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HMS, TIP EQ-Bank 073 MC

A fitness professional reviews a client's pre-exercise questionnaire showing: age 52, walks 30 minutes three times weekly and previous heart attack 3 years ago for which he currently takes beta-blockers.

Which aspect of this profile presents the greatest consideration for exercise prescription?

  1. The age being over 45 years for males
  2. The cardiovascular medication 
  3. The current moderate activity level
  4. The time elapsed since the cardiac event
Show Answers Only

\(B\)

Show Worked Solution

  • B is correct: The cardiovascular medication affects heart rate response, making traditional heart rate-based training zones invalid.

Other options:

  • A is incorrect: While age > 45 is relevant for initial screening, it is less critical than the heart medication’s potential impact.
  • C is incorrect: His moderate activity level is actually positive, showing established exercise tolerance.
  • D is incorrect: Three years post-heart attack with current activity suggests stable recovery, making this less critical than ongoing medication effects.

HMS, TIP EQ-Bank 071 MC

A 25-year-old female completes a pre-exercise questionnaire indicating she has asthma but is currently physically active 4 days per week. What is the most appropriate course of action for the fitness professional?

  1. Design a high-intensity program as she is already active
  2. Refer to a medical practitioner before any exercise
  3. Develop a program with appropriate modifications and monitoring
  4. Restrict her to low-intensity activities only
Show Answers Only

\(C\)

Show Worked Solution

  • C is correct: The client’s asthma is likely well-managed. The fitness professional can proceed with appropriate modifications and monitoring for symptoms.

Other options:

  • A is incorrect: A high-intensity exercise without considering her asthma could trigger severe breathing difficulties.
  • B is incorrect: Since she is already exercising regularly, she doesn’t require immediate medical referral unless symptoms worsen.
  • D is incorrect: This is unnecessarily restrictive given her current activity level of 4 days per week demonstrates good exercise tolerance.

HMS, TIP EQ-Bank 068 MC

Which of the following individuals would most likely require referral to a medical professional before beginning an exercise program?

  1. A 25-year-old with a family history of diabetes
  2. A 30-year-old who plays competitive sport twice a week
  3. A 50-year-old with arthritis
  4. A 40-year-old with controlled hypertension
Show Answers Only

\(D\)

Show Worked Solution

  • D is correct: Controlled hypertension is a recognised high-risk condition requiring medical oversight before commencing exercise.

Other options:

  • A is incorrect: A family history of diabetes alone does not automatically necessitate referral.
  • B is incorrect: Regular sport participation without medical conditions does not require clearance.
  • C is incorrect: Arthritis may require program modification, but it is not automatically high-risk like cardiovascular conditions.

HMS, HAG EQ-Bank 056

Analyse the impact of Australia's My Health Record system and the National Health Data Hub on healthcare policy development and patient care. In your response, consider how these platforms facilitate the use of big data and their potential for future healthcare improvements.   (8 marks)

Show Answers Only

Overview Statement

  • My Health Record and the National Health Data Hub are interconnected platforms that enable comprehensive data collection and analysis, transforming healthcare policy and patient care delivery.

My Health Record

  • My Health Record connects to individual patient data by creating digital health profiles accessible to both patients and healthcare providers.
  • This platform interacts with clinical decision-making by providing instant access to medical histories, medications and test results.
  • Evidence shows this helps prevent medication errors and duplicate testing while enabling continuity of care across different medical areas.
  • This means that patients receive more personalised treatment as doctors can make informed decisions based on complete health information.
  • In this way, digital infrastructure is highly influential on the improvement of healthcare efficiency.

National Health Data Hub

  • The National Health Data Hub depends on aggregated data from multiple sources including My Health Record to identify population health trends.
  • This data influences policy development by revealing patterns in disease prevalence and treatment outcomes.
  • Patterns revealed from the data indicate where healthcare resources need to be spent, such as preventative programs for at-risk populations.
  • Consequently, policymakers can allocate funding based on evidence rather than assumptions.
  • In this way, the hub enables predictive modelling for future health challenges.

Implications and Synthesis

  • These platforms work together as an integrated system where individual data feeds population-level insights.
  • The significance is that Australia can shift from reactive to proactive healthcare.
  • Future improvements should include AI-powered insights looking at early disease detection and precisely targeted public health interventions.
  • Future improvements are likely through AI-powered insights that can detect early disease patterns. This in turn creates the potential for more precisely targeted public health interventions, which strengthens both preventative policy and patient outcomes.
Show Worked Solution

Overview Statement

  • My Health Record and the National Health Data Hub are interconnected platforms that enable comprehensive data collection and analysis, transforming healthcare policy and patient care delivery.

My Health Record

  • My Health Record connects to individual patient data by creating digital health profiles accessible to both patients and healthcare providers.
  • This platform interacts with clinical decision-making by providing instant access to medical histories, medications and test results.
  • Evidence shows this helps prevent medication errors and duplicate testing while enabling continuity of care across different medical areas.
  • This means that patients receive more personalised treatment as doctors can make informed decisions based on complete health information.
  • In this way, digital infrastructure is highly influential on the improvement of healthcare efficiency.

National Health Data Hub

  • The National Health Data Hub depends on aggregated data from multiple sources including My Health Record to identify population health trends.
  • This data influences policy development by revealing patterns in disease prevalence and treatment outcomes.
  • Patterns revealed from the data indicate where healthcare resources need to be spent, such as preventative programs for at-risk populations.
  • Consequently, policymakers can allocate funding based on evidence rather than assumptions.
  • In this way, the hub enables predictive modelling for future health challenges.

Implications and Synthesis

  • These platforms work together as an integrated system where individual data feeds population-level insights.
  • The significance is that Australia can shift from reactive to proactive healthcare.
  • Future improvements should include AI-powered insights looking at early disease detection and precisely targeted public health interventions.
  • Future improvements are likely through AI-powered insights that can detect early disease patterns. This in turn creates the potential for more precisely targeted public health interventions, which strengthens both preventative policy and patient outcomes.

HMS, HAG EQ-Bank 055

Evaluate the measures needed to ensure privacy and confidentiality of personal health information when using big data in healthcare. Consider both system-level and individual-level protections in your response.   (8 marks)

Show Answers Only

Evaluation Statement

  • The measures for ensuring privacy and confidentiality of health information are partially effective, showing strong technical protections but limited human-level implementation.

System-Level Security Measures

  • System-level protections strongly meet security requirements through comprehensive technical safeguards.
  • Evidence supporting this includes data encryption that makes information unreadable to unauthorised users, access controls and regular security audits.
  • The evidence indicates that these measures create robust barriers against cyber threats. A critical strength is the multiple layers of protection including clear breach response plans.
  • These technical measures prove highly effective in preventing unauthorised access.

Individual Control and Education

  • Individual-level protections only partially fulfil privacy requirements.
  • While informed consent and withdrawal rights exist for systems like My Health Record, the effectiveness remains limited as there is insufficient public awareness about data security and individual rights.
  • For example, while two-step authentication provides superior personal security, public education on this security measure is limited.
  • Overall, the evidence demonstrates inadequate human understanding of privacy measures.

Final Evaluation

  • Weighing these factors, the privacy protection of Australians’ health care data is technically strong, but shows limitations in its practical implementation.
  • The overall evaluation demonstrates that comprehensive privacy requires equal focus on both system and human elements.
  • The implication is that Australia needs enhanced education programs alongside its existing robust technical measures.
Show Worked Solution

Evaluation Statement

  • The measures for ensuring privacy and confidentiality of health information are partially effective, showing strong technical protections but limited human-level implementation.

System-Level Security Measures

  • System-level protections strongly meet security requirements through comprehensive technical safeguards.
  • Evidence supporting this includes data encryption that makes information unreadable to unauthorised users, access controls and regular security audits.
  • The evidence indicates that these measures create robust barriers against cyber threats. A critical strength is the multiple layers of protection including clear breach response plans.
  • These technical measures prove highly effective in preventing unauthorised access.

Individual Control and Education

  • Individual-level protections only partially fulfil privacy requirements.
  • While informed consent and withdrawal rights exist for systems like My Health Record, the effectiveness remains limited as there is insufficient public awareness about data security and individual rights.
  • For example, while two-step authentication provides superior personal security, public education on this security measure is limited.
  • Overall, the evidence demonstrates inadequate human understanding of privacy measures.

Final Evaluation

  • Weighing these factors, the privacy protection of Australians’ health care data is technically strong, but shows limitations in its practical implementation.
  • The overall evaluation demonstrates that comprehensive privacy requires equal focus on both system and human elements.
  • The implication is that Australia needs enhanced education programs alongside its existing robust technical measures.

HMS, HAG EQ-Bank 054

Explain how predictive analytics using big data can reduce healthcare spending in Australia, providing two specific examples.   (5 marks)

Show Answers Only
  • Predictive analytics reduces healthcare spending because it enables early disease detection through statistical analysis of patient data. This works by analysing patient records, genetic information and lifestyle factors to identify high-risk individuals before symptoms appear.
  • As a result, healthcare providers can implement preventative measures that cost significantly less than treating advanced diseases. This occurs because early-stage treatments are simpler and require fewer resources than late-stage interventions.
  • For instance, when predictive models identify patients at risk of developing diabetes, doctors can prescribe lifestyle changes and monitoring. This leads to reduced spending as these preventative measures cost far less than managing diabetes complications like kidney failure.
  • Another example is using predictive analytics to forecast hospital readmissions. This happens when data identifies patients likely to relapse after discharge. As a result, follow-up care can be arranged earlier, which prevents expensive further hospital stays.
  • In these ways, predictive analytics creates a shift from expensive reactive care to cost-effective preventative care.
Show Worked Solution
  • Predictive analytics reduces healthcare spending because it enables early disease detection through statistical analysis of patient data. This works by analysing patient records, genetic information and lifestyle factors to identify high-risk individuals before symptoms appear.
  • As a result, healthcare providers can implement preventative measures that cost significantly less than treating advanced diseases. This occurs because early-stage treatments are simpler and require fewer resources than late-stage interventions.
  • For instance, when predictive models identify patients at risk of developing diabetes, doctors can prescribe lifestyle changes and monitoring. This leads to reduced spending as these preventative measures cost far less than managing diabetes complications like kidney failure.
  • Another example is using predictive analytics to forecast hospital readmissions. This happens when data identifies patients likely to relapse after discharge. As a result, follow-up care can be arranged earlier, which prevents expensive further hospital stays.
  • In these ways, predictive analytics creates a shift from expensive reactive care to cost-effective preventative care.

HMS, HAG EQ-Bank 052

To what extent has big data improved the management of individual health in Australia?    (8 marks)

Show Answers Only
Judgment Statement
  • Big data has moderately improved individual health management in Australia.
  • Strong impacts are seen in personalised care and remote monitoring.
  • However, challenges such as privacy, low uptake and uneven access limit the overall extent.
Personalised and Preventive Care
  • Evidence supporting this includes personalised treatment through analysing genetics, health records and lifestyle data.
  • This allows more accurate diagnoses and tailored interventions for conditions like diabetes or asthma.
  • Predictive analytics highlight at-risk groups earlier which can reduce the need for costly late-stage care.
  • These outcomes show a direct link between big data and improved health management because individuals benefit from earlier detection and targeted treatment plans.
Privacy, Access and Adoption
  • However, it is important to consider that privacy concerns and variable adoption weaken the impact.
  • Many Australians remain cautious about My Health Record due to data breaches and lack of trust.
  • Low digital literacy and poor connectivity in rural areas limit how individuals can use big data tools.
  • Despite this, the stronger factor is that the systems already in place demonstrate clear health improvements when applied effectively.
Reaffirmation
  • In conclusion, big data has moderately improved individual health management.
  • Its strength lies in enabling earlier, tailored and more accurate care.
  • Limitations such as privacy risks and unequal access reduce the overall extent, but government investment will see continued progress in this area.
  • Therefore, the influence of big data is growing and is likely to expand its role in future health management.
Show Worked Solution
Judgment Statement
  • Big data has moderately improved individual health management in Australia.
  • Strong impacts are seen in personalised care and remote monitoring.
  • However, challenges such as privacy, low uptake and uneven access limit the overall extent.
Personalised and Preventive Care
  • Evidence supporting this includes personalised treatment through analysing genetics, health records and lifestyle data.
  • This allows more accurate diagnoses and tailored interventions for conditions like diabetes or asthma.
  • Predictive analytics highlight at-risk groups earlier which can reduce the need for costly late-stage care.
  • These outcomes show a direct link between big data and improved health management because individuals benefit from earlier detection and targeted treatment plans.
Privacy, Access and Adoption
  • However, it is important to consider that privacy concerns and variable adoption weaken the impact.
  • Many Australians remain cautious about My Health Record due to data breaches and lack of trust.
  • Low digital literacy and poor connectivity in rural areas limit how individuals can use big data tools.
  • Despite this, the stronger factor is that the systems already in place demonstrate clear health improvements when applied effectively.
Reaffirmation
  • In conclusion, big data has moderately improved individual health management.
  • Its strength lies in enabling earlier, tailored and more accurate care.
  • Limitations such as privacy risks and unequal access reduce the overall extent, but government investment will see continued progress in this area.
  • Therefore, the influence of big data is growing and is likely to expand its role in future health management.

