while muscles control force production
  • Muscular contractions coordinate through skeletal levers to produce fluid motion

Balance Adjustments:

  • Small postural muscles fine-tune position while skeletal alignment shifts subtly
  • Weight transfers through skeletal structure as muscles adapt tension levels

Dynamic Stability:

  • Multiple joints work together while muscle groups coordinate contractions
  • Skeletal system provides stable base as muscles respond to position changes

HMS, BM EQ-Bank 111

Compare how the muscular and nervous systems work together in a skilled tennis serve versus a beginner's tennis serve.   (5 marks)

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Sample Answer

Skilled server:

  • Automatic nervous system activation produces coordinated muscle sequencing
  • Neural pathways enable efficient kinetic chain through precise muscle recruitment
  • Both systems integrate to produce consistent power and accuracy

Beginner server:

  • Conscious nervous system control leads to irregular muscle activation
  • Underdeveloped neural pathways result in uncoordinated muscle sequencing
  • Limited system integration produces inconsistent power and accuracy
Show Worked Solution

Sample Answer

Skilled server:

  • Automatic nervous system activation produces coordinated muscle sequencing
  • Neural pathways enable efficient kinetic chain through precise muscle recruitment
  • Both systems integrate to produce consistent power and accuracy

Beginner server:

  • Conscious nervous system control leads to irregular muscle activation
  • Underdeveloped neural pathways result in uncoordinated muscle sequencing
  • Limited system integration produces inconsistent power and accuracy

HMS, BM EQ-Bank 106 MC

During sustained swimming, what is the primary role of the circulatory system in supporting movement?

  1. Only removes lactic acid from muscles
  2. Only increases oxygen delivery to active muscles
  3. Delivers oxygen and removes waste products from active muscles
  4. Only maintains core body temperature
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\(C\)

Show Worked Solution

Consider Option C: Delivers oxygen and removes waste products from active muscles

The circulatory system simultaneously

  • delivers oxygen and nutrients to active muscles
  • removes metabolic waste products to maintain efficient movement through continuous blood flow

Other Options:

  • A is incorrect: Ignores oxygen delivery role
  • B is incorrect: Misses waste removal function
  • D is incorrect: Omits critical gas exchange function

\(\Rightarrow C\)

HMS, BM EQ-Bank 105 MC

A tennis player executes a powerful serve. Which statement best describes the nervous system's role?

  1. Only processes visual information from the ball toss
  2. Coordinates sensory input, muscle activation and balance
  3. Only controls muscle contraction timing
  4. Only maintains postural stability during the movement
Show Answers Only

\(B\)

Show Worked Solution

Consider Option B: Coordinates sensory input, muscle activation and balance

The nervous system

  • integrates visual information from the ball toss
  • coordinates the timing of multiple muscle contractions throughout the kinetic chain
  • maintains balance through sensory feedback throughout the service motion

Other Options:

  • A is incorrect: Omits muscle control aspects
  • C is incorrect: Ignores sensory processing required
  • D is incorrect: Misses coordination requirements

\(\Rightarrow B\)

HMS, BM EQ-Bank 99

Describe how the nervous system controls movement differently when a basketball player changes from dribbling the ball to shooting.   (4 marks)

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Sample Answer

Dribbling control:

  • Repetitive movement pattern using established neural pathways
  • Regular feedback from proprioceptors for ball control
  • Automated movement requiring minimal conscious input

Shooting control:

  • More precise control of force and direction required
  • Integration of visual and proprioceptive feedback
  • Greater conscious control of movement
  • Fine adjustment of muscle activation patterns
Show Worked Solution

Sample Answer

Dribbling control:

  • Repetitive movement pattern using established neural pathways
  • Regular feedback from proprioceptors for ball control
  • Automated movement requiring minimal conscious input

Shooting control:

  • More precise control of force and direction required
  • Integration of visual and proprioceptive feedback
  • Greater conscious control of movement
  • Fine adjustment of muscle activation patterns

HMS, BM EQ-Bank 95

Explain how the nervous system facilitates skill development in a learner progressing from the cognitive to autonomous stage of learning.   (5 marks)

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Sample Answer

During initial skill learning (cognitive stage):

  • Extensive conscious processing occurs in the cerebral cortex
  • Multiple areas of the brain are actively involved in movement planning
  • Movements are often jerky and uncoordinated due to inefficient neural pathways

As learning progresses toward autonomy:

  • Neural pathways become strengthened through myelination
  • Movement patterns become stored in motor memory
  • Less conscious attention is required as movements become automated
  • More efficient recruitment of motor units occurs
  • Smoother, more coordinated movements result from improved neural efficiency
Show Worked Solution

Sample Answer

During initial skill learning (cognitive stage):

  • Extensive conscious processing occurs in the cerebral cortex
  • Multiple areas of the brain are actively involved in movement planning
  • Movements are often jerky and uncoordinated due to inefficient neural pathways

As learning progresses toward autonomy:

  • Neural pathways become strengthened through myelination
  • Movement patterns become stored in motor memory
  • Less conscious attention is required as movements become automated
  • More efficient recruitment of motor units occurs
  • Smoother, more coordinated movements result from improved neural efficiency

HMS, BM EQ-Bank 94

Compare the role of the sympathetic and parasympathetic nervous systems in relation to sporting performance.  (4 marks)

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Sample Answer

The sympathetic nervous system prepares the body for intense physical activity through the “fight or flight” response by:

  • Increasing heart rate and blood flow to muscles
  • Dilating airways to improve oxygen intake
  • Increasing glucose availability for energy

In contrast, the parasympathetic nervous system promotes recovery and energy conservation by:

  • Decreasing heart rate and blood pressure
  • Increasing digestion and energy storage
  • Reducing muscle tension
Show Worked Solution

Sample Answer

The sympathetic nervous system prepares the body for intense physical activity through the “fight or flight” response by:

  • Increasing heart rate and blood flow to muscles
  • Dilating airways to improve oxygen intake
  • Increasing glucose availability for energy

In contrast, the parasympathetic nervous system promotes recovery and energy conservation by:

  • Decreasing heart rate and blood pressure
  • Increasing digestion and energy storage
  • Reducing muscle tension

HMS, BM EQ-Bank 90 MC

A netball player lands awkwardly and twists their ankle. Which immediate response helps protect from further injury?

  1. Withdrawal reflex action
  2. Conscious decision to stop moving
  3. Balanced muscle contraction
  4. Reciprocal inhibition
Show Answers Only

\(A\)

Show Worked Solution

Consider Option A:  Withdrawal reflex action

The withdrawal reflex is an immediate protective response that occurs before conscious thought, helping prevent further injury.

Other Options:

  • B is incorrect: Too slow to prevent injury
  • C is incorrect: A controlled response that occurs too slowly
  • D is incorrect: A normal movement process, not protective

\(\Rightarrow A\)

HMS, BM EQ-Bank 88 MC

Which part of the nervous system is primarily responsible for controlling voluntary muscle movement?

  1. Peripheral nervous system
  2. Somatic nervous system
  3. Autonomic nervous system
  4. Sympathetic nervous system
Show Answers Only

\(B\)

Show Worked Solution

Consider Option B:  Somatic nervous system

  • The somatic nervous system controls voluntary muscle movements through motor neurons that innervate skeletal muscles.

Other Options:

  • A is incorrect: Too broad, includes both somatic and autonomic systems
  • C is incorrect: Controls involuntary functions like heart rate 
  • D is incorrect: Part of autonomic system, fight/flight response only

\(\Rightarrow B\)

HMS, BM EQ-Bank 82

Explain how carbohydrates as a macronutrient support efficient movement during both aerobic and anaerobic activities.  (4 marks)

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Sample Answer

Role of carbohydrates:

  • Support efficient movement by providing glucose as the primary energy source for both aerobic and anaerobic activities.