HMS, HAG EQ-Bank 051

Explain how big data is shaping health policy in Australia.   (5 marks)

Show Answers Only
  • Big data provides large volumes of health information that governments can analyse to detect patterns in disease and how health services are used. This occurs because big data links datasets and reveals where resources are most needed.
  • Policymakers use this information to design prevention strategies. As a result, focus shifts from treating illness to preventing it, which reduces long-term costs.
  • The National Health Data Hub connects government and aged care data. This system-level data sharing provides information that has a direct link to better health planning.
  • Big data highlights gaps in service delivery, such as access issues in rural areas. This in turn leads to targeted funding and resource allocation.
  • Further, big data uses predictive analytics to identify chronic disease risks early. This produces evidence that helps policymakers plan long-term strategies.
  • In this way, health policy can prioritise early intervention programs that ultimately result in less demand for hospital beds.
Show Worked Solution
  • Big data provides large volumes of health information that governments can analyse to detect patterns in disease and how health services are used. This occurs because big data links datasets and reveals where resources are most needed.
  • Policymakers use this information to design prevention strategies. As a result, focus shifts from treating illness to preventing it, which reduces long-term costs.
  • The National Health Data Hub connects government and aged care data. This system-level data sharing provides information that has a direct link to better health planning.
  • Big data highlights gaps in service delivery, such as access issues in rural areas. This in turn leads to targeted funding and resource allocation.
  • Further, big data uses predictive analytics to identify chronic disease risks early. This produces evidence that helps policymakers plan long-term strategies.
  • In this way, health policy can prioritise early intervention programs that ultimately result in less demand for hospital beds.

HMS, HAG EQ-Bank 050

Chronic diseases such as diabetes, asthma and heart disease require long-term management strategies.

Describe how big data can be used to support the effective management of these types of conditions.   (5 marks)

Show Answers Only
Personalised treatment
  • Big data integrates information from electronic health records, genetic testing, and patient lifestyle patterns such as diet, sleep, and exercise.
  • Analysing these combined datasets helps doctors design individual treatment plans, adjust medications and predict likely disease progression.
  • This personalised approach improves outcomes for chronic conditions such as diabetes, asthma, and cardiovascular disease.
Remote monitoring and support
  • Wearable devices and mobile health apps continuously track data such as heart rate, blood glucose levels and physical activity.
  • Healthcare providers can use this real-time information to detect warning signs early, provide timely interventions, and adjust treatment strategies.
  • This reduces hospital visits, improves adherence to care plans and strengthens long-term disease management.
Show Worked Solution
Personalised treatment
  • Big data integrates information from electronic health records, genetic testing, and patient lifestyle patterns such as diet, sleep, and exercise.
  • Analysing these combined datasets helps doctors design individual treatment plans, adjust medications and predict likely disease progression.
  • This personalised approach improves outcomes for chronic conditions such as diabetes, asthma, and cardiovascular disease.
Remote monitoring and support
  • Wearable devices and mobile health apps continuously track data such as heart rate, blood glucose levels and physical activity.
  • Healthcare providers can use this real-time information to detect warning signs early, provide timely interventions, and adjust treatment strategies.
  • This reduces hospital visits, improves adherence to care plans and strengthens long-term disease management.

CHEMISTRY, M2 EQ-Bank 11 MC

A 5.85 g sample of sodium chloride is dissolved in water to form a solution.

How many ions in total (sodium + chloride) are present in the solution?

  1. 1.5 \(\times\) 10\(^{22}\)
  2. 3.01 \(\times\) 10\(^{22}\)
  3. 6.02 \(\times\) 10\(^{22}\)
  4. 1.20 \(\times\) 10\(^{23}\)
Show Answers Only

\(D\)

Show Worked Solution

\(n\ce{(NaCl)} = \dfrac{m}{MM} = \dfrac{5.85}{58.44} = 0.100\ \text{mol}\)

\(N = n \times N_A = 0.100 \times 6.022 \times 10^{23} = 6.02 \times 10^{22}\)

  • Each sodium chloride compound will produce one of each ion (sodium and chloride) when dissolved in water, hence the total number of ions in the solution \(= 2 \times 6.02 \times 10^{22} = 1.20 \times 10^{23}\)

\(\Rightarrow D\)

CHEMISTRY, M2 EQ-Bank 10 MC

Chlorine is made up of two isotopes with mass numbers 35 and 37.

Determine the percentages of the two isotopes of chlorine given the relative atomic mass is 35.45.

\begin{align*}
\begin{array}{l}
\rule{0pt}{2.5ex} \ \rule[-1ex]{0pt}{0pt}& \\
\rule{0pt}{2.5ex}\textbf{A.}\rule[-1ex]{0pt}{0pt}\\
\rule{0pt}{2.5ex}\textbf{B.}\rule[-1ex]{0pt}{0pt}\\
\rule{0pt}{2.5ex}\textbf{C.}\rule[-1ex]{0pt}{0pt}\\
\rule{0pt}{2.5ex}\textbf{D.}\rule[-1ex]{0pt}{0pt}\\
\end{array}
\begin{array}{|c|c|}
\hline
\rule{0pt}{2.5ex}\text{Chlorine-35}\rule[-1ex]{0pt}{0pt}& \text{Chlorine-37} \\
\hline
\rule{0pt}{2.5ex}\text{47.5%}\rule[-1ex]{0pt}{0pt}&\text{52.5%}\\
\hline
\rule{0pt}{2.5ex}\text{57.5%}\rule[-1ex]{0pt}{0pt}& \text{42.5%}\\
\hline
\rule{0pt}{2.5ex}\text{67.5%}\rule[-1ex]{0pt}{0pt}& \text{32.5%} \\
\hline
\rule{0pt}{2.5ex}\text{77.5%}\rule[-1ex]{0pt}{0pt}& \text{22.5%} \\
\hline
\end{array}
\end{align*}

Show Answers Only

\(D\)

Show Worked Solution
  • Let \(x\) be the percentage of chlorine-35 present, therefore the percentage of chlorine-37 present is \(100-x\).
\(\dfrac{35x +37(100-x)}{100}\) \(=35.45\)  
\(3700-2x\) \(=3545\)  
\(2x\) \(=155\)  
\(x\) \(=77.5\)  

 
\(\Rightarrow D\)

HMS, HAG EQ-Bank 064 MC

The expansion of the National Health Data Hub to include private providers and wearable data would most likely:

  1. Provide broader datasets to inform health policy and research
  2. Simplify healthcare by reducing irrelevant ethical hurdles
  3. Restrict the role of big data for government agencies
  4. Guarantee all patient information used for research remains anonymous
Show Answers Only

\(A\)

Show Worked Solution
  • A is correct: Expanding the National Health Data Hub to include private providers and wearable data would provide broader datasets, allowing more comprehensive analysis.

Other options:

  • B is incorrect: Ethical considerations are central to data use in healthcare and cannot be dismissed as irrelevant.
  • C is incorrect: Expansion would broaden the scope of big data use beyond government agencies, not restrict it.
  • D is incorrect: While de-identification is common in research, the key issue in the question is expansion of datasets, not assurance of data anonymity.

CHEMISTRY, M2 EQ-Bank 8

A small community pool generates chlorine gas on site by reacting manganese dioxide \(\ce{(MnO2)}\) with hydrochloric acid. The reaction also forms \(\ce{(MnCl2)}\) and water.

In one batch, a technician adds 87.0 g of \(\ce{MnO2}\) to 400.0 mL of 5.00 M \(\ce{HCl}\). The chlorine produced is collected as a dry gas in a cylinder at 25\(^{\circ}\)C and 100 kPa.

If the process operates at 80% efficiency (overall yield), what volume of chlorine gas will actually be obtained?   (5 marks)

Show Answers Only

\(9.92\ \text{L}\)

Show Worked Solution
  • The balanced chemical equation for the reaction is given by:
  •    \(\ce{MnO2 (s)+ 4HCl (aq) -> MnCl2 (aq) + Cl2 (g) + 2H2O (l)}\)
  •    \(n\ce{(MnO2)} = \dfrac{m}{MM} = \dfrac{87.0}{86.94} = 1.00\ \text{mol}\)
  •    \(n\ce{(HCl)} = c \times V = 5.00 \times 0.400 = 2\ \text{mol}\)
     
  • By the ratios in the chemical equation, 1 mole of manganese dioxide reacts with 4 moles of hydrochloric acid. As there are only 2 moles of hydrochloric acid present in the reaction, \(\ce{HCl}\) is the limiting reagent.
  •    \(n\ce{(Cl2)} = \dfrac{n\ce{(HCl)}}{4} = \dfrac{2}{4} = 0.5\ \text{mol}\)
     
  • As the process is 80% efficient, 0.4 mol of \(\ce{Cl2}\) are produced.
  •    \(V = n \times V_m = 0.4 \times 24.79 = 9.92\ \text{L (3 sig fig)}\)

CHEMISTRY, M2 EQ-Bank 7 MC

A 1.50 kg sample of natural gas contains 600.0 g of methane \(\ce{(CH4)}\) and the remainder is ethane \(\ce{(C2H6)}\).

What mass of this sample is due to carbon?

  1. 1250 g
  2. 1168 g
  3. 816 g
  4. 600 g
Show Answers Only

\(B\)

Show Worked Solution

\(MM\ce{(CH4)} = 12.01 + 4(1.008) = 16.042\ \text{g mol}^{-1}\).

\(n\ce{(CH4)} = \dfrac{m}{MM} = \dfrac{600}{16.042} = 37.402\ \text{mol}\)

  • Each mole of methane has 12.01 g of carbon. Mass of carbon in the methane is:
  •    \(m\ce{(C)} = 37.402 \times 12.01 = 449.2\ \text{g}\) 
  • There are 900 grams of ethane in the sample of natural gas. Similarly:
  •    \(MM\ce{(C2H6)}  = 30.068\ \text{g mol}^{-1}\).
  •    \(n\ce{(CH4)} = \dfrac{900}{30.068} = 29.932\ \text{mol}\)
  • Each mole of ethane has 24.02 g of carbon. Mass of carbon in the ethane is:
  •    \(m\ce{(C)} = 29.932 \times 24.02 = 719.0\ \text{g}\) 
  • Total mass of carbon \(=449.2 + 719.0 = 1168.2\ \text{g}\)

\(\Rightarrow B\)

HMS, HAG EQ-Bank 062 MC

How does big data enable precision medicine in Australia?

  1. By applying universal treatment plans across patient groups
  2. By reducing the potential for human error in healthcare decisions
  3. By integrating lifestyle and clinical data for tailored care
  4. By ensuring all patients can receive advanced care
Show Answers Only

\(C\)

Show Worked Solution
  • C is correct: Big data enables precision medicine by integrating lifestyle, genetic and clinical data to personalise care.

Other options:

  • A is incorrect: Applying universal treatment plans ignores individual variation. Precision medicine relies on personalised, not standardised, care.
  • B is incorrect: While data analysis can reduce some human error, this is not the core function of precision medicine.
  • D is incorrect: Big data can improve access through remote monitoring and digital platforms, but it cannot guarantee that all patients will receive advanced care.

HMS, HAG EQ-Bank 058 MC

A regional hospital is reviewing patient records, genetic information and lifestyle data. Analysts use this information to identify patients at high risk of diabetes and implement early intervention programs.

Which of the following best explains how this use of big data reduces healthcare spending?

  1. It lowers costs by avoiding expensive late-stage complications of disease
  2. It reduces the number of health records stored in hospital systems
  3. It increases the ability of emergency departments to facilitate early intervention
  4. It prevents the need for training staff in chronic disease management
Show Answers Only

\(A\)

Show Worked Solution
  • A is correct: By identifying at-risk patients and enabling early intervention, big data reduces the likelihood of costly late-stage complications such as dialysis or amputations, lowering overall healthcare spending.

Other options:

  • B is incorrect: Reducing the number of stored health records does not significantly impact spending and is not the purpose of big data analysis.
  • C is incorrect: While emergency departments may respond quickly, their primary role is for acute care in emergencies, not preventive care.
  • D is incorrect: Training staff remains essential. Big data supports decision-making but does not replace professional education.

HMS, HAG EQ-Bank 044

To what extent has digital health been successful in connecting health information.   (8 marks)

Show Answers Only

Judgment Statement

  • Digital health has been moderately successful in connecting health information.
  • Strong progress has been made in system infrastructure and coverage, but outcomes are limited by low engagement and incomplete data integration.

Infrastructure Achievement

  • Evidence supporting this includes impressive technical connectivity across healthcare providers.
  • Over 98% of GPs, pharmacies and public hospitals are registered with My Health Record systems.
  • With 24 million records created, most Australians have at least partial health histories digitally stored.
  • One major reason why this represents moderate success is the establishment of interoperable systems enabling real-time data sharing.
  • During COVID-19, telehealth integration highlighted the system’s ability to connect records quickly and effectively.
  • This shows digital health has been highly effective in building infrastructure for information connection nationwide.

Limited Practical Impact

  • However, it is important to consider that only one quarter of Australians actively view their digital health records.
  • Despite extensive infrastructure, specialists and aged care providers remain largely disconnected, reducing the system’s completeness.
  • For example, only 20% of diagnostic imaging data is uploaded, leaving critical information missing.
  • This means connection exists technically but not fully in practice, as limited usage prevents optimal outcomes.
  • This demonstrates that digital health has achieved structural readiness but limited practical impact.

Reaffirmation

  • Overall, digital health has reached moderate success: strong infrastructure with limited real-world utilisation.
  • The government’s ~$1 billion investment into upgrades confirms this realisation and that more development is needed.
  • Therefore, while the foundations are there, future success depends on expanding provider participation and increasing consumer engagement to ensure the system is fully utilised.
Show Worked Solution

Judgment Statement

  • Digital health has been moderately successful in connecting health information.
  • Strong progress has been made in system infrastructure and coverage, but outcomes are limited by low engagement and incomplete data integration.

Infrastructure Achievement

  • Evidence supporting this includes impressive technical connectivity across healthcare providers.
  • Over 98% of GPs, pharmacies and public hospitals are registered with My Health Record systems.
  • With 24 million records created, most Australians have at least partial health histories digitally stored.
  • One major reason why this represents moderate success is the establishment of interoperable systems enabling real-time data sharing.
  • During COVID-19, telehealth integration highlighted the system’s ability to connect records quickly and effectively.
  • This shows digital health has been highly effective in building infrastructure for information connection nationwide.

Limited Practical Impact

  • However, it is important to consider that only one quarter of Australians actively view their digital health records.
  • Despite extensive infrastructure, specialists and aged care providers remain largely disconnected, reducing the system’s completeness.
  • For example, only 20% of diagnostic imaging data is uploaded, leaving critical information missing.
  • This means connection exists technically but not fully in practice, as limited usage prevents optimal outcomes.
  • This demonstrates that digital health has achieved structural readiness but limited practical impact.

Reaffirmation

  • Overall, digital health has reached moderate success: strong infrastructure with limited real-world utilisation.
  • The government’s ~$1 billion investment into upgrades confirms this realisation and that more development is needed.
  • Therefore, while the foundations are there, future success depends on expanding provider participation and increasing consumer engagement to ensure the system is fully utilised.

HMS, HAG EQ-Bank 043

Discuss the relationship between data security concerns and public engagement with digital health platforms in Australia.   (6 marks)

Show Answers Only
  • [P] Security concerns create significant barriers to digital health engagement.
  • [E] Privacy fears about data breaches directly discourage Australians from actively using My Health Record platforms.
  • [Ev] Only a quarter of record holders actively view their health information, with surveys showing security worries as the primary reason for disengagement
  • [L] This demonstrates how security anxieties fundamentally limit public participation in digital health.
     
  • [P] From another perspective, robust security measures can enhance engagement.
  • [E] Well-communicated security features build trust necessary for platform adoption.
  • [Ev] Healthcare providers using visible encryption and two-factor authentication report 40% higher patient portal usage.
  • [L] Therefore, transparent security protocols significantly increases digital health engagement.
     
  • [P] Critics of increased security protocols would argue that this must be weighed against accessibility challenges.
  • [E] Complex security requirements create barriers for vulnerable populations.
  • [Ev] Elderly users abandon platforms requiring multiple authentication steps, with rural communities particularly affected.
  • [L] This reveals the delicate balance between protecting data and ensuring usable access.
Show Worked Solution
  • [P] Security concerns create significant barriers to digital health engagement.
  • [E] Privacy fears about data breaches directly discourage Australians from actively using My Health Record platforms.
  • [Ev] Only a quarter of record holders actively view their health information, with surveys showing security worries as the primary reason for disengagement
  • [L] This demonstrates how security anxieties fundamentally limit public participation in digital health.
     
  • [P] From another perspective, robust security measures can enhance engagement.
  • [E] Well-communicated security features build trust necessary for platform adoption.
  • [Ev] Healthcare providers using visible encryption and two-factor authentication report 40% higher patient portal usage.
  • [L] Therefore, transparent security protocols significantly increases digital health engagement.
     
  • [P] Critics of increased security protocols would argue that this must be weighed against accessibility challenges.
  • [E] Complex security requirements create barriers for vulnerable populations.
  • [Ev] Elderly users abandon platforms requiring multiple authentication steps, with rural communities particularly affected.
  • [L] This reveals the delicate balance between protecting data and ensuring usable access.

HMS, HAG EQ-Bank 174

Explain how different healthcare system components work together to deliver person-centred care for patients with complex needs.   (4 marks)

Show Answers Only

Position Statement:

  • Integrating multiple system components is essential for effective person-centred healthcare because fragmented services fail to address complex patient needs.

Comprehensive Care Delivery:

  • Integration enables comprehensive care addressing all aspects of patient wellbeing rather than isolated medical conditions.
  • Government clinical services combined with non-government support programs create holistic treatment approaches respecting patient preferences.
  • Mental health services collaborating with housing and employment organisations address social determinants impacting health outcomes.
  • This ensures patients receive coordinated care across multiple domains rather than experiencing gaps.
  • Evidence demonstrates integrated care improves patient satisfaction and outcomes whilst reducing costs.

Seamless Service Coordination:

  • Integration eliminates duplication and fragmentation creating barriers to care delivery.
  • Coordinated information sharing ensures continuity as patients transition between services.
  • Shared care planning enables providers to understand patient goals and work toward common outcomes.
  • This particularly benefits vulnerable populations requiring multiple services but struggling with complex navigation.

Reinforcement:

  • Evidence demonstrates integrated system components provide superior person-centred care compared to fragmented approaches, making integration essential.
Show Worked Solution

Position Statement:

  • Integrating multiple system components is essential for effective person-centred healthcare because fragmented services fail to address complex patient needs.

Comprehensive Care Delivery:

  • Integration enables comprehensive care addressing all aspects of patient wellbeing rather than isolated medical conditions.
  • Government clinical services combined with non-government support programs create holistic treatment approaches respecting patient preferences.
  • Mental health services collaborating with housing and employment organisations address social determinants impacting health outcomes.
  • This ensures patients receive coordinated care across multiple domains rather than experiencing gaps.
  • Evidence demonstrates integrated care improves patient satisfaction and outcomes whilst reducing costs.

Seamless Service Coordination:

  • Integration eliminates duplication and fragmentation creating barriers to care delivery.
  • Coordinated information sharing ensures continuity as patients transition between services.
  • Shared care planning enables providers to understand patient goals and work toward common outcomes.
  • This particularly benefits vulnerable populations requiring multiple services but struggling with complex navigation.

Reinforcement:

  • Evidence demonstrates integrated system components provide superior person-centred care compared to fragmented approaches, making integration essential.

HMS, HAG EQ-Bank 171

To what extent do organisational structures within Australia's healthcare system enable effective collaboration between government and non-government sectors?   (6 marks)

Show Answers Only

Judgment Statement:

  • Organisational structures enable collaboration between government and non-government sectors to a moderate extent.
  • Success exists in service coordination but limitations persist in achieving seamless integration.

Successful Coordination Mechanisms:

  • Formal partnership structures effectively facilitate collaboration through established frameworks and communication channels.
  • Government health departments create contractual arrangements with private hospitals enabling elective surgery partnerships that reduce public waiting lists.
  • Regional health networks coordinate services between public hospitals, community health centres and aged care providers through shared governance structures.
  • Professional bodies bridge sectors by establishing clinical standards and training programs used across government and non-government organisations.
  • These structures enable resource sharing, joint planning and coordinated patient care pathways that improve healthcare delivery efficiency.

Integration Limitations:

  • However, organisational barriers significantly limit collaboration effectiveness between sectors.
  • Different accountability systems create competing priorities where government focuses on population health whilst private organisations prioritise financial sustainability.
  • Information technology incompatibilities prevent seamless data sharing between organisations, limiting coordinated care.
  • Regulatory frameworks often create silos with separate reporting requirements and quality standards that discourage integration efforts.

Reaffirmation:

  • Evidence demonstrates moderate effectiveness in enabling collaboration with successful coordination mechanisms.
  • However, persistent structural barriers require enhanced integration approaches for optimal outcomes.
Show Worked Solution

Judgment Statement:

  • Organisational structures enable collaboration between government and non-government sectors to a moderate extent.
  • Success exists in service coordination but limitations persist in achieving seamless integration.

Successful Coordination Mechanisms:

  • Formal partnership structures effectively facilitate collaboration through established frameworks and communication channels.
  • Government health departments create contractual arrangements with private hospitals enabling elective surgery partnerships that reduce public waiting lists.
  • Regional health networks coordinate services between public hospitals, community health centres and aged care providers through shared governance structures.
  • Professional bodies bridge sectors by establishing clinical standards and training programs used across government and non-government organisations.
  • These structures enable resource sharing, joint planning and coordinated patient care pathways that improve healthcare delivery efficiency.

Integration Limitations:

  • However, organisational barriers significantly limit collaboration effectiveness between sectors.
  • Different accountability systems create competing priorities where government focuses on population health whilst private organisations prioritise financial sustainability.
  • Information technology incompatibilities prevent seamless data sharing between organisations, limiting coordinated care.
  • Regulatory frameworks often create silos with separate reporting requirements and quality standards that discourage integration efforts.

Reaffirmation:

  • Evidence demonstrates moderate effectiveness in enabling collaboration with successful coordination mechanisms.
  • However, persistent structural barriers require enhanced integration approaches for optimal outcomes.

HMS, HAG EQ-Bank 168

Evaluate the effectiveness of shared responsibility models in achieving equitable healthcare access across different Australian population groups.   (8 marks)

Show Answers Only

Evaluation Statement:

  • Shared responsibility models demonstrate moderate effectiveness in achieving equitable healthcare access.
  • Success is evident in expanding service diversity but limitations exist in addressing systematic barriers for vulnerable populations.

Service Expansion and Coverage:

  • Shared responsibility models effectively expand healthcare coverage by combining government and non-government capacity.
  • Government provides universal Medicare coverage for basic healthcare access whilst private organisations reduce public hospital waiting lists through provision of alternative services.
  • Not-for-profit organisations fill gaps in mental health support, disability services and culturally appropriate care for specific communities.
  • This collaboration creates multiple access points improving overall population coverage.
  • However, effectiveness varies across population groups.
  • Rural communities benefit from shared models through community health centres and telehealth partnerships, yet geographic isolation still limits specialist access.
  • Indigenous populations receive improved services through Aboriginal Community Controlled Health Services, but health outcome gaps persist due to broader social determinants.

Equity and Accessibility Challenges:

  • Shared responsibility models show limited effectiveness in addressing equity barriers for disadvantaged populations.
  • Private healthcare primarily serves insured populations, potentially creating two-tiered access systems.
  • Cost barriers remain significant for vulnerable groups despite government subsidies and not-for-profit services.
  • Coordination challenges between sectors can create service fragmentation, particularly affecting people with complex needs requiring multiple providers.
  • Cultural competency varies across organisations, limiting effectiveness for culturally diverse communities.

Final Evaluation:

  • Overall assessment reveals moderate effectiveness with promising coverage expansion but persistent equity challenges requiring enhanced coordination and targeted interventions for vulnerable populations.
Show Worked Solution

Evaluation Statement:

  • Shared responsibility models demonstrate moderate effectiveness in achieving equitable healthcare access.
  • Success is evident in expanding service diversity but limitations exist in addressing systematic barriers for vulnerable populations.

Service Expansion and Coverage:

  • Shared responsibility models effectively expand healthcare coverage by combining government and non-government capacity.
  • Government provides universal Medicare coverage for basic healthcare access whilst private organisations reduce public hospital waiting lists through provision of alternative services.
  • Not-for-profit organisations fill gaps in mental health support, disability services and culturally appropriate care for specific communities.
  • This collaboration creates multiple access points improving overall population coverage.
  • However, effectiveness varies across population groups.
  • Rural communities benefit from shared models through community health centres and telehealth partnerships, yet geographic isolation still limits specialist access.
  • Indigenous populations receive improved services through Aboriginal Community Controlled Health Services, but health outcome gaps persist due to broader social determinants.

Equity and Accessibility Challenges:

  • Shared responsibility models show limited effectiveness in addressing equity barriers for disadvantaged populations.
  • Private healthcare primarily serves insured populations, potentially creating two-tiered access systems.
  • Cost barriers remain significant for vulnerable groups despite government subsidies and not-for-profit services.
  • Coordination challenges between sectors can create service fragmentation, particularly affecting people with complex needs requiring multiple providers.
  • Cultural competency varies across organisations, limiting effectiveness for culturally diverse communities.

Final Evaluation:

  • Overall assessment reveals moderate effectiveness with promising coverage expansion but persistent equity challenges requiring enhanced coordination and targeted interventions for vulnerable populations.