During aerobic activities:

  • Carbohydrates are broken down through the digestive system
  • Stored as glycogen in muscles and the liver, providing a steady energy supply.
  • Example long distance running.

For anaerobic activities:

  • Muscle glycogen is rapidly converted to ATP through the glycolytic system, enabling explosive movements.
  • Example sprinting.

Without adequate carbohydrate stores:

  • Both types of activities would be compromised due to early onset fatigue and reduced power output.
Show Worked Solution

Sample Answer

Role of carbohydrates:

  • Support efficient movement by providing glucose as the primary energy source for both aerobic and anaerobic activities.

During aerobic activities:

  • Carbohydrates are broken down through the digestive system
  • Stored as glycogen in muscles and the liver, providing a steady energy supply.
  • Example long distance running.

For anaerobic activities:

  • Muscle glycogen is rapidly converted to ATP through the glycolytic system, enabling explosive movements.
  • Example sprinting.

Without adequate carbohydrate stores:

  • Both types of activities would be compromised due to early onset fatigue and reduced power output.

HMS, BM EQ-Bank 80 MC

Which of the following correctly identifies the role of micronutrients in supporting an athlete's movement efficiency?

  1. Providing immediate energy for muscle contractions
  2. Supporting enzyme production and oxygen transport
  3. Storing energy for prolonged exercise sessions
  4. Building and repairing damaged muscle tissue
Show Answers Only

\(B\)

Show Worked Solution

Consider Option B: Supporting enzyme production and oxygen transport

  • Micronutrients like B vitamins and iron are essential for enzyme function and oxygen transport, supporting efficient movement.

Other Options:

  • A is incorrect: This is the role of macronutrients, specifically carbohydrates. Micronutrients do not provide energy.
  • C is incorrect: Energy storage is primarily the function of macronutrients, particularly fats and carbohydrates stored as glycogen.
  • D is incorrect: This is primarily the role of protein, a macronutrient, not micronutrients.

\(\Rightarrow B\)

HMS, BM EQ-Bank 76

Explain how growth hormone and cortisol interact during a high-intensity interval training session.  (5 marks)

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Sample Answer

During HIIT training:

  • Growth hormone increases to enhance fat metabolism and protein synthesis
  • Cortisol rises to maintain blood glucose through gluconeogenesis
  • The hormones work antagonistically on protein metabolism:
    • Growth hormone promotes protein synthesis
    • Cortisol increases protein breakdown
  • This interaction affects both performance and recovery
Show Worked Solution

Sample Answer

During HIIT training:

  • Growth hormone increases to enhance fat metabolism and protein synthesis
  • Cortisol rises to maintain blood glucose through gluconeogenesis
  • The hormones work antagonistically on protein metabolism:
    • Growth hormone promotes protein synthesis
    • Cortisol increases protein breakdown
  • This interaction affects both performance and recovery

HMS, BM EQ-Bank 72 MC

During a two-hour mountain bike ride, which process would support sustained energy release?

  1. Enhanced glucagon production
  2. Decreased liver glycogen breakdown
  3. Increased insulin secretion
  4. Reduced cortisol release
Show Answers Only

\(A\)

Show Worked Solution

Consider Option A:  Enhanced glucagon production

  • Glucagon helps maintain blood glucose by promoting glycogen breakdown.

Other Options:

  • B is incorrect: Glycogen must be broken down to maintain blood glucose.
  • C is incorrect: Insulin decreases during exercise to allow glucose mobilisation.
  • D is incorrect: Cortisol typically increases during prolonged exercise.

\(\Rightarrow A\)

HMS, BM EQ-Bank 71 MC

A triathlete experiences stomach cramps in the final leg of their race. This is most likely due to:

  1. Excess enzyme production
  2. Reduced digestive activity
  3. Increased blood flow to the gut
  4. Enhanced nutrient absorption
Show Answers Only

\(B\)

Show Worked Solution

Consider Option B:  Reduced digestive activity

  • Blood diversion from digestive system to working muscles during intense exercise reduces digestive function.

Other Options:

  • A is incorrect: Enzyme production actually decreases during intense exercise.
  • C is incorrect: Blood flow is diverted away from digestive system during exercise.
  • D is incorrect: Absorption decreases during intense exercise due to reduced blood flow.

\(\Rightarrow B\)

ENGINEERING, CS EQ-Bank 1

Computer Aided Drawing (CAD) plays a vital role in modern engineering.

Describe the use of CAD drawing methods used in engineering practice and their specific applications.

In your answer, provide examples to illustrate how CAD benefits engineering projects.   (4 marks)

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CAD provides critical advantages in engineering:

→ Creates precise technical drawings rapidly, allowing engineers to design complex components in a fraction of the traditional time.

→ Enables real-time collaboration between teams across different locations, with instant sharing and updating of designs.

→ Facilitates immediate electronic communication of complex design ideas to clients and stakeholders.

→ Produces highly detailed technical drawings of machine parts to comprehensive 3D models of entire buildings that surpass traditional manual methods in precision. 

→ Generates accurate 3D models for visualisation and testing.

→ Performs automated structural analysis to validate design integrity.

→ Links to material databases for instant cost calculations and project budgeting.

→ Integrates with CAM/CNC/3D printing systems for rapid prototyping and production.

Show Worked Solution

CAD provides critical advantages in engineering:

→ Creates precise technical drawings rapidly, allowing engineers to design complex components in a fraction of the traditional time.

→ Enables real-time collaboration between teams across different locations, with instant sharing and updating of designs.

→ Facilitates immediate electronic communication of complex design ideas to clients and stakeholders.

→ Produces highly detailed technical drawings of machine parts to comprehensive 3D models of entire buildings that surpass traditional manual methods in precision. 

→ Generates accurate 3D models for visualisation and testing.

→ Performs automated structural analysis to validate design integrity.

→ Links to material databases for instant cost calculations and project budgeting.

→ Integrates with CAM/CNC/3D printing systems for rapid prototyping and production.

HMS, BM EQ-Bank 69

Compare and contrast the effects of peripheral arterial disease and deep vein thrombosis on movement performance, and outline appropriate exercise modifications for each condition.  (5 marks)

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Sample Answer

PAD and DVT characteristics:

  • PAD causes predictable cramping pain during exercise due to reduced arterial flow.
  • DVT presents as leg pain/swelling with risk of clot movement during activity.

Exercise limitations:

  • PAD restricts duration through pain.
  • DVT requires avoiding movement until stabilised.

Safety modifications:

  • PAD needs rest breaks at pain onset.
  • DVT starts with upper body focus only.

Intensity guidelines:

  • PAD: moderate (40 – 60% HRmax).
  • DVT: very low (20 – 30% HRmax) initially.

Movement adaptations:

  • PAD uses walking intervals.
  • DVT progresses from seated to standing exercises.

Medical clearance:

  • Both require medical approval and monitoring for exercise progression.
Show Worked Solution

Sample Answer

PAD and DVT characteristics:

  • PAD causes predictable cramping pain during exercise due to reduced arterial flow.
  • DVT presents as leg pain/swelling with risk of clot movement during activity.

Exercise limitations:

  • PAD restricts duration through pain.
  • DVT requires avoiding movement until stabilised.

Safety modifications:

  • PAD needs rest breaks at pain onset.
  • DVT starts with upper body focus only.