HMS, HAG EQ-Bank 165

Justify the importance of non-government organisations in delivering healthcare services that complement government provision.   (6 marks)

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Position Statement:

  • Non-government organisations are essential for comprehensive healthcare delivery because they address service gaps and provide specialised care that government systems cannot adequately cover.

Service Gap Coverage:

  • Non-government organisations fill critical gaps by serving populations that government services struggle to address effectively.
  • Private hospitals reduce public hospital waiting lists by providing elective surgery options.
  • Not-for-profit organisations deliver mental health support, disability services and aged care complementing government programs.
  • These organisations operate with flexibility enabling rapid response to emerging health needs.
  • Community health centres provide culturally appropriate services for Indigenous and diverse communities where mainstream services lack cultural competency.

Specialised Expertise:

  • Non-government organisations develop specialised expertise that enhances overall system capacity.
  • Research institutes advance medical knowledge through clinical trials.
  • Professional associations maintain clinical standards and provide healthcare worker education.
  • Charitable organisations focus on particular conditions creating centres of excellence.
  • This specialisation results in better patient outcomes and treatment advances benefiting the entire healthcare system.

Reinforcement:

  • Evidence demonstrates that non-government organisations provide essential complementary services that strengthen healthcare delivery and improve population health outcomes.
Show Worked Solution

Position Statement:

  • Non-government organisations are essential for comprehensive healthcare delivery because they address service gaps and provide specialised care that government systems cannot adequately cover.

Service Gap Coverage:

  • Non-government organisations fill critical gaps by serving populations that government services struggle to address effectively.
  • Private hospitals reduce public hospital waiting lists by providing elective surgery options.
  • Not-for-profit organisations deliver mental health support, disability services and aged care complementing government programs.
  • These organisations operate with flexibility enabling rapid response to emerging health needs.
  • Community health centres provide culturally appropriate services for Indigenous and diverse communities where mainstream services lack cultural competency.

Specialised Expertise:

  • Non-government organisations develop specialised expertise that enhances overall system capacity.
  • Research institutes advance medical knowledge through clinical trials.
  • Professional associations maintain clinical standards and provide healthcare worker education.
  • Charitable organisations focus on particular conditions creating centres of excellence.
  • This specialisation results in better patient outcomes and treatment advances benefiting the entire healthcare system.

Reinforcement:

  • Evidence demonstrates that non-government organisations provide essential complementary services that strengthen healthcare delivery and improve population health outcomes.

HMS, HAG EQ-Bank 162

Analyse the relationships between different levels of government in Australia's healthcare system and their implications for healthcare delivery.   (8 marks)

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Overview Statement:

  • Federal, state and local governments operate through interconnected relationships that determine healthcare delivery effectiveness across Australia’s diverse population needs.

Federal-State Relationship:

  • Federal and state governments interact through funding arrangements and service delivery partnerships that influence healthcare accessibility and quality.
  • This relationship operates through Medicare funding and hospital agreements where federal government provides financial resources whilst states deliver hospital services.
  • The connection between these levels ensures national coverage standards whilst enabling state-specific service adaptation.
  • However, this relationship creates tension when federal funding priorities conflict with state service demands.
  • Consequently, this interdependence results in negotiated agreements that determine hospital capacity and specialist service availability across different states.

State-Local Coordination:

  • State and local governments collaborate through community health initiatives that connect population-level planning with neighbourhood implementation.
  • This relationship functions when states establish health policies that local councils translate into community programs.
  • The interaction between these levels produces coordinated prevention strategies and health promotion campaigns.
  • This partnership enables local governments to address specific community health challenges whilst maintaining alignment with state health priorities.
  • Therefore, this relationship results in targeted interventions that reflect both regional health data and local community characteristics.

Implications:

  • These interconnected relationships create comprehensive healthcare coverage but also generate coordination challenges that affect service efficiency and patient outcomes across Australia.
Show Worked Solution

Overview Statement:

  • Federal, state and local governments operate through interconnected relationships that determine healthcare delivery effectiveness across Australia’s diverse population needs.

Federal-State Relationship:

  • Federal and state governments interact through funding arrangements and service delivery partnerships that influence healthcare accessibility and quality.
  • This relationship operates through Medicare funding and hospital agreements where federal government provides financial resources whilst states deliver hospital services.
  • The connection between these levels ensures national coverage standards whilst enabling state-specific service adaptation.
  • However, this relationship creates tension when federal funding priorities conflict with state service demands.
  • Consequently, this interdependence results in negotiated agreements that determine hospital capacity and specialist service availability across different states.

State-Local Coordination:

  • State and local governments collaborate through community health initiatives that connect population-level planning with neighbourhood implementation.
  • This relationship functions when states establish health policies that local councils translate into community programs.
  • The interaction between these levels produces coordinated prevention strategies and health promotion campaigns.
  • This partnership enables local governments to address specific community health challenges whilst maintaining alignment with state health priorities.
  • Therefore, this relationship results in targeted interventions that reflect both regional health data and local community characteristics.

Implications:

  • These interconnected relationships create comprehensive healthcare coverage but also generate coordination challenges that affect service efficiency and patient outcomes across Australia.

HMS, HAG EQ-Bank 157

Evaluate the effectiveness of government strategies to improve healthcare access for Aboriginal and Torres Strait Islander Peoples.   (8 marks)

Show Answers Only

Evaluation Statement:

  • Government strategies demonstrate moderate effectiveness in improving Aboriginal and Torres Strait Islander healthcare access.
  • Success exists in community-controlled services, however, limitations persist in addressing systemic barriers.

Community-Controlled Health Services:

  • Aboriginal Community Controlled Health Services represent a highly effective strategy for improving healthcare access. These services provide culturally appropriate healthcare respecting traditional approaches to health.
  • Community-controlled organisations understand local needs and deliver culturally safe services. Evidence shows these services achieve better health outcomes by building trust between providers and Aboriginal communities.
  • Funding expansion has increased accessibility in many regions, particularly for primary healthcare delivery. However, funding remains inconsistent across regions, limiting programme reach and sustainability.

Cultural Safety and Policy Framework:

  • Government policy frameworks show partial effectiveness in improving access. These include the Cultural Safety Monitoring Framework and National Agreement on Closing the Gap.
  • These policies establish guidelines for culturally appropriate healthcare delivery and set measurable targets. Cultural safety focus helps address discrimination and power imbalances that historically prevented access.
  • Nevertheless, implementation remains inconsistent across healthcare providers with significant gaps existing between policy intentions and practical delivery.
  • Many mainstream services lack adequate cultural competency training, limiting framework effectiveness.

Final Evaluation:

  • Overall assessment reveals moderate effectiveness with promising community control initiatives and cultural frameworks.
  • Strengths include increased community ownership and improved cultural responsiveness.
  • However, limitations persist in addressing systemic issues and achieving equitable outcomes across all communities.
Show Worked Solution

Evaluation Statement:

  • Government strategies demonstrate moderate effectiveness in improving Aboriginal and Torres Strait Islander healthcare access.
  • Success exists in community-controlled services, however, limitations persist in addressing systemic barriers.

Community-Controlled Health Services:

  • Aboriginal Community Controlled Health Services represent a highly effective strategy for improving healthcare access. These services provide culturally appropriate healthcare respecting traditional approaches to health.
  • Community-controlled organisations understand local needs and deliver culturally safe services. Evidence shows these services achieve better health outcomes by building trust between providers and Aboriginal communities.
  • Funding expansion has increased accessibility in many regions, particularly for primary healthcare delivery. However, funding remains inconsistent across regions, limiting programme reach and sustainability.

Cultural Safety and Policy Framework:

  • Government policy frameworks show partial effectiveness in improving access. These include the Cultural Safety Monitoring Framework and National Agreement on Closing the Gap.
  • These policies establish guidelines for culturally appropriate healthcare delivery and set measurable targets. Cultural safety focus helps address discrimination and power imbalances that historically prevented access.
  • Nevertheless, implementation remains inconsistent across healthcare providers with significant gaps existing between policy intentions and practical delivery.
  • Many mainstream services lack adequate cultural competency training, limiting framework effectiveness.

Final Evaluation:

  • Overall assessment reveals moderate effectiveness with promising community control initiatives and cultural frameworks.
  • Strengths include increased community ownership and improved cultural responsiveness.
  • However, limitations persist in addressing systemic issues and achieving equitable outcomes across all communities.

HMS, HAG EQ-Bank 041

To what extent does digital health improve both efficiency for organisations and quality of care for individuals?    (8 marks)

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Judgment Statement

  • Digital health improves efficiency for organisations and quality of care for individuals to a significant extent.
  • This judgment is based on its impact on access to health information, efficiency of services and challenges with data use and equity.

Efficiency and Access Gains

  • Digital health reduces duplication of services by storing prescriptions, imaging and vaccination records in My Health Record.
  • Evidence supporting this includes 24 million Australians now having a record, with 98% containing some data.
  • Organisations such as hospitals and GPs can instantly view history, allergies and medications, saving time and resources.
  • Telehealth also improves efficiency by lowering travel needs and freeing up hospital space.
  • These factors show that digital health has been highly effective in improving efficiency.

Quality of Care and Ongoing Challenges

  • Individuals benefit from tools like the my health app, which provides immediate access to test results and vaccination records.
  • This leads to more informed decision-making and stronger patient engagement.
  • However, challenges remain with low digital literacy, patchy internet in rural areas and privacy concerns.
  • These barriers show digital health is not fully leveraged, meaning improvements in quality of care are only partially achieved.

Reaffirmation

  • On balance, the evidence shows that digital health has significantly improved efficiency for organisations while only moderately improving quality of care for individuals.
  • The evidence shows progress is substantial, but limited by inequities and data challenges.
  • To reach its full potential, further investment in digital literacy, connectivity and data security is needed.
Show Worked Solution

Judgment Statement

  • Digital health improves efficiency for organisations and quality of care for individuals to a significant extent.
  • This judgment is based on its impact on access to health information, efficiency of services and challenges with data use and equity.

Efficiency and Access Gains

  • Digital health reduces duplication of services by storing prescriptions, imaging and vaccination records in My Health Record.
  • Evidence supporting this includes 24 million Australians now having a record, with 98% containing some data.
  • Organisations such as hospitals and GPs can instantly view history, allergies and medications, saving time and resources.
  • Telehealth also improves efficiency by lowering travel needs and freeing up hospital space.
  • These factors show that digital health has been highly effective in improving efficiency.

Quality of Care and Ongoing Challenges

  • Individuals benefit from tools like the my health app, which provides immediate access to test results and vaccination records.
  • This leads to more informed decision-making and stronger patient engagement.
  • However, challenges remain with low digital literacy, patchy internet in rural areas and privacy concerns.
  • These barriers show digital health is not fully leveraged, meaning improvements in quality of care are only partially achieved.

Reaffirmation

  • On balance, the evidence shows that digital health has significantly improved efficiency for organisations while only moderately improving quality of care for individuals.
  • The evidence shows progress is substantial, but limited by inequities and data challenges.
  • To reach its full potential, further investment in digital literacy, connectivity and data security is needed.

HMS, HAG EQ-Bank 040

Evaluate the impact of digital health on reducing health inequities across Australia.    (8 marks)

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Evaluation Statement

  • Digital health has been partially effective in reducing health inequities across Australia.
  • It has improved access to services and availability of information, but challenges with equity of access and digital literacy remain.
  • This evaluation will consider access improvements and ongoing barriers to fairness.

Access to Services

  • Telehealth has allowed people in rural and remote areas to consult specialists without travelling long distances.
  • This is a critical strength, as it reduces the gap between city and country healthcare.
  • The my health app and My Health Record also give patients instant access to results, prescriptions and vaccination records.
  • Evidence supporting this includes widespread uptake of digital platforms, with 24 million Australians having a My Health Record.
  • These tools strongly meet the goal of improving access and reducing geographic inequities.

Equity and Digital Literacy

  • However, barriers such as poor internet in remote areas, lower digital skills and limited confidence in using health technology reduce fair access.
  • For example, older Australians or those with lower socioeconomic status may struggle to use apps effectively.
  • Concerns about privacy and security also discourage participation.
  • These weaknesses mean digital health only partially fulfils its aim of reducing inequities across all groups.

Final Evaluation

  • Overall, this evaluation demonstrates that digital health makes a valuable but incomplete contribution to reducing health inequities.
  • While strong in expanding access, it is weakened by limited digital literacy and infrastructure gaps.
  • Weighing these factors shows digital health is partially effective and requires further investment in education and connectivity to achieve optimal equity.
Show Worked Solution

Evaluation Statement

  • Digital health has been partially effective in reducing health inequities across Australia.
  • It has improved access to services and availability of information, but challenges with equity of access and digital literacy remain.
  • This evaluation will consider access improvements and ongoing barriers to fairness.

Access to Services

  • Telehealth has allowed people in rural and remote areas to consult specialists without travelling long distances.
  • This is a critical strength, as it reduces the gap between city and country healthcare.
  • The my health app and My Health Record also give patients instant access to results, prescriptions and vaccination records.
  • Evidence supporting this includes widespread uptake of digital platforms, with 24 million Australians having a My Health Record.
  • These tools strongly meet the goal of improving access and reducing geographic inequities.

Equity and Digital Literacy

  • However, barriers such as poor internet in remote areas, lower digital skills and limited confidence in using health technology reduce fair access.
  • For example, older Australians or those with lower socioeconomic status may struggle to use apps effectively.
  • Concerns about privacy and security also discourage participation.
  • These weaknesses mean digital health only partially fulfils its aim of reducing inequities across all groups.

Final Evaluation

  • Overall, this evaluation demonstrates that digital health makes a valuable but incomplete contribution to reducing health inequities.
  • While strong in expanding access, it is weakened by limited digital literacy and infrastructure gaps.
  • Weighing these factors shows digital health is partially effective and requires further investment in education and connectivity to achieve optimal equity.

HMS, HAG EQ-Bank 147

Discuss how policy reform and workforce development represent essential strategies for addressing Australia's ageing population challenges.    (6 marks)

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Benefits of policy reform strategies

  • [P] Adjusting retirement ages and pension schemes creates opportunities for older adults to maintain economic productivity while supporting financial sustainability.
  • [E] Policy reforms that allow individuals to continue contributing to the workforce through flexible arrangements promote both financial stability and social engagement for older Australians.
  • [Ev] Tax policy reforms that provide benefits for part-time work can incentivise older adults to remain economically active longer, reducing pension system pressures.
  • [L] Therefore, policy reforms can create sustainable economic environments that benefit both older individuals and broader society.

Challenges of workforce development needs

  • [P] However, workforce shortages in aged care and healthcare sectors create significant challenges that require comprehensive training and recruitment strategies.
  • [E] The growing demand for aged care workers combined with an ageing workforce means Australia faces critical shortages in essential care services.
  • [Ev] Government initiatives to attract, retain and train aged care workers are essential but require substantial investment in education, competitive wages and career development opportunities.
  • [L] Consequently, without adequate workforce development, the increasing aged care demands cannot be met effectively, potentially compromising care quality and accessibility for older Australians.
Show Worked Solution

Benefits of policy reform strategies

  • [P] Adjusting retirement ages and pension schemes creates opportunities for older adults to maintain economic productivity while supporting financial sustainability.
  • [E] Policy reforms that allow individuals to continue contributing to the workforce through flexible arrangements promote both financial stability and social engagement for older Australians.
  • [Ev] Tax policy reforms that provide benefits for part-time work can incentivise older adults to remain economically active longer, reducing pension system pressures.
  • [L] Therefore, policy reforms can create sustainable economic environments that benefit both older individuals and broader society.

Challenges of workforce development needs

  • [P] However, workforce shortages in aged care and healthcare sectors create significant challenges that require comprehensive training and recruitment strategies.
  • [E] The growing demand for aged care workers combined with an ageing workforce means Australia faces critical shortages in essential care services.
  • [Ev] Government initiatives to attract, retain and train aged care workers are essential but require substantial investment in education, competitive wages and career development opportunities.
  • [L] Consequently, without adequate workforce development, the increasing aged care demands cannot be met effectively, potentially compromising care quality and accessibility for older Australians.

HMS, HAG EQ-Bank 039

Assess the extent to which My Health Record has successfully connected health information in Australia.   (8 marks)

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Judgment Statement

  • My Health Record has been moderately successful in connecting health information across Australia.
  • It has shown progress in coverage and access, but faces challenges in usage and depth of data.
  • This assessment will focus on how well it connects information for providers and patients, and whether it is widely and effectively used.

Coverage and Access

  • The system includes 24 million Australians that have records out of a population of 27 million. With 98% of records containing some data, a vast majority of people have at least partial health histories recorded.
  • This demonstrates significant success in collecting patient information nationally.
  • Public hospitals, GPs and pharmacies are registered with the system, creating a good opportunity for integrated care and data enhancement.
  • However, a number of practical limitations exist. For example, only 20% of diagnostic imaging is uploaded, which limits the information available.
  • This indicates that although the system can support a wide range of health information, limited uploading reduces its effectiveness which diminishes its value for clinical decision-making.

Usage and Effectiveness

  • Despite wide coverage, only one quarter of records are actively viewed. This demonstrates limited engagement, reducing its practical benefit.
  • Healthcare providers may not always upload or access data due to system complexity. Significant and ongoing government investment in system upgrades highlights its recognition of these issues.
  • While usage is improving, overall outcomes remain inconsistent and uneven.

Overall Assessment

  • On balance, My Health Record is valuable but not yet fully effective in connecting health information.
  • It delivers broad access but limited uptake and lack of detailed information reduce its overall effectiveness.
  • Greater engagement, improved interoperability and stronger data uploads are needed to reach its full potential for coordinated care in Australia.
Show Worked Solution

Judgment Statement

  • My Health Record has been moderately successful in connecting health information across Australia.
  • It has shown progress in coverage and access, but faces challenges in usage and depth of data.
  • This assessment will focus on how well it connects information for providers and patients, and whether it is widely and effectively used.

Coverage and Access

  • The system includes 24 million Australians that have records out of a population of 27 million. With 98% of records containing some data, a vast majority of people have at least partial health histories recorded.
  • This demonstrates significant success in collecting patient information nationally.
  • Public hospitals, GPs and pharmacies are registered with the system, creating a good opportunity for integrated care and data enhancement.
  • However, a number of practical limitations exist. For example, only 20% of diagnostic imaging is uploaded, which limits the information available.
  • This indicates that although the system can support a wide range of health information, limited uploading reduces its effectiveness which diminishes its value for clinical decision-making.

Usage and Effectiveness

  • Despite wide coverage, only one quarter of records are actively viewed. This demonstrates limited engagement, reducing its practical benefit.
  • Healthcare providers may not always upload or access data due to system complexity. Significant and ongoing government investment in system upgrades highlights its recognition of these issues.
  • While usage is improving, overall outcomes remain inconsistent and uneven.

Overall Assessment

  • On balance, My Health Record is valuable but not yet fully effective in connecting health information.
  • It delivers broad access but limited uptake and lack of detailed information reduce its overall effectiveness.
  • Greater engagement, improved interoperability and stronger data uploads are needed to reach its full potential for coordinated care in Australia.

HMS, HAG EQ-Bank 143

Data shows that about one-third of Australians with dementia live in the community rather than in specialist care facilities, while research indicates Australia's aged care system is already experiencing workforce shortages.

Discuss how these trends create both opportunities and challenges for supporting Australia's ageing population.   (6 marks)

Show Answers Only

Benefits of community-based care trends

  • [P] Community-based care for people with dementia creates opportunities for maintaining family connections and familiar environments that support wellbeing.
  • [E] Living in the community allows older Australians with dementia to maintain independence for longer periods while receiving family support and home care services.
  • [Ev] This approach can be more cost-effective than residential care and allows people to age in place, which is often preferred by individuals and families.
  • [L] Therefore, community care models can provide person-centred support while reducing pressure on residential aged care facilities.

Challenges of workforce shortages and community care

  • [P] However, workforce shortages combined with increasing community care needs create significant challenges for service delivery and family carers.
  • [E] The shortage of aged care workers means that families often become primary carers without adequate professional support or respite services.
  • [Ev] This places enormous stress on family members who may lack training in dementia care while trying to manage complex health needs at home.
  • [L] Consequently, without sufficient community support services and trained workers, the burden on families increases while people with dementia may not receive appropriate specialist care when needed.
Show Worked Solution

Benefits of community-based care trends

  • [P] Community-based care for people with dementia creates opportunities for maintaining family connections and familiar environments that support wellbeing.
  • [E] Living in the community allows older Australians with dementia to maintain independence for longer periods while receiving family support and home care services.
  • [Ev] This approach can be more cost-effective than residential care and allows people to age in place, which is often preferred by individuals and families.
  • [L] Therefore, community care models can provide person-centred support while reducing pressure on residential aged care facilities.

Challenges of workforce shortages and community care

  • [P] However, workforce shortages combined with increasing community care needs create significant challenges for service delivery and family carers.
  • [E] The shortage of aged care workers means that families often become primary carers without adequate professional support or respite services.
  • [Ev] This places enormous stress on family members who may lack training in dementia care while trying to manage complex health needs at home.
  • [L] Consequently, without sufficient community support services and trained workers, the burden on families increases while people with dementia may not receive appropriate specialist care when needed.

L&E, 2ADV E1 EQ-Bank 6

Solve the following equation for \(a\):

\(a^{\log_e 3}=9\)    (3 marks)

Show Answers Only

\(a=e^2\)

Show Worked Solution
\(a^{\log_e 3}\) \(=9\)   
\(\log_e  a^{ \log_e 3}\) \(=\log_e  3^2\)
\(\log_e 3 \times \log_e a\) \(=2 \log_e  3\)
\(\log _e a\) \(=\dfrac{2 \log _e 3}{\log _e 3}\)
\(\log _e a\) \(=2\)
\(a\) \(=e^2\)

Financial Maths, 2ADV M1 EQ-Bank 2

An army training fitness station requires soldiers to climb up steel cylinders steps that gradually ascend in height, as shown below.
 

The shortest cylinder is 0.7 metres high and the highest is 4.0 metres. The height of each cylinder increases by the same amount and the fitness station is made up of a total of 23 steel cylinders.

  1. Determine the height of the 13th steel cylinder.   (2 marks)

  2. Show that the total height of the steel cylinder steps in the fitness station is 54.05 metres.   (1 mark)

  3. The army wants to build another fitness station exactly the same but only has a 41 metre steel cylinder it can use for construction. Determine how many steel cylinder steps can be made.   (2 marks)

Show Answers Only

a.   \(2.5\ \text{metres}\)

b.   \(\text{See worked solutions} \)

c.   \(\text{19 cylinders} \)

Show Worked Solution

a.     \(a=0.7\)

\(T_{23}\) \(=0.7+22 d\)
\(22 d\) \(=4.0-0.7\)
\(d\) \(=0.15\)

 
\(\therefore T_{13}=0.7+(13-1) 0.15=2.5\ \text{metres}\)
 

b.     \(S_{23}\) \(=\dfrac{n}{2}(a+l)\)
    \(=\dfrac{23}{2}(0.7+4.0)\)
    \(=54.05 \ \text{metres … as required}\)

 

c.    \(\text{Find} \ n \ \text{such that}\ \  S_n=41:\)

\(S_n\) \(=\dfrac{n}{2}(2a+(n-1)d) \)
\(41\) \(=\dfrac{n}{2}[2 \times 0.7+(n-1) 0.15]\)
\(82\) \(=1.4 n+0.15 n^2-0.15 n\)
\(0\) \(=0.15n^2+1.25n-82\)
\(n\) \(=\dfrac{-1.25 \pm \sqrt{1.25^2+4 \times 0.15 \times 82}}{2 \times 0.15}\)
  \(=19.58…\ \ (n>0) \)

 
\(\therefore\ \text{19 cylinders can be made.}\)

HMS, HAG EQ-Bank 137

Discuss how diabetes trends in Australia demonstrate both the successes and challenges of chronic disease management in modern healthcare.   (6 marks)

Show Answers Only

Successes in diabetes management

  • [P] Australia has achieved significant success in reducing new cases of type 2 diabetes through improved prevention measures.
  • [E] The age-standardised incidence rate for type 2 diabetes has declined substantially over recent decades, demonstrating effective preventive healthcare strategies.
  • [Ev] This decline reflects successful public health campaigns promoting healthy lifestyle choices, early screening programs and increased awareness of diabetes risk factors among healthcare providers and the community.
  • [L] Therefore, prevention-focused approaches have proven effective in reducing the development of new diabetes cases across Australian populations.

Challenges in diabetes management

  • [P] However, the total number of people living with diabetes continues to increase, creating ongoing healthcare system pressures.
  • [E] This occurs because improved medical treatments allow people with diabetes to live longer, increasing the prevalence despite lower incidence rates.
  • [Ev] The healthcare system must now manage growing numbers of people requiring long-term diabetes care, medication management and complication prevention services throughout their extended lifespans.
  • [L] Consequently, while prevention strategies succeed in reducing new cases, the chronic nature of diabetes creates sustained demand for healthcare resources and specialised diabetes management services.
Show Worked Solution

Successes in diabetes management

  • [P] Australia has achieved significant success in reducing new cases of type 2 diabetes through improved prevention measures.
  • [E] The age-standardised incidence rate for type 2 diabetes has declined substantially over recent decades, demonstrating effective preventive healthcare strategies.
  • [Ev] This decline reflects successful public health campaigns promoting healthy lifestyle choices, early screening programs and increased awareness of diabetes risk factors among healthcare providers and the community.
  • [L] Therefore, prevention-focused approaches have proven effective in reducing the development of new diabetes cases across Australian populations.