Intensity guidelines:

  • PAD: moderate (40 – 60% HRmax).
  • DVT: very low (20 – 30% HRmax) initially.

Movement adaptations:

  • PAD uses walking intervals.
  • DVT progresses from seated to standing exercises.

Medical clearance:

  • Both require medical approval and monitoring for exercise progression.

HMS, BM EQ-Bank 66 MC

Which vascular condition most directly impacts exercise performance through reduced blood flow to working muscles?

  1. Peripheral arterial disease
  2. Deep vein thrombosis
  3. Varicose veins
  4. High blood pressure
Show Answers Only

\(A\)

Show Worked Solution

Consider Option A:  Peripheral arterial disease

  • PAD directly reduces blood flow to muscles through arterial narrowing

Other Options:

  • B is incorrect: DVT affects deep veins, not arterial supply to muscles
  • C is incorrect: Affects superficial veins, minimal impact on muscle blood flow
  • D is incorrect: While it affects circulation, doesn’t directly reduce blood flow as

\(\Rightarrow A\)

HMS, BM EQ-Bank 64 MC

During exercise at high altitude (3000 m above sea level), which of the following adaptations occurs first in the body?

  1. Increased production of red blood cells
  2. Increased breathing rate and depth
  3. Increased cardiac output
  4. Increased capillarisation
Show Answers Only

\(B\)

Show Worked Solution

Consider Option B:  Increased breathing rate and depth

  • The immediate response to high altitude is hyperventilation to compensate for lower oxygen partial pressure

Other Options:

  • A is incorrect: RBC production (erythropoiesis) takes several days to weeks
  • C is incorrect: While cardiac output increases, it’s secondary to respiratory changes
  • D is incorrect: Capillarisation is a long-term adaptation

\(\Rightarrow B\)

HMS, BM EQ-Bank 61

Outline how gaseous exchange occurs in the alveoli during submaximal exercise.  (3 marks)

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Sample Answer

During submaximal exercise:

  • Oxygen diffuses from high concentration in the alveoli to low concentration in the pulmonary capillaries.
  • Simultaneously, carbon dioxide diffuses from high concentration in the blood to low concentration in the alveoli.
  • This process is enhanced by the thin walls of both alveoli and capillaries, and the large surface area provided by millions of alveoli.
Show Worked Solution

Sample Answer

During submaximal exercise:

  • Oxygen diffuses from high concentration in the alveoli to low concentration in the pulmonary capillaries.
  • Simultaneously, carbon dioxide diffuses from high concentration in the blood to low concentration in the alveoli.
  • This process is enhanced by the thin walls of both alveoli and capillaries, and the large surface area provided by millions of alveoli.

HMS, BM EQ-Bank 59 MC

Which statement correctly describes the exchange of gases during exercise?

  1. Carbon dioxide diffuses from high concentration in the blood to low concentration in the alveoli
  2. Oxygen diffuses from low concentration in the alveoli to high concentration in the blood
  3. Carbon dioxide moves from low concentration in the blood to high concentration in the alveoli
  4. Oxygen and carbon dioxide exchange occurs primarily in the bronchioles
Show Answers Only

\(A\)

Show Worked Solution

Consider Option A:  Carbon dioxide diffuses from high concentration in the blood to low concentration in the alveoli

  • Carbon dioxide diffuses from high concentration in blood to low concentration in alveoli following concentration gradient

Other Options:

  • B is incorrect: Oxygen diffuses from high concentration in alveoli to low concentration in blood
  • C is incorrect: Reverses the concentration gradient for carbon dioxide
  • D is incorrect: Gas exchange occurs primarily in the alveoli, not bronchioles

\(\Rightarrow A\)

HMS, BM EQ-Bank 55

Explain how the diaphragm's structure supports efficient movement during a tennis serve.  (4 marks)

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Sample Answer

  • Dome shape allows full contraction during forceful movements
  • Muscle fibres enable powerful contraction for deep breathing
  • Attaches to lower ribs providing stable anchor point
  • Coordinated movement increases lung capacity during serve action
Show Worked Solution

Sample Answer

  • Dome shape allows full contraction during forceful movements
  • Muscle fibres enable powerful contraction for deep breathing
  • Attaches to lower ribs providing stable anchor point
  • Coordinated movement increases lung capacity during serve action

HMS, BM EQ-Bank 53 MC

During steady-state running, which statement correctly identifies how the respiratory and circulatory systems structure enables oxygen delivery to working leg muscles?

  1. Bronchioles constrict while capillaries dilate in muscles
  2. Alveoli and surrounding capillaries maximize gas exchange
  3. Airways narrow while blood vessels expand in lungs
  4. Bronchi expand while blood flow decreases to muscles
Show Answers Only

\(B\)

Show Worked Solution

Consider Option B: Alveoli and surrounding capillaries maximize gas exchange

  • Correctly shows the structural relationship enabling efficient gas exchange

Incorrect Options:

  • A: Bronchioles don’t constrict during exercise
  • C: Airways don’t narrow during exercise
  • D: Blood flow increases not decreases to muscles

\(\Rightarrow B\)

HMS, BM EQ-Bank 51 MC

A swimmer needs to reduce drag force during freestyle. Which combination of biomechanical applications would be MOST effective for safe and efficient movement through water?

  1. Streamlined body position and high elbow recovery
  2. High head position and wide arm recovery
  3. Crossed leg kick and streamlined body position
  4. Wide arm recovery and crossed leg kick
Show Answers Only

\(A\)

Show Worked Solution

Consider Option A: Streamlined body position and high elbow recovery

  • Streamlined position reduces frontal resistance
  • High elbow recovery maintains efficient force production with reduced drag

Other Options:

  • B: High head increases drag and disrupts body position
  • C: Crossed legs create unnecessary turbulence despite streamlining
  • D: Both elements increase water resistance unnecessarily

\(\Rightarrow A\)

HMS, BM EQ-Bank 48 MC

Which adaptation would BEST improve movement efficiency for a person with limited lower limb mobility using a wheelchair?

  1. Increased arm length
  2. Higher seat position
  3. Forward tilted seat
  4. Lower center of gravity
Show Answers Only

\(D\)

Show Worked Solution

Consider Option D: Lower centre of gravity

  • Lower center of gravity improves stability and reduces energy needed for movement control

Other Options:

  • A: Not modifiable/not relevant to efficiency
  • B: Would decrease stability and efficiency
  • C: Would increase energy needs for stability

\(\Rightarrow D\)

HMS, BM EQ-Bank 47 MC

For a person using crutches, which biomechanical principle is MOST important for energy efficient movement?