Challenges in diabetes management

  • [P] However, the total number of people living with diabetes continues to increase, creating ongoing healthcare system pressures.
  • [E] This occurs because improved medical treatments allow people with diabetes to live longer, increasing the prevalence despite lower incidence rates.
  • [Ev] The healthcare system must now manage growing numbers of people requiring long-term diabetes care, medication management and complication prevention services throughout their extended lifespans.
  • [L] Consequently, while prevention strategies succeed in reducing new cases, the chronic nature of diabetes creates sustained demand for healthcare resources and specialised diabetes management services.

Probability, 2ADV S1 EQ-Bank 1 MC

Consider the independent events \(A\) and \(B\) where the following is true:

  • \(P(A)=p, \ P(B)=p^2\)  and
  • \(P(A)+P(B)=1\)

What represents \(P\left(A \cup B^{\prime}\right)\) ?

  1. \(p \)
  2. \(1-p^2+p^3 \)
  3. \(1+p-p^2 \)
  4. \(1-p^3\)
Show Answers Only

\(B\)

Show Worked Solution

\(P\left(A \cup B^{\prime}\right)=P(A)+P\left(B^{\prime}\right)-P\left(A \cap B^{\prime}\right)\)

\(\text{Calculate each value:}\)

\(P(A)=p \ \ \text{(given)}\)

\(P(B^{\prime})=1-P(B)=1-p^2\)

\(\text {Since}\ P(A)\ \text{and}\ P(B)\ \text {are independent, so are}\ P(A)\ \text {and}\ P\left(B^{\prime}\right)\)

\(P\left(A \cap B^{\prime}\right)=p\left(1-p^2\right)=p-p^3\)

\(\therefore P\left(A \cup B^{\prime}\right)\) \(=p+1-p^2-\left(p-p^3\right)\)
  \(=1-p^2+p^3\)

\(\Rightarrow B\)

Probability, 2ADV S1 EQ-Bank 1

Arnold has a manbag that contains three coins.

Two are fair coins where  \(P(\text{tails})=P(\text{heads})\).

The third coin is biased where  \(P(\text{tails})=\dfrac{2}{3}\).

Initially, Arnold tosses all 3 coins.

  1. Determine the probability that at least 1 coin lands on tails.   (1 mark)

Arnold then randomly selects one coin and tosses it.

  1. Show the probability it is a head = \(\dfrac{4}{9}\).   (1 mark)

  2. Given that the coin lands on a tail, what is the probability that the coin is biased?   (2 marks)

Show Answers Only

a.   \(\dfrac{11}{12}\)

b.   \(\text{See Worked Solution}\)

c.   \(\dfrac{2}{5}\)

Show Worked Solution

a.    \(\text{Biased coin} \ \ \Rightarrow \  P(H)=\dfrac{1}{3}\)

\(P(\text{at least} \ 1 \ T)\) \(=1-P(\text{All heads})\)
  \(=1-\left[\dfrac{1}{2} \times \dfrac{1}{2} \times \dfrac{1}{3}\right]\)
  \(=\dfrac{11}{12}\)

 

b.    \(\text{1 coin tossed only:}\)

\(P(H)=\dfrac{1}{3} \times \dfrac{1}{2}+\dfrac{1}{3} \times \dfrac{1}{2}+\dfrac{1}{3} \times \dfrac{1}{3}=\dfrac{4}{9}\)
  

c.
       

\(P(T)=1-\dfrac{4}{9}=\dfrac{5}{9}\)

\(P\left(T_{\text {bias}} \big | T\right)\) \(=\dfrac{P\left(T_{\text {bias}}\right) \cap P(T)}{P(T)}\)
  \(=\dfrac{\frac{1}{3} \times \frac{2}{3}}{\frac{5}{9}}\)
  \(=\dfrac{2}{5}\)

Trigonometry, 2ADV T1 EQ-Bank 4

A cube \(ABCDEFGH\) is pictured below. \(R\), \(S\), and \(T\) are the midpoints of \(A B, F G\) and \(E H\) as shown.
 

 

Calculate the size of the angle \(TRS\), giving your answer to one decimal place.    (4 marks)

Show Answers Only

\(\angle T R S = 41.2^{\circ}\)

Show Worked Solution
 

\(S T=10\)

\(\text{Find} \ \ RT \ \ \text{using} \ \ \triangle RQT:\)

\(R Q=10\)

\(\text{In} \ \ \triangle QET, QE=ET=5\)

\(\text{By Pythagoras }\)

\(QT=\sqrt{5^2+5^2}=\sqrt{50}\)

\(RT=\sqrt{10^2+(\sqrt{50})^2}=\sqrt{150}\)

\(\text{By symmetry,} \ \ RS=\sqrt{150}\)
 

\(\text{Using cosine rule in} \ \ \triangle RST:\)

\(\cos \angle TRS=\dfrac{(\sqrt{150})^2+(\sqrt{150})^2-10^2}{2 \times \sqrt{150} \times \sqrt{150}}=\dfrac{2}{3}\)

\(\therefore \angle T R S\) \(=\cos ^{-1}\left(\frac{2}{3}\right)\)
  \(=41.18^{\circ} \ldots\)
  \(=41.2^{\circ}\)

HMS, HAG EQ-Bank 130

Discuss how cultural attitudes and government policies contribute to variations in health outcomes between Australia and other OECD countries.   (6 marks)

Show Answers Only

Benefits of cultural attitudes and policies

  • [P] Australian cultural attitudes towards outdoor activities and healthy lifestyles contribute to better health outcomes compared to many OECD countries.
  • [E] The favourable climate and widespread access to recreational facilities encourage physical activity participation and outdoor pursuits across the population.
  • [Ev] Government policies such as strict tobacco regulations and comprehensive vaccination programs have successfully reduced smoking rates and prevented infectious diseases more effectively than countries with weaker public health policies.
  • [L] Therefore, the combination of health-promoting cultural values and strong government intervention creates better population health outcomes than countries lacking these supportive environments.

Challenges of cultural attitudes and policies

  • [P] However, certain Australian cultural norms and policy gaps contribute to poorer performance in specific health areas compared to other OECD countries.
  • [E] Cultural attitudes surrounding alcohol consumption and dietary habits negatively impact health outcomes, contributing to higher rates of cardiovascular disease and obesity.
  • [Ev] Some OECD countries like Mediterranean nations achieve better obesity rates through cultural diets rich in fruits and vegetables, while Australia’s cultural food preferences contribute to lifestyle-related health problems.
  • [L] Consequently, while Australia’s policies excel in some areas, cultural barriers and policy limitations in nutrition and alcohol prevention result in weaker performance compared to countries with more comprehensive lifestyle interventions.
Show Worked Solution

Benefits of cultural attitudes and policies

  • [P] Australian cultural attitudes towards outdoor activities and healthy lifestyles contribute to better health outcomes compared to many OECD countries.
  • [E] The favourable climate and widespread access to recreational facilities encourage physical activity participation and outdoor pursuits across the population.
  • [Ev] Government policies such as strict tobacco regulations and comprehensive vaccination programs have successfully reduced smoking rates and prevented infectious diseases more effectively than countries with weaker public health policies.
  • [L] Therefore, the combination of health-promoting cultural values and strong government intervention creates better population health outcomes than countries lacking these supportive environments.

Challenges of cultural attitudes and policies

  • [P] However, certain Australian cultural norms and policy gaps contribute to poorer performance in specific health areas compared to other OECD countries.
  • [E] Cultural attitudes surrounding alcohol consumption and dietary habits negatively impact health outcomes, contributing to higher rates of cardiovascular disease and obesity.
  • [Ev] Some OECD countries like Mediterranean nations achieve better obesity rates through cultural diets rich in fruits and vegetables, while Australia’s cultural food preferences contribute to lifestyle-related health problems.
  • [L] Consequently, while Australia’s policies excel in some areas, cultural barriers and policy limitations in nutrition and alcohol prevention result in weaker performance compared to countries with more comprehensive lifestyle interventions.

HMS, HAG EQ-Bank 124

Discuss Australia's strengths and weaknesses in OECD health rankings.   (6 marks)

Show Answers Only

Strengths in OECD rankings

  • [P] Australia demonstrates exceptional performance in healthcare equity and overall system effectiveness within the OECD.
  • [E] This is evident through Australia’s first place ranking for equity and healthcare outcomes, and third place for overall healthcare performance.
  • [Ev] Strong preventive health measures contribute to the fifth lowest cardiovascular disease mortality rate and fifth lowest proportion of daily smokers among OECD countries.
  • [L] Therefore, Australia’s healthcare system successfully delivers equitable access and effective health outcomes compared to other developed nations.

Weaknesses in OECD rankings

  • [P] However, Australia faces significant challenges in lifestyle-related health indicators that impact population wellbeing.
  • [E] This is demonstrated through Australia’s eighth highest ranking for overweight and obesity rates among OECD countries, affecting population health outcomes.
  • [Ev] Safety disparities also present concerns, with Australia ranking last in the gender gap for feeling safe when walking alone at night, highlighting social inequities.
  • [L] Consequently, while Australia excels in healthcare delivery, lifestyle factors and social safety issues require targeted interventions to improve overall population health rankings.
Show Worked Solution

Strengths in OECD rankings

  • [P] Australia demonstrates exceptional performance in healthcare equity and overall system effectiveness within the OECD.
  • [E] This is evident through Australia’s first place ranking for equity and healthcare outcomes, and third place for overall healthcare performance.
  • [Ev] Strong preventive health measures contribute to the fifth lowest cardiovascular disease mortality rate and fifth lowest proportion of daily smokers among OECD countries.
  • [L] Therefore, Australia’s healthcare system successfully delivers equitable access and effective health outcomes compared to other developed nations.

Weaknesses in OECD rankings

  • [P] However, Australia faces significant challenges in lifestyle-related health indicators that impact population wellbeing.
  • [E] This is demonstrated through Australia’s eighth highest ranking for overweight and obesity rates among OECD countries, affecting population health outcomes.
  • [Ev] Safety disparities also present concerns, with Australia ranking last in the gender gap for feeling safe when walking alone at night, highlighting social inequities.
  • [L] Consequently, while Australia excels in healthcare delivery, lifestyle factors and social safety issues require targeted interventions to improve overall population health rankings.

HMS, HAG EQ-Bank 037

Explain how digital health can improve communication between patients and healthcare providers.   (5 marks)

Show Answers Only
  • Digital health improves communication between patients and healthcare providers in three main ways: through My Health Record, the my health app and telehealth.

My Health Record

  • Digital health improves communication because it gives patients and providers shared access to the same health information.
  • This occurs because platforms like My Health Record store data such as prescriptions, test results and allergies in one place.
  • As a result, both patients and doctors can see the same information during an appointment, which reduces confusion.
  • This shows a clear connection between better access to information and more informed doctor-patient communication.

my health App

  • Mobile tools like the my health app also allow patients to quickly check and share records.
  • This works by providing real-time updates, which helps patients explain their health situation clearly.
  • Consequently, doctors can respond with the right treatment faster.

Telehealth

  • Telehealth creates another channel for communication.
  • This mechanism helps to connect patients in remote areas with providers, ensuring they receive advice without the need for travel.
  • Therefore, telehealth provides a direct line of communication, helping patients and healthcare providers stay connected even when face-to-face visits are not possible.
Show Worked Solution
  • Digital health improves communication between patients and healthcare providers in three main ways: through My Health Record, the my health app and telehealth.

My Health Record

  • Digital health improves communication because it gives patients and providers shared access to the same health information.
  • This occurs because platforms like My Health Record store data such as prescriptions, test results and allergies in one place.
  • As a result, both patients and doctors can see the same information during an appointment, which reduces confusion.
  • This shows a clear connection between better access to information and more informed doctor-patient communication.

my health App

  • Mobile tools like the my health app also allow patients to quickly check and share records.
  • This works by providing real-time updates, which helps patients explain their health situation clearly.
  • Consequently, doctors can respond with the right treatment faster.

Telehealth

  • Telehealth creates another channel for communication.
  • This mechanism helps to connect patients in remote areas with providers, ensuring they receive advice without the need for travel.
  • Therefore, telehealth provides a direct line of communication, helping patients and healthcare providers stay connected even when face-to-face visits are not possible.

HMS, HAG EQ-Bank 118

Discuss how culture of everyday life and media influence the development of risky health behaviours in Australian communities.   (6 marks)

Show Answers Only

Benefits of cultural and media influences

  • [P] Government policies and public health campaigns can shape positive health behaviours through systematic cultural change.
  • [E] Successful tobacco control measures including high taxes, plain packaging laws and comprehensive advertising bans have significantly reduced daily smoking rates across Australian communities in recent decades.
  • [Ev] These systematic cultural interventions demonstrate how coordinated policy changes can effectively shift deep-rooted social norms away from harmful behaviours like smoking and create smoke-free environments.
  • [L] Therefore, well-designed cultural and policy approaches can successfully discourage risky health behaviours at population levels.

Challenges of cultural and media influences

  • [P] However, media marketing and cultural normalisation can actively promote risky health behaviours through sophisticated advertising strategies and social influence campaigns.
  • [E] Social media influencers and targeted marketing effectively bypass traditional health protection measures, particularly targeting impressionable young people with e-cigarette and substance promotion.
  • [Ev] Heavy promotion of alcohol consumption, fast food and gambling during major sporting events creates widespread cultural acceptance of these harmful behaviours, leading to cumulative physical and mental health damage.
  • [L] Consequently, unregulated media influences can systematically undermine coordinated public health efforts and normalise dangerous behaviours within vulnerable communities.
Show Worked Solution

Benefits of cultural and media influences

  • [P] Government policies and public health campaigns can shape positive health behaviours through systematic cultural change.
  • [E] Successful tobacco control measures including high taxes, plain packaging laws and comprehensive advertising bans have significantly reduced daily smoking rates across Australian communities in recent decades.
  • [Ev] These systematic cultural interventions demonstrate how coordinated policy changes can effectively shift deep-rooted social norms away from harmful behaviours like smoking and create smoke-free environments.
  • [L] Therefore, well-designed cultural and policy approaches can successfully discourage risky health behaviours at population levels.

Challenges of cultural and media influences

  • [P] However, media marketing and cultural normalisation can actively promote risky health behaviours through sophisticated advertising strategies and social influence campaigns.
  • [E] Social media influencers and targeted marketing effectively bypass traditional health protection measures, particularly targeting impressionable young people with e-cigarette and substance promotion.
  • [Ev] Heavy promotion of alcohol consumption, fast food and gambling during major sporting events creates widespread cultural acceptance of these harmful behaviours, leading to cumulative physical and mental health damage.
  • [L] Consequently, unregulated media influences can systematically undermine coordinated public health efforts and normalise dangerous behaviours within vulnerable communities.

HMS, HAG EQ-Bank 054 MC

In addressing digital health inequity, which intervention would most effectively support elderly Australians in remote areas?

  1. Establishing monthly in-person digital health support sessions in community centres.
  2. Providing government-funded tablets with pre-installed health apps to all residents over 65.
  3. Partnering with local health workers to provide ongoing digital literacy training using existing devices.
  4. Installing public internet kiosks in remote towns for accessing health records.
Show Answers Only

\(C\)

Show Worked Solution
  • C is correct: Local health workers providing ongoing training leverages existing trusted relationships and ensures sustainable support that addresses digital literacy.

Other options:

  • A is incorrect: Monthly sessions are too infrequent for elderly users learning new skills and may be inaccessible for those with mobility issues.
  • B is incorrect: Devices without training or internet infrastructure fail to address the core barriers of connectivity and digital literacy.
  • D is incorrect: Public kiosks raise privacy concerns for health information and don’t address the need for digital skills or home access.

HMS, HAG EQ-Bank 050 MC

Which combination of factors represents the most significant barrier to equitable access to digital health services in rural Australia?

  1. Language barriers and cultural differences
  2. Lack of smartphone ownership and resistance to change
  3. Privacy concerns and cost of technology
  4. Unreliable internet connectivity and lower digital literacy
Show Answers Only

\(D\)

Show Worked Solution
  • D is correct: These are the most significant barriers because rural Australians cannot access digital health services without stable internet and many lack the skills to effectively use these technologies.

Other options:

  • A is incorrect: These are factors but not the most significant for rural areas
  • B is incorrect: Smartphone ownership is less of an issue than connectivity
  • C is incorrect: Cost and privacy affect all areas, not specifically rural

HMS, HAG EQ-Bank 112

Discuss the differences in major causes of disease burden between males and females in Australia.   (6 marks)

Show Answers Only

Benefits for males

  • [P] Males experience coronary heart disease as their leading cause of disease burden.
  • [E] This occurs because males have higher rates of cardiovascular disease and suicide as primary burden contributors, reflecting lifestyle and behavioural risk factors.
  • [Ev] The leading causes for males include coronary heart disease, back pain and problems, and suicide and self-inflicted injuries, demonstrating more fatal burden patterns.
  • [L] Therefore, males experience higher total disease burden overall compared to females.

Challenges for females

  • [P] Females experience dementia and anxiety disorders as their leading causes of disease burden.
  • [E] This demonstrates that mental health conditions and neurological conditions are prominent burden contributors for females, contrasting with the cardiovascular focus seen in males.
  • [Ev] The leading causes for females include dementia, anxiety disorders and back pain problems, showing different patterns of non-fatal burden and longer-term chronic conditions.
  • [L] Consequently, females experience different types of disease burden that require distinct healthcare approaches and interventions.
Show Worked Solution

Benefits for males

  • [P] Males experience coronary heart disease as their leading cause of disease burden.
  • [E] This occurs because males have higher rates of cardiovascular disease and suicide as primary burden contributors, reflecting lifestyle and behavioural risk factors.
  • [Ev] The leading causes for males include coronary heart disease, back pain and problems, and suicide and self-inflicted injuries, demonstrating more fatal burden patterns.
  • [L] Therefore, males experience higher total disease burden overall compared to females.

Challenges for females

  • [P] Females experience dementia and anxiety disorders as their leading causes of disease burden.
  • [E] This demonstrates that mental health conditions and neurological conditions are prominent burden contributors for females, contrasting with the cardiovascular focus seen in males.
  • [Ev] The leading causes for females include dementia, anxiety disorders and back pain problems, showing different patterns of non-fatal burden and longer-term chronic conditions.
  • [L] Consequently, females experience different types of disease burden that require distinct healthcare approaches and interventions.

HMS, HAG EQ-Bank 110 MC

Non-government organisations complement government efforts in addressing ageing population needs by:

  1. Taking over all government healthcare responsibilities for older adults
  2. Operating exclusively in rural areas where governments cannot provide services
  3. Competing with government agencies to reduce overall costs of aged care
  4. Providing advocacy, essential services and research while governments focus on policy and infrastructure
Show Answers Only

\(D\)

Show Worked Solution
  • D is correct: NGOs complement government through advocacy essential services and research while governments handle policy and infrastructure.

Other Options:

  • A is incorrect: NGOs complement not replace government healthcare responsibilities for older adults.
  • B is incorrect: NGOs operate in various locations not exclusively rural areas.
  • C is incorrect: NGOs complement rather than compete with government agencies in aged care.

HMS, HAG EQ-Bank 108 MC

The projected shortage of carers compared to the anticipated rise in demand for home-based support suggests that:

  1. Government funding for aged care services will automatically increase
  2. Technology solutions will completely replace human carers by 2066
  3. Alternative care models and workforce development strategies will be essential
  4. Most older Australians will need to relocate to residential aged care facilities
Show Answers Only

\(C\)

Show Worked Solution
  • C is correct: Projected carer shortage requires alternative care models and workforce development strategies to meet demand.

Other Options:

  • A is incorrect: Funding increases don’t solve workforce shortage issues without strategic planning.
  • B is incorrect: Technology assists but cannot completely replace human carers for complex care needs.
  • D is incorrect: Residential care isn’t the preferred solution and doesn’t address carer shortage problem.

HMS, HAG EQ-Bank 103 MC

Language barriers create health inequities for culturally and linguistically diverse (CALD) populations because they can lead to:

  1. Complete exclusion from all healthcare services in Australia
  2. Higher healthcare costs due to interpreter service fees
  3. Misunderstandings, misdiagnoses and inadequate treatment from poor communication
  4. Automatic referral to specialist services rather than general practitioners
Show Answers Only

\(C\)

Show Worked Solution
  • C is correct: Language differences make effective communication harder leading to misunderstandings, misdiagnoses and inadequate treatment.

Other Options:

  • A is incorrect: Language barriers create difficulties but don’t result in complete exclusion from services.
  • B is incorrect: Interpreter services are provided to address barriers not create cost inequities.
  • D is incorrect: Language barriers don’t lead to automatic specialist referrals they impede communication quality.

HMS, HAG EQ-Bank 98 MC

Which factor primarily underpins health inequities for socioeconomically disadvantaged people living in areas like Walgett and Bourke?

  1. Higher rates of smoking and alcohol consumption in these communities
  2. Limited access to fresh food markets due to high concentration of fast-food outlets
  3. Geographic barriers requiring long-distance travel to access healthcare services and specialists
  4. Cultural norms that discourage help-seeking behaviours in rural communities
Show Answers Only

\(C\)

Show Worked Solution
  • C is correct: Geographic location requires travelling over 100km to reach hospitals creating financial burdens and healthcare access barriers.

Other Options:

  • A is incorrect: Higher smoking and alcohol rates are consequences not primary underlying causes of inequity.
  • B is incorrect: Food desert issues affect some areas but geographic healthcare access is the primary barrier.
  • D is incorrect: Cultural norms are more relevant to general rural populations not specifically socioeconomically disadvantaged areas.

HMS, HAG EQ-Bank 046 MC

A 72-year-old male with Parkinson's disease requires assistive technology to maintain independence in daily activities. According to the WHO GATE framework, which combination would most effectively address his needs?

  1. Prioritise high-tech solutions like smart home devices and AI-powered monitoring systems to maximise technological support.
  2. Focus on products requiring minimal training, such as weighted cutlery and grab rails, to ensure immediate usability.
  3. A mix of low-tech adaptive utensils and high-tech solutions such as voice recognition software.
  4. Implement a standardised Parkinson's assistive technology package used successfully in other OECD countries.
Show Answers Only

\(C\)

Show Worked Solution
  • C is correct. WHO GATE framework emphasises selecting assistive technology based on individual functional needs across different life activities.

Other options:

  • A is incorrect: While high-tech solutions have value, the GATE framework emphasises matching technology to individual needs rather than maximising technology use.
  • B is incorrect: Although ease of use is important, limiting to only simple solutions may not address all functional needs.
  • D is incorrect: The GATE framework promotes personalised solutions based on individual assessment, not standardised packages.

HMS, HAG EQ-Bank 045 MC

The WHO GATE framework outlines 5Ps to improve access to assistive technology worldwide. Why is this framework significant for Australians with disability?

  1. It ensures all assistive technology is produced in Australia
  2. It increases access to assistive technology beyond NDIS eligibility
  3. It provides a global model to guide policies on equitable access
  4. It improves the affordability and quality of assistive products internationally
Show Answers Only

\(B\)

Show Worked Solution
  • B is correct. The GATE framework is significant in Australia because it highlights the need to increase access to assistive technology for the many people with disability who are not eligible for NDIS funding.

Other options:

  • A is incorrect. The framework does not dictate where technology must be produced.
  • C is incorrect. While the framework does provide global guidance, the question asks about its significance for Australians with disability.
  • D is incorrect. Improving affordability and quality is part of GATE’s aim, but the key issue in Australia is access beyond NDIS eligibility.

HMS, HAG EQ-Bank 032

Discuss the benefits and challenges of using health apps to improve the health status of young Australians.   (6 marks)

Show Answers Only
  • [P] A key advantage is the accessibility of mental health support for young Australians.
  • [E] Health apps provide 24/7 assistance that aligns with young people’s digital preferences and removes traditional healthcare barriers.
  • [Ev] For example, Beyond Now offers immediate crisis planning for suicidal thoughts, while FoodSwitch enables healthier eating through barcode scanning.
  • [L] This accessibility directly improves health outcomes by meeting young people where they are most comfortable – on their devices.
     
  • [P] However, this must be weighed against the credibility crisis in health apps.
  • [E] The overwhelming number of apps (estimated at 200k+ globally) makes it difficult for young users to distinguish quality health tools from harmful ones.
  • [Ev] Social media influencers promote unverified apps similar to how e-cigarette marketing targets youth, often normalising risky behaviours.
  • [L] These issues undermine the potential health benefits.
     
  • [P] Despite these challenges, properly vetted apps offer significant potential for youth health improvement.
  • [E] When young people do access quality-assured apps, these tools effectively complement traditional healthcare services, particularly for prevention and early intervention.
  • [Ev] Mental health apps provide crucial early support for conditions like anxiety and depression, which affect almost half of females aged 16-24.
  • [L] This demonstrates that health apps can meaningfully improve young Australians’ health status when quality and access barriers are overcome.
Show Worked Solution
  • [P] A key advantage is the accessibility of mental health support for young Australians.
  • [E] Health apps provide 24/7 assistance that aligns with young people’s digital preferences and removes traditional healthcare barriers.
  • [Ev] For example, Beyond Now offers immediate crisis planning for suicidal thoughts, while FoodSwitch enables healthier eating through barcode scanning.
  • [L] This accessibility directly improves health outcomes by meeting young people where they are most comfortable – on their devices.
     
  • [P] However, this must be weighed against the credibility crisis in health apps.
  • [E] The overwhelming number of apps (estimated at 200k+ globally) makes it difficult for young users to distinguish quality health tools from harmful ones.
  • [Ev] Social media influencers promote unverified apps similar to how e-cigarette marketing targets youth, often normalising risky behaviours.
  • [L] These issues undermine the potential health benefits.
     
  • [P] Despite these challenges, properly vetted apps offer significant potential for youth health improvement.
  • [E] When young people do access quality-assured apps, these tools effectively complement traditional healthcare services, particularly for prevention and early intervention.
  • [Ev] Mental health apps provide crucial early support for conditions like anxiety and depression, which affect almost half of females aged 16-24.
  • [L] This demonstrates that health apps can meaningfully improve young Australians’ health status when quality and access barriers are overcome.