  1. Angular momentum
  2. Base of support
  3. Projectile motion
  4. Fluid resistance
Show Answers Only

\(B\)

Show Worked Solution

Consider Option B: Base of support

  • A stable and appropriate base of support enables efficient force transfer and reduces energy expenditure

Other Options:

  • A: Not primary principle in crutch gait efficiency
  • C: No projectiles involved in crutch walking
  • D: Not relevant to crutch-assisted movement

\(\Rightarrow B\)

HMS, BM EQ-Bank 47

Explain how balance and stability principles contribute to safe lifting technique.  (4 marks)

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Sample Answer

  • Base of support width affects stability
  • Center of gravity position impacts control
  • Weight distribution influences joint loading
  • Movement speed affects balance maintenance
  • Postural muscle engagement maintains stability
Show Worked Solution

Sample Answer

  • Base of support width affects stability
  • Center of gravity position impacts control
  • Weight distribution influences joint loading
  • Movement speed affects balance maintenance
  • Postural muscle engagement maintains stability

HMS, BM EQ-Bank 44

Describe TWO ways muscle pairs work together to produce safe movement.  (3 marks)

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Sample Answer

  • Agonist/antagonist relationship controls movement speed
  • Co-contraction provides joint stability
  • Balanced strength prevents muscle imbalances
  • Coordinated action produces smooth movement
Show Worked Solution

Sample Answer

  • Agonist/antagonist relationship controls movement speed
  • Co-contraction provides joint stability
  • Balanced strength prevents muscle imbalances
  • Coordinated action produces smooth movement

HMS, BM EQ-Bank 42

Explain the relationship between force and safe movement when performing a pushing action.  (4 marks)

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Sample Answer

  • Force should be applied in line with movement direction
  • Even distribution through joints reduces injury risk
  • Engagement of correct muscle groups spreads load
  • Stable base allows efficient force transfer
  • Body position affects force application safety
Show Worked Solution

Sample Answer

  • Force should be applied in line with movement direction
  • Even distribution through joints reduces injury risk
  • Engagement of correct muscle groups spreads load
  • Stable base allows efficient force transfer
  • Body position affects force application safety

HMS, BM EQ-Bank 40 MC

When lifting a heavy box, which force application ensures safest movement?

  1. Unilateral force through spine
  2. Rapid jerking motion
  3. Force directed through legs
  4. Twisted lifting position
Show Answers Only

\(C\)

Show Worked Solution

Consider Option C: Force directed through legs

  • Using leg muscles with straight back distributes force safely

Other Options:

  • A: Dangerous spinal loading
  • B: Unsafe rapid movement
  • D: Unsafe spinal position

\(\Rightarrow C\)

HMS, BM EQ-Bank 37

Describe TWO characteristics and functions of fast twitch muscle fibres.  (3 marks)

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Sample Answer

  • Fast twitch fibres have fewer mitochondria compared to slow twitch fibres
  • They rely primarily on anaerobic glycolysis for energy production
  • They are capable of producing greater force in a shorter time period
  • They fatigue more quickly than slow twitch fibres due to their energy system reliance
Show Worked Solution

Sample Answer

  • Fast twitch fibres have fewer mitochondria compared to slow twitch fibres
  • They rely primarily on anaerobic glycolysis for energy production
  • They are capable of producing greater force in a shorter time period
  • They fatigue more quickly than slow twitch fibres due to their energy system reliance

HMS, BM EQ-Bank 36

Explain the relationship between muscle fibre types and the production of movement.  (4 marks)

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Sample Answer

Structural Characteristics

  • Type I fibres have more mitochondria and are smaller in diameter, allowing them to contract steadily but with less force, making them suited for postural control and sustained movements.

  • Type II fibres are larger in diameter with fewer mitochondria, enabling them to contract quickly and produce greater force for powerful movements like jumping or lifting.

Production of movement

  • These fibre types work together but are recruited differently.

    • Type I fibres are recruited first for basic movements and maintaining posture.

    • When more force is required, Type II fibres are recruited to produce more powerful movements.

  • This relationship between fibre types allows for a range of movement capabilities, from maintaining balance to producing explosive actions.

Show Worked Solution

Sample Answer

Structural Characteristics

  • Type I fibres have more mitochondria and are smaller in diameter, allowing them to contract steadily but with less force, making them suited for postural control and sustained movements.

  • Type II fibres are larger in diameter with fewer mitochondria, enabling them to contract quickly and produce greater force for powerful movements like jumping or lifting.

Production of movement

  • These fibre types work together but are recruited differently.

    • Type I fibres are recruited first for basic movements and maintaining posture.

    • When more force is required, Type II fibres are recruited to produce more powerful movements.

  • This relationship between fibre types allows for a range of movement capabilities, from maintaining balance to producing explosive actions.

HMS, BM EQ-Bank 35

Compare the basic characteristics of fast and slow twitch muscle fibres.  (4 marks)

Show Answers Only

Sample Answer

  • Contrasts in fibre size/diameter
  • Differences in mitochondrial density
  • Variations in capillary network
  • Differences in contraction speed capabilities
Show Worked Solution

Sample Answer

  • Contrasts in fiber size/diameter
  • Differences in mitochondrial density
  • Variations in capillary network
  • Differences in contraction speed capabilities

HMS, BM EQ-Bank 33 MC

Which statement about Type I (slow twitch) muscle fibres' physiological adaptations is INCORRECT?

  1. They have high oxidative capacity
  2. They produce rapid, powerful contractions
  3. They have high fatigue resistance
  4. They support endurance activities
Show Answers Only

\(B\)

Show Worked Solution

Type I (slow twitch) muscle fibres:

  • Are characterised by slower contraction speeds and lower power output compared to Type II fibres.
  • Have excellent fatigue resistance and oxidative capacity for endurance activities.
  • Do not produce rapid, powerful contractions – this is a characteristic of Type II (fast twitch) muscle fibres.

\(\Rightarrow B\)

HMS, BM EQ-Bank 30

Explain how the hamstring muscle group and quadriceps work together during a running stride. In your answer, refer to types of muscle contractions.   (4 marks)

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Sample Answer

  • During the running stride, the hamstrings and quadriceps demonstrate the antagonistic relationship between muscle groups.
  • As the leg drives forward, the quadriceps contract concentrically to extend the knee while the hamstrings undergo eccentric contraction to control the movement.
  • During the recovery phase, the hamstrings contract concentrically to initiate knee flexion while the quadriceps lengthen eccentrically.
  • This alternating pattern of concentric and eccentric contractions allows for controlled movement and efficient force production throughout the running stride.
Show Worked Solution

Sample Answer

  • During the running stride, the hamstrings and quadriceps demonstrate the antagonistic relationship between muscle groups.
  • As the leg drives forward, the quadriceps contract concentrically to extend the knee while the hamstrings undergo eccentric contraction to control the movement.
  • During the recovery phase, the hamstrings contract concentrically to initiate knee flexion while the quadriceps lengthen eccentrically.
  • This alternating pattern of concentric and eccentric contractions allows for controlled movement and efficient force production throughout the running stride.

HMS, BM EQ-Bank 28 MC

During a push-up, the pectoralis major:

  1. Contracts eccentrically during the downward phase and concentrically during the upward phase.
  2. Contracts concentrically during the downward phase and eccentrically during the upward phase.
  3. Acts as a stabiliser throughout the entire movement.
  4. Works as an antagonist to the deltoid muscle.
Show Answers Only

\(A\)

Show Worked Solution

Consider Option A:

  • Lowering (downward phase), the pectoralis major lengthens while controlling the descent (eccentric)
  • Pushing up (upward phase), the pectoralis major shortens to push the body up (concentric)

Other Options:

  • B:  Incorrect because it reverses the contraction types
  • C:  Incorrect because the pectoralis major is a prime mover, not a stabilizer in this movement
  • D:  Incorrect because the pectoralis major and deltoid actually work together as agonists in this movement

\(\Rightarrow A\)

HMS, BM EQ-Bank 25

A volleyball player performs a spike at the net. Describe the sequence of joint actions that occur at the shoulder and elbow during this movement.  (3 marks)

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Sample answer

  • The volleyball spike begins with the shoulder joint in extension as the arm is drawn back behind the body.
  • As the arm moves forward to contact the ball, the shoulder undergoes flexion while simultaneously the elbow joint moves from flexion to extension.
  • The power generated through this coordinated sequence of joint actions enables the player to strike the ball with force while maintaining control through the movement.
Show Worked Solution

Sample answer

  • The volleyball spike begins with the shoulder joint in extension as the arm is drawn back behind the body.
  • As the arm moves forward to contact the ball, the shoulder undergoes flexion while simultaneously the elbow joint moves from flexion to extension.
  • The power generated through this coordinated sequence of joint actions enables the player to strike the ball with force while maintaining control through the movement.