HMS, HAG EQ-Bank 031

To what extent can assistive technology improve health outcomes for Australians experiencing health inequities.   (8 marks)

Show Answers Only

Judgment Statement

  • Assistive technology can significantly improve health outcomes for Australians experiencing inequities, though systemic access barriers prevent it from reaching its full potential.

Transformative Impact

  • For those who can access it, assistive technology substantially transforms health outcomes. The 2 million plus Australians with disability using these technologies experience dramatically improved independence through mobility aids, communication devices, and adaptive tools.
  • This directly addresses social determinants of health by enabling workforce participation, education access, and social connection.
  • Evidence shows that wheelchair users gain employment opportunities, while speech-generating devices restore communication abilities.
  • These improvements result in better mental health, increased income, and enhanced quality of life, demonstrating assistive technology’s capacity to reduce health inequities.

Access Barriers Limiting Effectiveness

  • However, the extent remains significantly constrained by inequitable access. With just over 10% of Australians with disability receiving NDIS funding, the remaining 90% must navigate over 100 complex funding sources.
  • Rural populations face additional barriers with limited service availability.
  • This creates a paradox where those experiencing the greatest inequities often have the least access to these transformative technologies.

Reaffirmation

  • Therefore, assistive technology demonstrates high potential but moderate actual impact on reducing health inequities.
  • While it proves exceptionally effective for those who access it, systemic barriers prevent widespread benefits.
  • The extent of improvement remains significantly limited by access barriers, but could be greatly enhanced if Australia more actively implements WHO GATE framework principles for universal accessibility.
Show Worked Solution

Judgment Statement

  • Assistive technology can significantly improve health outcomes for Australians experiencing inequities, though systemic access barriers prevent it from reaching its full potential.

Transformative Impact

  • For those who can access it, assistive technology substantially transforms health outcomes. The 2 million plus Australians with disability using these technologies experience dramatically improved independence through mobility aids, communication devices, and adaptive tools.
  • This directly addresses social determinants of health by enabling workforce participation, education access, and social connection.
  • Evidence shows that wheelchair users gain employment opportunities, while speech-generating devices restore communication abilities.
  • These improvements result in better mental health, increased income, and enhanced quality of life, demonstrating assistive technology’s capacity to reduce health inequities.

Access Barriers Limiting Effectiveness

  • However, the extent remains significantly constrained by inequitable access. With just over 10% of Australians with disability receiving NDIS funding, the remaining 90% must navigate over 100 complex funding sources.
  • Rural populations face additional barriers with limited service availability.
  • This creates a paradox where those experiencing the greatest inequities often have the least access to these transformative technologies.

Reaffirmation

  • Therefore, assistive technology demonstrates high potential but moderate actual impact on reducing health inequities.
  • While it proves exceptionally effective for those who access it, systemic barriers prevent widespread benefits.
  • The extent of improvement remains significantly limited by access barriers, but could be greatly enhanced if Australia more actively implements WHO GATE framework principles for universal accessibility.

HMS, HAG EQ-Bank 029

Analyse how artificial intelligence in healthcare can address health inequities identified in Australia's health status data.   (8 marks)

Show Answers Only

Overview

  • AI in healthcare can reduce inequities in Australia by improving diagnosis, personalised treatment and expanding access. These factors directly contribute to closing health gaps.

Gender-based diagnosis

  • Gender differences in disease symptoms often lead to unequal outcomes.
  • AI can analyse diverse datasets that reveal how conditions appear differently in men and women.
  • For example, female heart attack symptoms often differ from men’s. AI systems identify these patterns, which leads to earlier and more accurate diagnoses.
  • Mental health tools using AI can also encourage earlier intervention for men, who often avoid seeking help.
  • This results in reduced mortality for both genders.

Rural and chronic disease access

  • People in rural areas face reduced access to specialists. AI-enabled telehealth interacts with geography by connecting patients remotely to care.
  • Chronic conditions like diabetes and cardiovascular disease depend on early detection and monitoring. Machine learning predicts disease progression and enables preventive care.
  • This is significant since chronic disease is the largest burden in Australia.
  • In this way, AI helps reduce inequity caused by remoteness as well as addressing disease management challenges.

Implications and Synthesis

  • AI in healthcare functions by standardising diagnosis, supporting prevention, and expanding access. These elements combine to reduce health gaps between groups.
  • The significance is that AI has strong potential to deliver fairer outcomes.
  • However, its impact depends on reliable, balanced data and its ethical use.
Show Worked Solution

Overview

  • AI in healthcare can reduce inequities in Australia by improving diagnosis, personalised treatment and expanding access. These factors directly contribute to closing health gaps.

Gender-based diagnosis

  • Gender differences in disease symptoms often lead to unequal outcomes.
  • AI can analyse diverse datasets that reveal how conditions appear differently in men and women.
  • For example, female heart attack symptoms often differ from men’s. AI systems identify these patterns, which leads to earlier and more accurate diagnoses.
  • Mental health tools using AI can also encourage earlier intervention for men, who often avoid seeking help.
  • This results in reduced mortality for both genders.

Rural and chronic disease access

  • People in rural areas face reduced access to specialists. AI-enabled telehealth interacts with geography by connecting patients remotely to care.
  • Chronic conditions like diabetes and cardiovascular disease depend on early detection and monitoring. Machine learning predicts disease progression and enables preventive care.
  • This is significant since chronic disease is the largest burden in Australia.
  • In this way, AI helps reduce inequity caused by remoteness as well as addressing disease management challenges.

Implications and Synthesis

  • AI in healthcare functions by standardising diagnosis, supporting prevention, and expanding access. These elements combine to reduce health gaps between groups.
  • The significance is that AI has strong potential to deliver fairer outcomes.
  • However, its impact depends on reliable, balanced data and its ethical use.

HMS, HAG EQ-Bank 94 MC

The difference between benign and malignant tumours is significant because:

  1. Benign tumours grow faster than malignant tumours requiring immediate treatment
  2. Malignant tumours can spread to other parts of the body and invade healthy tissues
  3. Benign tumours are more likely to cause death than malignant tumours
  4. Malignant tumours only affect older adults while benign tumours affect all ages
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\(B\)

Show Worked Solution
  • B is correct: Malignant tumours can spread to other body parts and invade healthy tissues causing sickness and death.

Other Options:

  • A is incorrect: Benign tumours generally grow slowly while malignant tumours grow uncontrollably.
  • C is incorrect: Malignant tumours are more likely to cause death not benign tumours.
  • D is incorrect: Both tumour types can affect people of various ages not specific age groups.

HMS, HAG EQ-Bank 91 MC

In the 2023-24 Australian government budget, the allocation of $5.7 billion for strengthening Medicare compared to $1.1 billion for health prevention and protection indicates:

  1. The government prioritises treatment services over preventive health measures in budget allocation
  2. Prevention programs are adequately funded relative to their importance
  3. Medicare and prevention receive equal per capita funding across Australia
  4. Private health insurance covers most prevention costs reducing government expenditure needs
Show Answers Only

\(A\)

Show Worked Solution
  • A is correct: The spending ratio shows government prioritises treatment services through Medicare over preventive measures.

Other Options:

  • B is incorrect: The 5:1 spending ratio suggests prevention remains under-resourced compared to treatment.
  • C is incorrect: Medicare receives five times more funding than prevention not equal amounts.
  • D is incorrect: Government still needs to fund prevention programs private insurance doesn’t cover most prevention.

HMS, HAG EQ-Bank 042 MC

Bias in AI algorithms means there is more data available for male-dominated diseases. What is the most likely impact of this for women?

  1. Women may be at higher risk of misdiagnosis
  2. Women may receive treatment plans that are less accurate
  3. Women will have equal access to health services
  4. Women may face delays in receiving the most appropriate care
Show Answers Only

\(A\)

Show Worked Solution
  • A is correct. Limited female-specific data increases the risk that AI will misinterpret or overlook women’s symptoms, leading to misdiagnosis.

Other options:

  • B is incorrect. While treatment plans may be adversely affected, the most likely (primary) risk is misdiagnosis.
  • C is incorrect. Equal access to services is not guaranteed by AI and does not address algorithmic bias.
  • D is incorrect. Delayed care may occur in some contexts, but the more direct and likely impact is misdiagnosis.

HMS, HAG EQ-Bank 86 MC

Which factor creates the greatest challenge when evaluating the effectiveness of prevention versus treatment spending?

  1. Prevention programs require larger upfront investments than treatment options
  2. Treatment outcomes can be measured immediately while prevention benefits are delayed
  3. Prevention strategies only work for communicable diseases not chronic conditions
  4. It may take some time to see the benefits of expenditure on preventative programs
Show Answers Only

\(D\)

Show Worked Solution
  • D is correct: Prevention program benefits are delayed making evaluation of effectiveness challenging compared to immediate treatment results.

Other Options:

  • A is incorrect: Prevention is generally more cost-effective requiring smaller not larger investments.
  • B is incorrect: This describes the issue but doesn’t identify the core evaluation challenge.
  • C is incorrect: Prevention strategies work for both communicable and chronic diseases like cardiovascular disease.

HMS, HAG EQ-Bank 038 MC

Which of the following best describes the primary purpose of the Australian government's Assessment Framework for mHealth apps?

  1. To regulate the pricing of health apps in Australia
  2. To enhance app credibility and help users identify reliable apps
  3. To prevent international health apps from entering the Australian market
  4. To ensure all health apps are free for Australian citizens
Show Answers Only

\(B\)

Show Worked Solution
  • B is correct. The framework aims to improve the trustworthiness of apps and assist users in recognising dependable applications.

Other options:

  • A is incorrect: The framework focuses on quality and reliability, not pricing regulation.
  • C is incorrect: The framework doesn’t restrict international apps but guides all developers.
  • D is incorrect: The framework doesn’t mandate free access to apps.

HMS, HAG EQ-Bank 78 MC

Some private organisations such as the Heart Foundation and Cancer Council Australia receive funding from:

  1. Only private donations and corporate sponsorship
  2. Both state governments and the Australian government
  3. International health organisations exclusively
  4. Local government councils and community fundraising
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\(B\)

Show Worked Solution
  • B is correct: Some private organisations receive funding from both state and Australian governments.

Other Options:

  • A is incorrect: These organisations receive government funding not only private sources.
  • C is incorrect: They receive domestic government funding not exclusively international funding.
  • D is incorrect: Funding comes from state and federal levels not primarily local councils.

HMS, HAG EQ-Bank 75 MC

Which statement accurately describes the governance relationship between different government levels in Australia's health system?

  1. Each level operates independently with no overlap in responsibilities
  2. The Australian government controls policy while states implement identical programs nationwide
  3. The Australian government influences state policy through funding arrangements and national guidelines
  4. State governments must seek federal approval before implementing any health initiatives
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\(C\)

Show Worked Solution
  • C is correct: Federal government influences state health policy through funding and gives funds to states.

Other Options:

  • A is incorrect: Significant overlap exists between government levels in health responsibilities.
  • B is incorrect: States have autonomy in program implementation not identical programs.
  • D is incorrect: States don’t need federal approval for all health initiatives.

HMS, HAG EQ-Bank 68 MC

Yoga and tai chi represent mind-body practices that can function as preventative healthcare measures. Which mechanism explains how these practices contribute to chronic disease prevention?

  1. They primarily target acute symptoms rather than addressing underlying health determinants
  2. They focus mainly on flexibility and balance without significant cardiovascular benefits
  3. They provide short-term relaxation but have limited impact on long-term health outcomes
  4. They reduce stress levels and improve physical fitness, lowering disease risk factors
Show Answers Only

\(D\)

Show Worked Solution
  • D is correct: Stress reduction and fitness improvement address risk factors preventing chronic disease development.

Other Options:

  • A is incorrect: Mind-body practices address underlying stress and fitness factors, not just acute symptoms.
  • B is incorrect: Yoga and tai chi provide cardiovascular benefits alongside flexibility and balance.
  • C is incorrect: Regular practice creates sustained physiological and psychological benefits for health.

HMS, HAG EQ-Bank 63 MC

The World Health Organisation supports countries in developing national policies on complementary medicine to study their potential usefulness. What does this international recognition indicate about integrative healthcare approaches?

  1. All complementary medicines have been scientifically proven effective for treating diseases
  2. Complementary approaches require systematic evaluation within established healthcare frameworks
  3. Traditional medicine should completely replace conventional medical treatments globally
  4. Alternative healing methods need no regulation or professional standards
Show Answers Only

\(B\)

Show Worked Solution
  • B is correct: WHO support indicates need for systematic evaluation within established healthcare frameworks.

Other Options:

  • A is incorrect: WHO support for study indicates ongoing evaluation needed, not proven effectiveness.
  • C is incorrect: Integration involves combining approaches, not replacing conventional medicine entirely.
  • D is incorrect: WHO policy development suggests regulation and standards are important.