HMS, BM EQ-Bank 24

Outline how the structure of ball and socket joints enables a greater range of movement than hinge joints. Support your response with examples.  (3 marks)

Show Answers Only

Sample answer

  • Ball and socket joints have a rounded head of one bone fitting into a cup-like socket of another bone which allows movement in multiple planes.
  • Hinge joints primarily allow movement in one plane, however, ball and socket joints permit flexion, extension, abduction, adduction, rotation and circumduction.
  • For example, the hip joint allows the leg to move in all directions while the hinge joint of the knee only allows flexion and extension, demonstrating how structural differences impact movement capabilities.
Show Worked Solution

Sample answer

  • Ball and socket joints have a rounded head of one bone fitting into a cup-like socket of another bone which allows movement in multiple planes.
  • Hinge joints primarily allow movement in one plane, however, ball and socket joints permit flexion, extension, abduction, adduction, rotation and circumduction.
  • For example, the hip joint allows the leg to move in all directions while the hinge joint of the knee only allows flexion and extension, demonstrating how structural differences impact movement capabilities.

HMS, BM EQ-Bank 20 MC

The diagram below shows bones labelled 1, 2, 3 and 4, of the upper limb.

 

Which row correctly lists the bones for 1, 2, 3 and 4?

\begin{align*}
\begin{array}{l}
\rule{0pt}{2.5ex} \ \rule[-1ex]{0pt}{0pt}& \\
\rule{0pt}{2.5ex}\textbf{A.}\rule[-1ex]{0pt}{0pt}\\
\rule{0pt}{2.5ex}\textbf{B.}\rule[-1ex]{0pt}{0pt}\\
\rule{0pt}{2.5ex}\textbf{C.}\rule[-1ex]{0pt}{0pt}\\
\rule{0pt}{2.5ex}\textbf{D.}\rule[-1ex]{0pt}{0pt}\\
\end{array}
\begin{array}{|c|c|c|c|}
\hline
\rule{0pt}{2.5ex}\textbf{1}\rule[-1ex]{0pt}{0pt}& \textbf{2}& \textbf{3}& \textbf{4} \\
\hline
\rule{0pt}{2.5ex}\text{Scapula}\rule[-1ex]{0pt}{0pt}&\ \ \text{Humerus}\ \ &\text{Ulna}&\text{Phalanges}\\
\hline
\rule{0pt}{2.5ex}\text{Clavicle}\rule[-1ex]{0pt}{0pt}& \text{Ulna}&\quad \text{Radius}\quad &\text{Phalanges}\\
\hline
\rule{0pt}{2.5ex}\ \ \text{Humerus}\rule[-1ex]{0pt}{0pt}\ \ & \text{Radius} &\text{Ulna}&\text{Metacarpals} \\
\hline
\rule{0pt}{2.5ex}\text{Clavicle}\rule[-1ex]{0pt}{0pt}& \text{Humerus}&\text{Ulna}&\text{Metacarpals} \\
\hline
\end{array}
\end{align*}

Show Answers Only

\(D\)

Show Worked Solution

1. Clavicle

    • long bone that attaches the shoulder girdle and the vertebral column

2. Humerus

    • long bone in upper arm joining the elbow to the shoulder

3. Ulna

    • longest bone in the forearm on the little finger side

4. Metacarpals

    • long bones in hand between the carpals and phalanges

\(\Rightarrow D\)

HMS, BM EQ-Bank 18

Using an example from the shoulder girdle, explain how the arrangement of bones and joints allows for effective throwing movements.   (3 marks)

Show Answers Only

Sample Answer

Shoulder girdle arrangement features:

  • Clavicle connects to sternum
  • Scapula connects to humerus

Movement capabilities:

  • Sternoclavicular joint enables:
    • Clavicle elevation
    • Clavicle rotation
  • Scapula moves freely on rib cage

Combined joint actions:

  • Glenohumeral (ball and socket) joint
  • Allows throwing movements through:
    • Arm elevation
    • Rotation
    • Follow-through
Show Worked Solution

Sample Answer

Shoulder girdle arrangement features:

  • Clavicle connects to sternum
  • Scapula connects to humerus

Movement capabilities:

  • Sternoclavicular joint enables:
    • Clavicle elevation
    • Clavicle rotation
  • Scapula moves freely on rib cage

Combined joint actions:

  • Glenohumeral (ball and socket) joint
  • Allows throwing movements through:
    • Arm elevation
    • Rotation
    • Follow-through

HMS, BM EQ-Bank 17

Outline THREE types of synovial joints in the human body and provide an example of where each is located.  (3 marks)

Show Answers Only

Sample Answer

  • The hinge joint allows movement in one plane, like flexion and extension, and can be found at the elbow.
  • The ball and socket joint allows movement in all planes and is found at the shoulder.
  • The pivot joint allows rotational movement and is found at the atlas and axis vertebrae in the neck.
Show Worked Solution

Sample Answer

  • The hinge joint allows movement in one plane, like flexion and extension, and can be found at the elbow.
  • The ball and socket joint allows movement in all planes and is found at the shoulder.
  • The pivot joint allows rotational movement and is found at the atlas and axis vertebrae in the neck.

HMS, BM EQ-Bank 16 MC

Which sequence correctly describes the quadriceps muscle action and knee joint movement when performing a squat?

\begin{align*}
\begin{array}{l}
\rule{0pt}{2.5ex} \ \rule[-1ex]{0pt}{0pt}& \\
\rule{0pt}{2.5ex}\textbf{A.}\rule[-1ex]{0pt}{0pt}\\
\rule{0pt}{2.5ex}\textbf{B.}\rule[-1ex]{0pt}{0pt}\\
\rule{0pt}{2.5ex}\textbf{C.}\rule[-1ex]{0pt}{0pt}\\
\rule{0pt}{2.5ex}\textbf{D.}\rule[-1ex]{0pt}{0pt}\\
\end{array}
\begin{array}{|l|l|l|}
\hline
\rule{0pt}{2.5ex}\textbf{Descent Phase}\rule[-1ex]{0pt}{0pt}& \textbf{Bottom Position}& \textbf{Ascent Phase} \\
\hline
\rule{0pt}{2.5ex}\text{Eccentric}\rule[-1ex]{0pt}{0pt}&\text{Isometric }&\text{Concentric}\\
\hline
\rule{0pt}{2.5ex}\text{Concentric}\rule[-1ex]{0pt}{0pt}& \text{Isometric concentric}&\text{Eccentric}\\
\hline
\rule{0pt}{2.5ex}\text{Isometric}\rule[-1ex]{0pt}{0pt}& \text{Eccentric}&\text{Concentric} \\
\hline
\rule{0pt}{2.5ex}\text{Concentric}\rule[-1ex]{0pt}{0pt}& \text{Eccentric}&\text{Isometric} \\
\hline
\end{array}
\end{align*}

Show Answers Only

\(A\)

Show Worked Solution

During a squat, the quadriceps undergoes three distinct phases of contraction:

Descent phase:

  • Eccentric contraction – muscle lengthens under tension to control downward movement

Bottom position:

  • Isometric contraction – muscle length remains constant to maintain position

Ascent phase:

  • Concentric contraction – muscle shortens to produce force for upward movement against gravity

This sequence enables controlled movement throughout the entire squat pattern while managing forces at each phase.

\(\Rightarrow A\)

HMS, HIC EQ-Bank 10 MC

A school implements a breakfast program and subsidised healthy lunch options for students from low socioeconomic backgrounds to support their learning and wellbeing.

Which TWO social justice principles are best reflected in this initiative?

  1. Equity and developing personal skills
  2. Participation and supportive environments
  3. Equity and supportive environments
  4. Diversity and strengthening community action
Show Answers Only

\(C\)

Show Worked Solution

Consider Option C: Equity and supportive environments

  • Equity – providing additional support to disadvantaged students to help achieve equal health outcomes
  • Creating supportive environments – modifying the school environment to promote healthy eating and wellbeing

\(\Rightarrow C\)

HMS, HIC EQ-Bank 9 MC

Which TWO social justice principles are best reflected in the provision of interpreter services and bilingual healthcare workers in public hospitals?

  1. Equity and participation
  2. Equity and diversity
  3. Participation and supportive environments
  4. Diversity and strengthening community action
Show Answers Only

\(B\)

Show Worked Solution

Consider Option B: Equity and diversity

  • Equity – ensuring equal access to healthcare regardless of language barriers
  • Diversity – accommodating different cultural and linguistic needs

\(\Rightarrow B\)

HMS, HIC EQ-Bank 8 MC

A team member describes feeling supported by their teammates, having strong communication with their coach, and enjoying positive relationships within their sporting club.

Which dimension of health are they primarily describing?

  1. Spiritual health
  2. Mental health
  3. Emotional health
  4. Social health
Show Answers Only

\( D\)

Show Worked Solution

Consider Option D:

  • Social health involves the ability to form and maintain positive relationships with others
  • Demonstrated through the team member’s description of supportive connections with teammates, coach and club community.

\(\Rightarrow D\)

HMS, HIC EQ-Bank 7 MC

An athlete reports they can concentrate well during competition, cope effectively with stress, and maintain positive thought patterns during challenging situations.

Which dimension of health are they primarily describing?

  1. Physical health
  2. Mental health
  3. Emotional health
  4. Social health
Show Answers Only

\( B\)

Show Worked Solution

Consider Option B:  Mental health

  • Ability to concentrate and focus
  • Effective stress management
  • Clear thought processes
  • Positive cognitive patterns
  • Psychological coping skills

\(\Rightarrow B\)

HMS, BM EQ-Bank 6 MC

The ability to generate maximum force in a single maximal effort, such as a one-repetition maximum bench press, refers to which component of fitness?

  1. Muscular strength
  2. Power
  3. Muscular endurance
  4. Body composition
Show Answers Only

\(A\)

Show Worked Solution

Consider Option A:

  •  Muscular strength is the maximum force a muscle can produce in a single effort
  • One-repetition maximum tests are the standard measure of muscular strength
  • Involves maximal force generation rather than
    • Repeated contractions (muscular endurance)
    • Speed of force production (power)
    • Body tissue ratios (composition)

\(\Rightarrow A\)

HMS, BM EQ-Bank 5 MC

A marathon runner is competing in a 42.2km event.

What is the likely duration their body will predominantly use the aerobic energy system?

  1. 90 seconds
  2. 10 minutes
  3. 60 minutes
  4. 180 minutes
Show Answers Only

\(D\)

Show Worked Solution
  • Aerobic system is dominant for activities lasting longer than 3 minutes
  • Marathon running is a prolonged endurance event typically lasting 2-4 hours
  • Aerobic energy system only system capable of sustaining continuous energy production for several hours
  • Uses oxygen to break down fuel sources efficiently for extended performance

\(\Rightarrow D\)

HMS, HAG EQ-Bank 3 MC

A pensioner visits their local pharmacy to collect their regular blood pressure medication. They are able to purchase their prescription medications at a significantly reduced cost compared to the general public.

Which of the following enables this person to access cheaper prescription medications?

  1. Medicare Safety Net
  2. Hospital cover
  3. Health care concession card
  4. Private health insurance
Show Answers Only

\(C\)

Show Worked Solution

Consider Option C: Health Care Concession Card

→ Provides reduced costs for PBS medicines

→ Available to pensioners and low-income earners

→ Specifically designed to make medications more affordable

→ Directly reduces pharmacy costs at point of sale

Why other options are incorrect:

→ Private health insurance may cover some medications in hospital but not PBS prescriptions

→ Medicare Safety Net helps with medical costs but not directly with pharmacy purchases

→ Hospital cover relates to hospital admissions and doesn’t affect pharmacy costs

\(\Rightarrow C\)

HMS, HAG EQ-Bank 2 MC

A 19-year-old person with a permanent physical disability received funding for mobility equipment, home modifications, and regular physiotherapy sessions. They were able to choose their own service providers and had control over how their support funding was managed.

Which of the following schemes provided this person-centered support?

  1. Medicare Benefits Schedule
  2. National Disability Insurance Scheme
  3. Private health insurance
  4. Community health services
Show Answers Only

\(B\)

Show Worked Solution

Consider Option B:  National Disability Insurance Scheme

→ Provides individualised funding packages for eligible people with permanent disabilities

→ Allows choice and control over service providers

→ Covers reasonable and necessary supports including equipment and modifications

→ Provides ongoing support rather than episodic care

Why other options are incorrect:

→ Medicare Benefits Schedule only covers medical services and doesn’t fund equipment or modifications

→ Private health insurance may contribute to some equipment but doesn’t provide comprehensive disability support

→ Community health services provide general healthcare but don’t offer individualised funding packages

\(\Rightarrow B\)

HMS, HAG EQ-Bank 1 MC

A low-income family had multiple medical appointments with specialists over a three-month period, resulting in high out-of-pocket expenses. After reaching a certain threshold, their out-of-pocket medical costs were significantly reduced for the remainder of the calendar year.

Which of the following enabled this reduction in medical costs?

  1. Medicare Safety Net
  2. Private health insurance
  3. Health care concession card
  4. Bulk billing incentive
Show Answers Only

\(A\)

Show Worked Solution

Consider Option A: Medicare Safety Net

→ Provides additional benefits once an annual threshold of out-of-pocket expenses is reached

→ Reduces the gap between Medicare benefit and doctor’s fees

→ Applies for the remainder of the calendar year

Why other options are incorrect:

→ Private health insurance requires upfront premium payments and wouldn’t automatically reduce costs after a threshold

→ Health care concession card provides consistent discounts but doesn’t have a threshold mechanism

→ Bulk billing incentive is a payment to doctors and doesn’t directly affect patient out-of-pocket costs

\(\Rightarrow A\)

HMS, BM 2022 HSC 9 MC

During a game of touch football, a skilled player successfully passes the ball in a high-pressure situation.

Which of the following identifies the types of feedback the player is most likely to have experienced?

  1. Intrinsic, delayed and knowledge of results
  2. Extrinsic, delayed and knowledge of results
  3. Intrinsic, concurrent and knowledge of performance
  4. Extrinsic, concurrent and knowledge of performance
Show Answers Only

\( C \)

Show Worked Solution

During a successful pass in touch football:

→  Player receives immediate (concurrent) feedback while executing the movement

→  Feedback comes primarily from internal sensory cues (intrinsic)

→  Player gets information about their technique/movement quality (knowledge of performance)

\(\Rightarrow C\)

HMS, HIC 2022 HSC 3 MC

Which row in the table shows the current infant mortality and life expectancy trends in Australia?

\begin{align*}
\begin{array}{l}
\rule{0pt}{2.5ex} \ \rule[-1ex]{0pt}{0pt}& \\
\rule{0pt}{2.5ex}\quad\textbf{A.}\rule[-1ex]{0pt}{0pt}\\
\rule{0pt}{2.5ex}\quad\textbf{B.}\rule[-1ex]{0pt}{0pt}\\
\rule{0pt}{2.5ex}\quad\textbf{C.}\rule[-1ex]{0pt}{0pt}\\
\rule{0pt}{2.5ex}\quad\textbf{D.}\rule[-1ex]{0pt}{0pt}\\
\end{array}
\begin{array}{|c|c|}
\hline
\rule{0pt}{2.5ex}\textit{Infant Mortality}\rule[-1ex]{0pt}{0pt}& \textit{Life Expectancy} \\
\hline
\rule{0pt}{2.5ex}\text{Decreasing}\rule[-1ex]{0pt}{0pt}&\text{Increasing}\\
\hline
\rule{0pt}{2.5ex}\text{Decreasing}\rule[-1ex]{0pt}{0pt}& \text{Decreasing}\\
\hline
\rule{0pt}{2.5ex}\text{Increasing}\rule[-1ex]{0pt}{0pt}& \text{Stable} \\
\hline
\rule{0pt}{2.5ex}\text{Stable}\rule[-1ex]{0pt}{0pt}& \text{Increasing} \\
\hline
\end{array}
\end{align*}

 

Show Answers Only

\( A\)

Show Worked Solution

According to Australia’s Health Report

    • Over the last 100 years, death rates for children under 5 declined by 97% between 1907 and 2022 (indicating decreasing infant mortality)
    • Life expectancy has increased considerably over the last 100 years, with people born after 2010 expected to live to age 80 or more
      (an increase of over 40% since the start of the 20th century)

\(\Rightarrow A\)

HMS, BM 2022 HSC 1 MC

An athlete's body is using the lactic acid energy system.

What is the likely duration of their performance while using this system?

  1. 6 seconds
  2. 60 seconds
  3. 6 minutes
  4. 60 minutes
Show Answers Only

\(B\)

Show Worked Solution

Considering all options:

    • Option A: 6 seconds – Too short, this would be ATP-PCr system   ×
    • Option B: 60 seconds – This fits within the lactic acid system’s duration   \(\checkmark\)
    • Option C: 6 minutes – Too long, would have shifted to primarily aerobic system  ×   
    • Option D: 60 minutes – Far too long, this is deeply into aerobic system  ×

\(\Rightarrow B\)

PHYSICS, M6 2016 HSC 23b

The diagram shows electrons travelling in a vacuum at `5.2 × 10^(4) \ text{m s}^(-1)` entering an electric field of `10 \ text {V m}^(-1)`.

 

A magnetic field is applied so that the electrons continue undeflected.

What is the magnitude and direction of the magnetic field?   (3 marks)

Show Answers Only

`0.0002  text{T Up the page.}`

Show Worked Solution

For the electrons to continue undeflected the force on the electrons due to the electric field must be equal in magnitude (but opposite in direction) to the force on them due to the magnetic field.

`F_(E)` `=F_(b)`
`qE` `=qvB`
`B` `=(E)/(v)`
  `=(10)/(5.2 xx10^(4))`
  `=0.0002  text{T (up the page)}`

PHYSICS, M5 2016 HSC 21a

Why does orbital decay occur more rapidly for satellites in a low-Earth orbit than for satellites in other orbits?   (2 marks)

Show Answers Only

Satellites in a low-Earth orbit:

→ Encounter more atmospheric drag than satellites in higher orbits due to their lower altitude.

→ This reduces their orbital velocity which decreases orbital radius which in turn causes orbital decay.

Show Worked Solution

Satellites in a low-Earth orbit:

→ Encounter more atmospheric drag than satellites in higher orbits due to their lower altitude.

→ This reduces their orbital velocity which decreases orbital radius which in turn causes orbital decay.


Mean mark 59%.

BIOLOGY, M8 EQ-Bank 2

  1. Provide an example of a genetic non-infectious disease and how develops at the genetic level.   (1 mark)

  2. Describe TWO major effects of the disease on the human body and why these occur.   (2 marks)

Show Answers Only

a.   Answers could include one of the following:

Cystic Fibrosis

→ Cystic fibrosis develops when a person inherits two faulty copies of the CFTR gene (one from each parent), resulting in defective chloride channels in cell membranes.
  

Huntington’s Disease

→ Huntington’s disease is caused by inheriting a dominant mutated copy of the HTT gene, resulting in the production of abnormal huntingtin protein.
 

b.  Answers could include one of the following:

Cystic Fibrosis

→ The defective chloride channels cause mucus to build up in the lungs, leading to frequent chest infections and breathing difficulties because bacteria become trapped in the airways.

→ The same mucus also blocks pancreatic ducts, preventing digestive enzymes from reaching the intestines, which results in poor nutrient absorption and growth problems.
  

Huntington’s Disease

→ The abnormal protein accumulates in brain cells, causing progressive death of neurons that control movement, leading to uncontrolled jerking and twitching movements.

→ The protein buildup also affects regions of the brain controlling cognitive function, resulting in progressive memory loss and personality changes as these neural networks deteriorate

Show Worked Solution

a.   Answers could include one of the following:

Cystic Fibrosis

→ Cystic fibrosis develops when a person inherits two faulty copies of the CFTR gene (one from each parent), resulting in defective chloride channels in cell membranes.
 

Huntington’s Disease

→ Huntington’s disease is caused by inheriting a dominant mutated copy of the HTT gene, resulting in the production of abnormal huntingtin protein.
 

b.  Answers could include one of the following:

Cystic Fibrosis

→ The defective chloride channels cause mucus to build up in the lungs, leading to frequent chest infections and breathing difficulties because bacteria become trapped in the airways.

→ The same mucus also blocks pancreatic ducts, preventing digestive enzymes from reaching the intestines, which results in poor nutrient absorption and growth problems.
 

Huntington’s Disease

→ The abnormal protein accumulates in brain cells, causing progressive death of neurons that control movement, leading to uncontrolled jerking and twitching movements.

→ The protein buildup also affects regions of the brain controlling cognitive function, resulting in progressive memory loss and personality changes as these neural networks deteriorate

BIOLOGY, M8 EQ-Bank 1

Outline the cause of a non-infectious nutritional disease in humans. In your answer, describe any possible effects that may be experienced by the a person living with the disease.   (3 marks)

Show Answers Only

Example Solution 1

Iron deficiency anaemia:

→ Iron deficiency anaemia develops when there is insufficient dietary iron intake or absorption from food sources.

→ Without adequate iron, the body cannot produce enough haemoglobin, the protein in red blood cells responsible for carrying oxygen throughout the body.

→ This results in symptoms such as chronic fatigue, weakness, shortness of breath and pale skin due to reduced oxygen transport capacity in the blood.
 

Example Solution 2

Vitamin D deficiency:

→ Vitamin D deficiency develops primarily due to insufficient sunlight exposure to the skin and inadequate dietary intake from foods like fatty fish or fortified products.

→ Without adequate Vitamin D, the body cannot properly absorb and regulate calcium in the intestines and maintain calcium homeostasis in the blood.

→ This results in soft bones, muscle weakness, and increased risk of fractures due to compromised bone mineralization.

Show Worked Solution

Example Solution 1

Iron deficiency anaemia:

→ Iron deficiency anaemia develops when there is insufficient dietary iron intake or absorption from food sources.

→ Without adequate iron, the body cannot produce enough haemoglobin, the protein in red blood cells responsible for carrying oxygen throughout the body.

→ This results in symptoms such as chronic fatigue, weakness, shortness of breath and pale skin due to reduced oxygen transport capacity in the blood.
 

Example Solution 2

Vitamin D deficiency:

→ Vitamin D deficiency develops primarily due to insufficient sunlight exposure to the skin and inadequate dietary intake from foods like fatty fish or fortified products.

→ Without adequate Vitamin D, the body cannot properly absorb and regulate calcium in the intestines and maintain calcium homeostasis in the blood.

→ This results in soft bones, muscle weakness, and increased risk of fractures due to compromised bone mineralization.

ENGINEERING, AE 2024 HSC 26c

A drawing of a scale model aircraft flying at constant velocity in level flight is shown.
 

Assume that the lift acts as a point load only on each wing and is located as shown in the drawing.

  1. In the box below, draw the free body diagram of the forces acting on the aircraft.   (1 mark)

 

  1. Draw both a shear force diagram and a bending moment diagram of the aircraft as the forces act across the wingspan of the aircraft.   (5 marks)

     

 

 

Show Answers Only

i.    
         

ii.    
       

Show Worked Solution

i.    
       
♦ Mean mark (i) 48%.
ii.    
     
Mean mark (ii) 55%.

ENGINEERING, TE 2024 HSC 26b

To avoid overloading a cellular network, a logic gate is used to control the activation of a signal booster.

The signal booster will only activate when both of the following conditions are met:

  • the signal strength falls below an acceptable level
  • the network traffic flow falls below an acceptable level.

Complete a truth table for this scenario and identify a suitable logic gate.   (3 marks)

Truth table:

\begin{array} {|c|c|c|}
\hline
\rule{0pt}{2.5ex} \quad \textit{Acceptable signal} \quad & \quad \textit{Acceptable traffic} \quad & \quad \textit{Activate booster} \quad \\
\textit{strength} \rule[-2ex]{0pt}{0pt} & \textit{flow} & \\
\hline
\rule{0pt}{2.5ex} \rule[-2ex]{0pt}{0pt} & &  \\
\hline
\rule{0pt}{2.5ex} \rule[-2ex]{0pt}{0pt} & &  \\
\hline
\rule{0pt}{2.5ex} \rule[-2ex]{0pt}{0pt} & &  \\
\hline
\rule{0pt}{2.5ex} \rule[-2ex]{0pt}{0pt} & &  \\
\hline
\end{array}

Logic gate: ....................

Show Answers Only

Truth table:

\begin{array} {|c|c|c|}
\hline
\rule{0pt}{2.5ex} \quad \textit{Acceptable signal} \quad & \quad \textit{Acceptable traffic} \quad & \quad \textit{Activate booster} \quad \\
\textit{strength} \rule[-2ex]{0pt}{0pt} & \textit{flow} & \\
\hline
\rule{0pt}{2.5ex} \rule[-2ex]{0pt}{0pt} 1 & 1 & 0 \\
\hline
\rule{0pt}{2.5ex} \rule[-2ex]{0pt}{0pt} 1 & 0 & 0 \\
\hline
\rule{0pt}{2.5ex} \rule[-2ex]{0pt}{0pt} 0 & 1 & 0 \\
\hline
\rule{0pt}{2.5ex} \rule[-2ex]{0pt}{0pt} 0 & 0 & 1 \\
\hline
\end{array}
Logic gate: NOR
Show Worked Solution

Truth table:

\begin{array} {|c|c|c|}
\hline
\rule{0pt}{2.5ex} \quad \textit{Acceptable signal} \quad & \quad \textit{Acceptable traffic} \quad & \quad \textit{Activate booster} \quad \\
\textit{strength} \rule[-2ex]{0pt}{0pt} & \textit{flow} & \\
\hline
\rule{0pt}{2.5ex} \rule[-2ex]{0pt}{0pt} 1 & 1 & 0 \\
\hline
\rule{0pt}{2.5ex} \rule[-2ex]{0pt}{0pt} 1 & 0 & 0 \\
\hline
\rule{0pt}{2.5ex} \rule[-2ex]{0pt}{0pt} 0 & 1 & 0 \\
\hline
\rule{0pt}{2.5ex} \rule[-2ex]{0pt}{0pt} 0 & 0 & 1 \\
\hline
\end{array}
Logic gate: NOR

ENGINEERING, TE 2024 HSC 23d

A public telephone booth is assembled using a variety of parts.
 

Complete the table.   (4 marks)

\begin{array} {|l|l|l|}
\hline
\rule{0pt}{2.5ex} \textit{Part} & \textit{Material} & \textit{Justification of } & \textit{Manufacturing } \\
\textit{} \rule[-1ex]{0pt}{0pt} & \textit{} & \textit{material}  & \textit{method} \\
\hline
\\ \\ 
\text{}\text{} & &\text{Needs to be} & \\
\text{Screen} & \text{..................................} & \text{impact resistant} & \text{..................................}\\
\\ \\ 
\hline
\\ \\ 
\text{} &\text{} & \text{..................................} & \text{} \\
\text{Hand Receiver} \quad & \text{ABS} & \text{..................................} & \text{..................................}\\
\text{} & \text{} & \text{..................................} & \\
\\ \\ 
\hline
\\ \\ 
\text{} &\text{} & \text{..................................} & \text{Cold rolled and} \\
\text{Shelf} & \text{..................................} & \text{..................................} & \text{pressed}\\
\text{} & \text{} & \text{..................................} & \\
\\ \\ 
\hline
\end{array}

Show Answers Only

\begin{array} {|l|l|l|}
\hline
\rule{0pt}{2.5ex} \textit{Part} & \textit{Material} & \textit{Justification of } & \textit{Manufacturing } \\
\textit{} \rule[-1ex]{0pt}{0pt} & \textit{} & \textit{material}  & \textit{method} \\
\hline
\text{Screen} & \text{Acrylic} & \text{Needs to be impact} & \text{Cast}\\
\text{}\text{} & &\text{resistant} & \\
\hline
\text{Hand Receiver} \quad & \text{ABS} & \text{Complex shaped,} & \text{Injection moulded}\\
\text{} & \text{} & \text{easily moulded} & \\
\hline
\text{} &\text{} & \text{Corrosion} &  \\
\text{Shelf} & \text{Stainless steel} & \text{resistance,} & \text{Cold rolled and }\\
\text{} & \text{} & \text{hardness,} & \text{pressed}\\
\text{} & \text{} & \text{cleanability} & \\
\hline
\end{array}

Show Worked Solution

\begin{array} {|l|l|l|}
\hline
\rule{0pt}{2.5ex} \textit{Part} & \textit{Material} & \textit{Justification of } & \textit{Manufacturing } \\
\textit{} \rule[-1ex]{0pt}{0pt} & \textit{} & \textit{material}  & \textit{method} \\
\hline
\text{Screen} & \text{Acrylic} & \text{Needs to be impact} & \text{Cast}\\
\text{}\text{} & &\text{resistant} & \\
\hline
\text{Hand Receiver} \quad & \text{ABS} & \text{Complex shaped,} & \text{Injection moulded}\\
\text{} & \text{} & \text{easily moulded} & \\
\hline
\text{} &\text{} & \text{Corrosion} &  \\
\text{Shelf} & \text{Stainless steel} & \text{resistance,} & \text{Cold rolled and }\\
\text{} & \text{} & \text{hardness,} & \text{pressed}\\
\text{} & \text{} & \text{cleanability} & \\
\hline
\end{array}